1 1 

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U,  S,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU   OK   SOILS. 


DIL  SURVEY  FIELD  BOOK. 


10O0. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU    OK   SOILS. 


SOIL  SURVEY  FIELD  BOOK. 


SIE^A-SOIST,    1QO6. 


19O6. 

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PREFACE. 


Two  years  have  elapsed  since,  the  publication  of  the  last  issue  of 
Instructions  to  Field  Parties  and  Description  of  Soil  Types.  During 
these  years  the  soils  of  many  new  areas  have  been  studied  and  much 
additional  information  in  regard  to  the  general  relation  of  the  soils 
of  the  United  States  has  been  obtained.  The  correlation  of  the  soils 
is  a  very  difficult  problem,  and  one  which  can  not  be  definitely  solved 
from  the  data  obtained  by  the  survey  of  a  limited  number  of  widely 
separated  areas.  Each  additional  survey  throws  new  light  upon  the 
subject,  and  sometimes  necessitates  changes  in  the  soil  names  used  in 
the  earlier  reports.  The  student  of  soils  will  doubtless  realize  that 
the  necessity  for  such  readjustments  is  an  inherent  feature  of  work 
,  of  this  character. 

Appreciating  the  importance  of  the  proper  correlation  of  the  soils, 
Messrs.  Macy  H.  Lapham,  Charles  N.  Mooney,  J.  E.  Lapham,  and 
Hugh  II.  Bennett — field  men  of  wide  experience — were  detailed  to 
assist  Messrs.  George  N.  CofFey  and  Jay  A.  Bonsteel  in  the  revision  of 
this  publication.  This  committee  has  gone  carefully  over  the  reports 
of  all  the  areas  that  have  been  surveyed,  compared  the  descriptions 
and  analyses  of  the  soils,  and  made  such  changes  as  were  necessary  to 
bring  each  soil  into  its  proper  place  in  the  classification.  Every 
change  made  is  believed  to  l>e  a  step  in  advance,  no  step  has  been  taken 
except  after  the  most  careful  consideration  of  all  the  questions  involved, 
and  it  is  l>elieved  that  the  subject  has  been  handled  in  a  conservative 
way. 

The  present  volume  is  definitive  of  the  state  of  knowledge  at  the 
time  of  its-  issuance.  However,  the  collection  of  data  is  going  on  and 
a  fuller  understanding  of  soil  relationships  is  l>eing  gained  as  area  after 
area  is  mapped.  It  follows  that  some  changes  in  the  present  classi- 
fication will  yet  l>e  found  advisable,  and  these  will  l>e  made  as  their 
need  U'comes  apparent.  In  this  way,  and  only  in  this  way,  can  a 
uniform  and  consistent  exposition  of  the  wonderfully  varied  soil 
resources  of  the  country  IK-  ultimately  accomplished. 

MII.TON  WHITNEY, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 

WASHINGTON,  I).  C.,  May  24,  MM. 

3 


CONTENTS. 

Page. 
Directions  for  surveying  soils: 

Organization  of  field  party "    7 

Fit-Id  outfit 7 

Base  map 8 

Plane-table  traversing 8 

Odometer 9 

Field  and  office  maps 11 

Abbreviations 11 

Determining  soil  types 11 

Outlining  soil  boundaries 12 

Naming  soil  types 13 

Samples  for  laboratory  examination 14 

Classification  of  soils 15 

Soil  type 16 

Soil  class 16 

Soil  series 19 

Instructions  for  estimating  and  mapping  alkali 24 

Electrolytic  determination  of  total  salts 24 

Principles  of  electrolytic  determination 24 

Instructions  for  operating  the  electrolytic  bridge 24 

Reduction  of  resistances  to  a  temperature  of  00°  V . . . .  26 

Concentration  intervals 30 

Average  standardization 30 

Directions  for  making  standardizations 31 

Alkali  majw 33 

Principles  of  alkali  mapping 33 

Methods  of  sampling 34 

Total  alkali  maps 35 

Determination  of  carlnmatcs,  bicarl>onates,  and  chlo- 
rides in  soils 35 

Black  alkali  maps 36 

5 


6  Contents. 

Page. 

Determination  of  total  salts  in  water 37 

Determination  of  carbonates,  bicarbonates,  and  chlorides 

in  waters 39 

Instructions  for  qualitative  determination  of  alkali  salts 39 

Calcium 39 

Magnesium 39 

Sodium  and  potassium 40 

Chlorides 40 

Sulphates 40 

Carbonates 40 

Bicarbonates 40 

Nitrates 40 

Apparatus  and  reagents  required 41 

Collection  of  laboratory  samples 41 

Reports 41 

Correspondence  and  weekly  report 41 

Form  of  a  soil  survey  report 42 

Outline  of  soil  survey  report 43 

Descriptions  of  established  soil  types 44 

Index  of  soil  types,  arranged  alphabetically 279 

Index  of  soil  types,  arranged  by  groups  and  series 293 

Index  of  soil  types  by  States 305 

References  to  Soil  Survey  Reports 317 


ILLUSTRATION, 


Page. 
FIG.  1 .  Chart  of  equal  magnetic  declinations 4 


SOIL  SURVEY  FIELD  BOOK. 


DIBECTIONS  FOB  SURVEYING  SOILS. 

Organization  of  field  party. — A  field  party  in  the  soil  survey  usually 
consists  of  two  men,  an  assistant  in  charge  of  party  and  a  field 
assistant.  The  assistant  in  charge  of  party  is  responsible  for  the 
field  work  of  the  party,  for  the  preparation  of  reports  and  maps, 
for  the  carrying  on  of  all  necessary  correspondence,  for  the  payment 
of  all  field  expenses,  and  for  the  forwarding  of  monthly  expense 
accounts  to  headquarters.  The  field  assistant  will  perform  all 
official  duties  required  of  him  by  the  assistant  in  charge. 

Field  outfit. — The  outfit  for  field  work  consists  of  the  following: 

Soil  auger,  40-inch. 

Geologist's  hammer 

Notebooks. 

Compass  or  plane  table. 

Odometer. 

Chain  scale. 

Set  of  colored  pencils. 

Base  map. 

Sacks  and  tags  (or  collecting  samples  of  soil. 

Cards  for  reporting  samples  collected  (Forms  46,  47,  48). 

Requisition  cards  (Form  43). 

Copy  of  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

In  addition  to  the  above  certain  parties  should  add: 

Alkali  cut  lii . 

Extension  auger  and  pipe  wrenches. 
Filter  pump  and  screw-driver. 
Metallic  tape  50  feet  long. 
Mailing  cases  and  water  bottles. 

All  supplies  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  property 
clerk  of  the  Bureau,  countersigned  by  the  chief  clerk.  Memorandum 
receipts  are  taken  by  him  for  all  supplies  issued.  Additional  sup- 
plies, stationery,  etc.,  needed  while  in  the  field  should  lx>  ordered 
on  card  (Form  43).  The  loss  of  or  damage  to  any  supplies  should 
be  at  once  reported  to  the  chief  clerk,  with  an  explanation  of  the  cause 
of  such  loss  or  damage. 

7 


8  Soil  Survey  Field  Boole. 

Base  map. — All  mapping  should  be  on  a  scale  of  1  inch  to  1  mile. 
Where  possible  base  maps  on  this  scale  will  be  furnished  all  field  par- 
ties before  entering  the  area.  Wherever  such  maps  are  supplied 
it  is  supposed  that  they  are  the  most  reliable  and  complete  maps 
obtainable.  Field  parties  should  endeavor  to  correct  the  base  map 
if  it  is  found  in  error.  Frequent  check  upon  directions  should  be 
made  with  the  compass,  and  all  distances  on  roads  are  to  be  meas- 
ured with  the  odometer. 

Where  minor  errors  are  encountered  in  the  base  map  which  can  not 
be  corrected,  the  soil  boundaries  on  the  map  should  be  so  adjusted 
as  to  present  a  representation  as  nearly  correct  as  possible,  and  note 
of  such  instances  should  be  made  so  that  in  case  a  revised  edition 
of  the  map  is  published  the  correction  can  be  made  without  a  resurvey 
of  the  soils.  No  attempt  should  be  made  to  correct  the  contour 
lines  on  engraved  topographic,  sheets. 

Plane-table  traversing. — It  is  sometimes  impossible  to  furnish  the 
field  party  with  a  base  map  of  proper  accuiacy.  In  all  such  cases 
the  party  will  be  supplied  with  a  plane-table  outfit,  and  a  traverse 
base  map  of  the  area  should  be  constructed  in  the  field  by  the  soil- 
survey  party.  This  traverse  work  should,  however,  be  reduced  to 
a  minimum. 

In  carrying  on  traverse  work  or  surveying  of  any  description  the 
methods  used,  where  possible,  should  conform  to  well  established 
methods,  such  as  are  given  in  Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying. 
The  base  map  should  show  roads,  streams,  towns,  churches,  school- 
houses,  and  in  a  sectionized  country  township  and  section  lines. 
No  attempt  should  be  made  to  construct  a  general  topographic  map 
of  the  area,  but  distinct  bluff  or  terrace  lines  or  the  occurrence  of  a 
hill  in  a  generally  level  country,  where  these  influence  the  distribu- 
tion of  soil  types,  may  be  indicated  by  hachures.  Public  roads 
should  be  shown  in  double  solid  lines,  secondary  or  private  roads 
in  double  broken  lines,  trails  in  a  single  broken  line,  and  soil  bound- 
aries in  a  single  dotted  line.  On  tracing  cloth  copy  single  lines  can 
be  used  for  all  roads.  Secondary  roads  and  trails  should  not  be 
surveyed  unless  necessary  in  the  location  of  soil  boundaries.  Roads 
and  township  and  section  lines  should  be  drawn  in  black;  streams 
and  other  water  lines  in  blue. 

In  order  to  orient  plane-table  maps  to  true  north  and  south,  the 
map  on  page  4  showing  the  lines  of  equal  magnetic  declination. 


Directions  for  Surveying  Soils.  9 

is  given.  The  solid  lines  show  equal  declination  and  the  dotted 
lines  show  equal  annual  change.  The  lines  are  moving  westward, 
so  that  where  the  declination  is  east  it  decreases  and  where  west  it 
increases  annually.  Whenever  it  is  not  possible  to  determine  the 
declination  from  the  map  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy  the  party 
should  consult  the  county  surveyor,  who  can  usually  furnish  this 
datum.  When  a  large  area  is  being  surveyed  it  is  especially  desirable 
to  do  this,  as  the  declination  may  vary  considerably  between  the 
eastern  and  western  parts  of  the  survey.  True  north  should  be 
shown  on  the  margin  of  all  maps. 

Odometer.  —  The  Bell  odometer  has  been  adopted  for  use  in  all 
measurements.  The  instrument  should  be  clamped  to  the  axle  of 
the  vehicle  and  the  iron  pin  driven  in  the  end  of  the  hub  and  bent 
so  that  as  the  wheel  revolves  the  end  of  the  pin  just  strikes  the  swell 
of  the  cogwheel  on  the  odometer.  The  red  hand  revolves  once  every 
mile,  giving  the  fractions  of  a  mile,  each  space  representing  one- 
fortieth  of  a  mile,  or  8  rods.  Each  revolution  of  the  red  hand  moves 
the  yellow  hand  one  space,  representing  the  miles  up  to  40  in  one 
revolution  around  the  dial,  and  shown  by  the  inside  figures.  Each 
revolution  of  the  yellow  hand  moves  the  black  hand  one  space,  each 
space  representing  40  miles,  and  shown  by  the  outside  figures.  The 
sum  of  the  indications  of  the  three  hands  gives  the  mileage.  Each 
odometer  is  adapted  to  but  one  sized  wheel.  In  case  it  is  impossible 
to  obtain  a  vehicle  with  a  wheel  of  the  proper  size  for  the  odometer 
in  use  the  readings  must  be  corrected  in  order  to  read  miles. 
Should  any  other  sized  wheel  be  used  the  following  formula  will 
enable  the  proper  correction  to  lie  made: 


Where  r  is  distance  traversed  in  fortieths  of  a  mile,  d  is  the  diame- 
ter of  the  wheel  to  IK'  used,  </,  is  the  diameter  of  wheel  to  which  the 
odometer  is  adapted,  and  a  is  numl>er  of  dial  divisions  as  read  from 
odometer. 

The  instruments  furnished  by  this  Bureau  are  nearly  all  adapted 
to  a  42-inch  wheel.  The  following  table  will  enable  the  pro|x>r  cor- 
rection to  be  rnude  when  any  other  than  a  42-inch  wheel  is  used. 
The  figures  in  the  first  column  an-  the  dial  divisions  as  rend  from 
the  odometer,  and  the  figures  in  the  other  columns  give  the  distance 
traveled  in  fortieths  of  a  mile.  Chain  scales  divided  into  forty  parts 


10 


Soil  S-iwvey  Field  Book. 


to  an  inch  are  supplied  for  convenience  in  platting  distances  as  meas- 
ured or  calculated  in  this  table. 

Table  for  reducing  odometer  readings  to  fortieths  of  a  mile. 


Dial  divisions. 


Chain  scale  divisions  for  wheels  of  different  diame- 
ters—inches. 


9 

10 ; 

n... 
12 

13 ' 

14 i 

15 ' 

10... 

17 : 

18 ; 

19 

20 ' 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26... 

27 

28 

29 

30... 


31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36. 

37 

38. 

39 

40 


41 

42 

43 

44 

45... 


0.9 
1.7 
2.6 
3.4 
4.3 

5.1 
6.0 
6.9 

7.7 
8.6 

9.4 
10.3 
11.1 
12.0 
12.9 

13.7 
14.6 
15.4 
16.3 
17.1 

18.0 
19.0 
19.7 
20.6 
21.4 

22.3 
23.1 
24.0 
24.9 
25.7 

26.6 
27.4 
28.3 
29.  1 
30.0 

30.9 
31.7 
32.6 
33.4 
34.3 

35.1 
36.0 
36.9 
37.7 
38.6 


37 

38 

39 

40 

0.9 

0.9 

0.9 

1.0 

1.8 

1.8 

1.9 

1.9 

2.6 

2.7 

2.8 

2.9 

3.5 

3.6 

3.7 

3.8 

4.4 

4.5 

4.6 

4.8 

5.3 

5.4 

5.6 

5.7 

6.2 

6.3 

6.5 

6.7 

7.0 

7.2 

7.4 

7.6 

7.9 

8.1 

8.4 

8.6 

8.8 

9.0 

9.3 

9.5 

9.7 

9.9 

10.2 

10.5 

10.6 

10.8     11.1 

11.4 

11.5 

11.7     12.1 

12.4 

12.3 

12.6 

13.0 

13.3 

13.2 

13.5 

13.9 

14.3 

14.1     14.4     14.8 

15.2 

14.8     15.3     15.8 

16.2 

15.9     16.3  '  16.7 

17.1 

16.7     17.2     17.6 

18.1 

17.6     18.1     18.6 

19.1 

18.  51  19.  0  !  19.  5 

20.0 

19.  4  i  19.  9     20.  4 

20.9 

20.  3     20.  8     21.3 

21.9 

21.1 

21.  7     22.  3 

22.8 

22.0 

22.6  i  23.2 

23.8 

22.  9  i  23.  5     24.  1 

24.7 

23.  8  '•  24.  4  .  25.  1 

25.7 

24.  7  :  25.  3     26.  0 

26.6 

25.  5     26.  2  :  26.  9 

27.6 

26.  4     27.  1  I  27.  8 

28.6 

27.3  ;  28.0  i  28.8 

29.5 

28.2  •  28.9     29.7 

30.4 

29.  1  i  29.8     30.  6 

31.4 

29.  9     30.  7 

31.6 

32.4 

30.  8     31.  6 

32.5 

33.3 

31.7  !  32.5 

33.4 

34.3 

32.6 

33.4 

34.3 

35.2 

33.  5 

34.4 

35.3 

36.2 

34.4 

35.3 

36.2 

37.1 

35.2 

36.2 

37.1 

38.1 

36.1 

37.1 

38.0 

39.0 

37.0 

38.0 

39.0 

40.0 

37.9 

38.9 

39.9 

40.9 

38.8 

39.8 

40.8 

41.9 

39.7 

40.7 

41.8 

42.8 

41 

1.0 
2.0 
2.9 
3.9 
4.9 


10.7 
11.7 
12.7 
13.7 
14.6 

15.6 
16.6 
17.6 
18.5 
19.5 

20.5 
21.4 
22.4 
23.4 
24.4 

25.4 
26.4 
27.3 
28.3 
29.3 

30.3 
31.2 
32.2 
33.2 
34.2 

35.1 
36.1 
37.1 
38.1 
39.0 

40.0 
41.0 
42.0 
42.9 
43:9 


1.0 
2.0 
3.1 
4.1 

5.1 

6.1 
7.1 
8.2 
9.2 
10.2 

11.3 
12.3 
13.3 
14.3 
15.3 

16.4 
17.4 
18.4 
19.4 
20.5 

21.5 

22.5 
23.5 
24.5 
25.6 

26.6 
27.6 
28.6 
29.7 
30.7 

31.7 
32.7 
33.8 
34.8 
35.8 

36.8 
37.9 
38.9 
39.9 
40.9 

41.9 
43.0 
44.0 
45.0 
46.0 


44 

1.0 
2.1 
3.1 
4.2 
5.2 

6.3 
7.3 
8.4 
9.4 
10.5  ; 

11.5  i 

12.6  ! 
13.6 
14.7 
15.7 

16.8  j 

17.8  ; 
18.8 
19.9 

20.9  , 

22.0  i 
23.0 

24.1  j 

25.1  i 

26.2  ! 

27.2 
28.3 
29.3 
30.4 
31.4 

32.5 
33.5 
34.6 
35.6 
36.6 

37.7 
38.7 
39.8 
40.8 
41.9 

42.9 
44.0 
45.0 
46.1 
47.1 


1.1 
2.1 
3.2 
4.3 
5.4 

6.4 
7.5 
8.6 
9.6 
10.7 

11.8 
12.8 
13.9 
15.0 
16.1 

17.1 
18.2 
19.3 
20.3 
21.4 

22.5 
23.5 
24.6 
25.7 
26.8 

27.8 
28.9 
30.0 
31.1 
32.1 

32.2 
34.3 
35.3 
36.4 
37.5 

38.6 
39.6 
40.7 
41.8 
42.8 

43.9 
45.0 
46.1 
47.1 

48.2 


Directions  for  Surveying  Soils.  11 

Field  and  office  maps. — As  soon  as  a  section  as  large  as  35  or  40 
square  miles  has  been  surveyed,  a  copy  or  tracing  of  the  map  already 
finished,  with  soil  legend  attached,  should  be  made  and  forwarded  to 
the  office,  so  that  any  accident  which  might  happen  to  the  original 
sheet  would  not  destroy  all  record  of  the  work.  The  sheets  from  which 
the  map  for  publication  are  to  be  drawn  should  bo  marked  "correct." 
This  "correct"  map  may  be  either  the  office  copy  or  the  field  sheets, 
and  care  should  be  taken  to  see  that  all  sheets  join  up,  so  that  the  work 
will  be  complete  when  assembled. 

Upon  the  completion  of  an  area  all  maps,  with  complete  legend  and 
profile,  all  notebooks,  plane-table  sheets,  and  all  other  data  collected 
during  the  survey,  are  to  be  forwarded  to  the  Bureau. 

Abbreviations. — In  order  to  secure  greater  simplicity  and  uni- 
formity on  the  field  maps,  the  abbreviations  of  the  principal  words 
used  in  describing  the  texture  of  soils  are  giyen  below.  These  abbre- 
viations have  been  formed  by  taking  the  first  letter,  or  in  some  cases 
the  first  two  letters,  of  the  word,  asS.  for  sand  and  Si.  for  silt.  When  it 
is  necessary  to  use  more  than  one  word  to  express  the  texture,  the 
abbreviation  for  each  word  in  the  description  should  be  given  in  the 
same  order  as  the  words:  For  example,  the  abbreviation  for  fine  sandy 
loam  should  be  written  Fsl.:  for  sandy  clay  Sc. ;  for  stony  sandy  loam 
Stsl.,  etc. 


Stone  

St. 

Clay  

.C. 

llardpan..    .. 

Up. 

(J  ravel  ...   . 

Gr. 

Peat  ...     . 

P. 

Light... 

..   ..Li. 

Sand 

S. 

Muck 

Mu. 

Heavy. 

II. 

1  .1  i;i  1  11  

L. 

Adol>e  

A. 

Silt.. 

...Si. 

Shale... 

...Sh. 

Determining  soil  types.  -The  soil  type  is  the  unit  of  soil  classification. 
A  type  comprises  all  soil  material  in  any  region  which  is  marked  to  cor- 
responding depths  by  identity  or  close  similarity  in  texture,  structure, 
organic  matter  content,  and  color,  and  by  similarity  of  origin  and  of 
topography.  A  type  comprises  all  soil  material  which  may  pro|>crly  be 
included  in  one  general  description  covering  these  points.  In  the 
humid  regions  the  description  covers  the  material  to  an  average  depth 
of  3  feet;  in  the  arid  regions  to  a  depth  of  (5  feet.  The  average  depth 
of  the  surface  soil  and  its  relationship  to  the  subsoil  should  !«<•  included 
in  the  general  description.  If  the  material  changes,  either-  in  the  sur- 
face soil  or  in  the  subsoil,  enough  to  afTcct  definitely  plant  growth,  the 
character  of  this  change  should  l>e  noted,  and  if  the  soil  material  in 


12  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

which  it  occurs  is  of  sufficient  extent  it  should  be  classed  as  a  separate 

type. 

When  minor  differences  of  texture,  structure,  organic  matter  con- 
tent, or  succession  of  materials  occur  in  the  soil  sections  representing 
single  areas  of  10  acres  or  more,  such  variations  may  he  described  in 
the  report  as  phases.  Such  phase  descriptions  should  always  be  sub- 
ordinated to  the  description  of  the  type  of  which  they  form  variations. 

While  it  is  not  desirable  to  make  more  types  than  is  absolutely 
necessary,  still  every  distinct  type  should  be  recognized,  described, 
and  mapped.  There  will,  of  course,  be  some  local  variation  in  the 
type,  and  where  there  is  serious  doubt  as  to  the  advisability  of  sepa- 
rating the  soil  material  into  two  types  the  separation  should  be  made, 
as  doubtful  types  can  be  more  easily  combined  than  separated  without 
further  field  work. 

While  agricultural  value  should  be  considered  in  the  mapping  of  soils, 
it  can  not  always  be  used  as  a  safe  guide  in  separating  the  soil  into  differ- 
ent types.  Marked  differences  in  the  appearance  and  productiveness  of 
the  same  type  of  soil  have  been  observed  in  different  areas,  due  not  to 
any  inherent  difference  in  the  character  of  the  soil  but  to  the  employ- 
ment of  better  and  more  thorough  methods  of  cultivation  on  some 
parts  than  on  others.  Where  these  differences  can  be  eliminated  by 
the  employment  of  similar  methods  of  treatment,  the  soils  should  be 
mapped  as  the  same  type,  although  their  present  yields  are  very 
different. 

Outlining  soil  boundaries. — Make  preliminary  borings  in  sufficient 
number  to  outline  the  location  of  a  considerable  body  of  soil  material  of 
uniform  character.  Record  the  general  description  of  one  or  more  bor- 
ings. Select  a  color  to  represent  this  description  and  color  in  so  much  of 
the  map  as  undoubtedly  corresponds  with  the  description.  Work  away 
from  this  identified  area  until  soil  materials  are  found  which  manifestly 
do  not  fit  the  former  description.  Select  a  second  color  for  this  new 
set  of  soil  characteristics  and  color  in  on  the  map  only  where  the  new 
material  undoubtedly  occurs.  Work  in  between  the  areas  of  the  two 
types  thus  established  until  a  zone  or  line  is  found  where  all  material 
on  one  side  becomes  increasingly  characteristic  of  the  one  type  and  on 
the  other  side  of  the  other  type.  Draw  a  line  on  the  map  to  represent 
this  line  or  to  represent  the  center  of  the  zone  of  gradation  of  soil 
characteristics.  This  line  will  constitute  a  soil  boundary.  It  is  well 
to  remember  that,  in  mapping  on  a  scale  of  1  inch  to  1  mile,  an  ordinary 


Directions  for  Surveying  Soils.  13 

pencil  or  pen  line  one  one-hundredth  of  an  inch  wide  on  the  paper  repre- 
sents a  width  of  nearly  53  feet  on  the  ground.  Soil  variations  occur- 
ring in  areas  smaller  than  10  acres  can  not  usually  be  represented, 
since  a  square  on  the  map  one-eighth  of  an  inch  on  each  side  repre- 
sents 10  acres  on  the  ground,  and  smaller  areas  can  not  well  be  printed 
from  engraved  stones. 

Naming  soil  types. — The  type  names  employed  by  this  Bureau  con- 
sist of  two  essential  parts:  First,  the  descriptive  or  class  name,  such  as 
sand,  loam,  or  clay:  second,  a  series  or  locality  name,  such  as  Miami, 
Marshall,  or  Norfolk.  The  descriptive  part  is  to  distinguish  between 
soils  of  different  classes  or  texture,  while  the  series  or  locality  part  is 
used  to  distinguish  between  soils  of  the  same  class  or  texture,  but 
differing  materially  with  respect  to  origin,  structure,  organic-matter 
content,  essential  coloring,  or  other  important  characteristics. 

The  type  name  covers  the  entire  profile.  Where  there  occurs,  as  a 
sul)soil,  material  which  if  exposed  at  the  surface  would  be  called 
Fresno  sand,  for  instance,  it  is  not  proper  to  speak  of  this  subsoil  as 
Fresno  sand,  but  as  material  which  gives  rise  to  the  Fresno  sand  when 
exposed  at  the  surface.  Wherever  the  soil  section  is  essentially 
modified  by  the  presence  of  material  of  a  different  texture,  so  as  to 
lose  its  identity,  another  soil  type  should  be  established.  Thus,  a 
section  which  showed  from  6  to  15  inches  of  silt  underlain  by  sand 
would  be  classed  as  a  distinct  type,  although  the  underlying  sand 
iriight  be  identical  with  the  material  of  some  other  sandy  type. 

In  this  book  is  given  a  concise  description  of  all  the  types  of  soil 
recognized  by  this  Bureau  up  to  December  31,  1905.  In  establishing 
types  in  each  area  this  list  should  l>e  carefully  consulted.  The  field 
men  will  be  held  accountable  for  the  recognition  of  all  well-established 
soil  types  and  for  all  possible  correlations  of  soils  in  their  areas  with 
types  already  established.  Provisional  names  should  only  be  used  in 
case  of  serious  doubt  or  in  the  case  of  types  which  are  known  to  be  new. 
As  soon  as  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  type  conditions  has  been 
obtained,  a  description  of  so  general  a  nature  that  it  will  apply  to  the 
entire  type  should  l>e  sent  in  on  Form  46.  This  type  description 
should  In-  made  of  every  soil  found  in  the  area,  whether  it  is  correlated 
with  a  soil  occurring  in  another  area,  or  is  recognized  as  a  new  type. 

Wherever  a  type  is  encountered  the  identity  of  which  is  uncertain, 
ihe  lx*st  possible  suggestions  should  !»•  made  as  to  its  correlation  and 
a  provisional  name  given  it  pending  the  determination  of  the  exact 


14  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

place  which  the  type  occupies  in  the  soil  classification,  and  this  name 
should  be  used  in  all  subsequent  correspondence  in  regard  to  the  area. 
If  for  any  reason  the  type  name  is  changed  after  a  sample  has  been 
sent  in,  the  old  name  should  be  given  in  parentheses  on  label  and  card 
after  the  new  or  substituted  name. 

A  soil,  to  be  correlated  with  a  type,  must  conform  to  it  in  certain 
broad,  general  features,  but  may  differ  from  it  in  some  details  which 
do  not  greatly  affect  the  crop  value.  The  descriptions  of  the  soil  types 
given  in  this  publication  must  be  taken  as  the  definition  of  the  general 
average  of  the  type;  and  it  must  be  remembered  that  certain  minor 
variations,  such  as  are  frequently  called  phases,  may  occur  in  different 
areas. 

In  the  selection  of  local  names  for  new  or  doubtful  types  the  series 
relationship  should  be  expressed  in  so  far  as  it  is  known  to  exist.  For 
example,  soils  found  in  a  river  bottom  which  differ  only  in  texture 
should  be  classed  in  the  same  series.  The  same  local  name  should  not 
be  employed  for  soils  of  different  texture  when  no  series  relationship 
exists  between  them. 

Samples  for  laboratory  examination. — To  avoid  unnecessary  work 
and  to  prevent  overcrowding  of  the  laboratory  force,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  use  care  and  judgment  in  the  selection  of  Camples  for  mechanical 
or  chemical  examination. 

As  soon  as  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  type  conditions  has 
been  obtained,  one  preliminary  sample  of  each  doubtful  type  should  be 
sent  in  for  mechanical  analyses,  using  the  red  tag  for  this  and  no  other 
purpose,  as  an  aid  in  determining  the  proper  classification  and  correla- 
tion of  the  type.  The  analyses  of  these  preliminary  samples  will  be 
included  in  the  report,  together  with  those  of  samples  collected  later. 

After  the  work  has  progressed  sufficiently  to  insure  a  thoroughly 
representative  set,  a  limited  number  of  samples  from  not  exceeding 
three  places  (including  the  preliminary  samples)  in  each  important  soil 
type,  and  limited  to  one  or  two  localities  in  the  case  of  less  important 
types,  should  be  collected.  The  individual  samples  should  be  described 
on  Form  47,  one  card  being  used  for  each  sample,  whether  of  a  surface 
soil  or  a  subsoil,  and  each  sample  should  be  designated  by  the  name 
adopted  for  the  type.  This  card  (Form  47)  should  be  sent  in  at  the 
same  time  as  the  sample.  Where  the  subsoil  consists  of  two  or  more 
layers  of  entirely  different  texture,  a  separate  sample  of  each  layer 
should  be  taken.  The  samples  should  be  taken,  as  far  as  practicable, 


Classification  of  Soils.  15 

when  the  soil  is  in  good  physical  condition.  When  heavy  clay  soils  are 
sent  in  a  wet  condition  the  samples  dry  into  hard  lumps,  which  can  be 
crushed  only  with  great  difficulty. 

In  the  correlation  of  the  soils  much  importance  is  given  to  the  sam- 
ples, and  great  care  is  enjoined  upon  those  in  charge  of  parties  to  see 
that  the  samples  are  representative  in  every  respect.  The  samples 
should  be  taken  to  represent  the  type  as  defined,  and  not  with  a  view 
of  showing  all  the  different  phases.  Samples  should  not  be  located  by 
towns  outside  of  the  area  being  surveyed.  As  it  is  sometimes  desirable 
to  know  the  exact  location  where  a  sample  was  taken,  the  location 
should  be  indicated  on  the  field  copy  of  the  map  by  a  small  "s." 

A  separate  card  (Form  48)  is  provided  for  miscellaneous  samples, 
such  as  marl,  minerals,  crusts,  and  plants,  and  in  all  cases  such  samples 
should  be  fully  described,  and  the  kind  and  purpose  of  the  examination 
desired  should  be  clearly  stated.  Often  a  qualitative  examination  will 
answer  if  the  purpose  of  the  work  is  known,  and  thus  the  long  and  tedi- 
ous process  of  a  complete  chemical  analysis  may  be  avoided. 

Care  in  attending  to  these  details  will  insure  the  greatest  accuracy 
and  the  earliest  completion  of  the  work,  so  that  the  results  may  be 
available  as  soon  as  possible,  preferably  before  the  party  leaves  the 
district. 

Write  all  cards  and  tags  on  samples  of  soil  in  ink,  as  pencil  rubs 
badly  and  is  sometimes  illegible  when  received  in  the  office. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  SOILS. 

While  the  classification  of  the  soils  within  a  given  area  must  necessa- 
rily be  determined  in  the  field  by  the  men  who  are  actually  engaged  in 
the  mapping  of  the  area,  the  broader  relationships  between  the  soils  of 
different  areas  must  be  taken  up  at  the  Bureau,  where  all  of  the  infor- 
mation concerning  the  various  areas  is  available  and  where  the  decision 
must  !>:•  made  as  to  what  constitutes  the  general  average  of  the  tvpc. 
The  determination  of  the  true  relationships  of  the  soils  of  different  areas 
is  a  very  difficult  problem,  and  it  is  essential  that  the  field  men  give  all 
possible  assistance  in  this  work.  In  order  that  they  may  be  in  a  jxxi- 
tion  to  render  the  l>est  assistance  in  the  solution  of  this  problem,  an  out- 
line of  the  general  plan  of  classification,  with  a  brief  discussion  of  th<> 
principles  ii|>on  which  this  arrangement  is  made,  is  given. 


16  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Soil  type. — The  fundamental  unit  in  mapping  and  classifying  soils 
is  the  type.  In  the  determination  of  a  type  of  soil  there  are  many  fac- 
tors to  be  considered.  Among  the  most  important  are  the  texture, 
which  deals  with  the  size  of  the  particles,  the  structure,  which  deals 
with  the  arrangement,  the  organic-matter  content,  origin,  color,  depth, 
drainage,  topography,  native  vegetation,  and  natural  productiveness. 
The  classification  is  based  primarily  upon  the  physical  properties,  but 
all  factors  that  influence  the  relation  of  soils  to  crops,  so  far  as  their 
influence  can  be  determined,  are  taken  into  consideration.  Many  of 
the  soil  types  in  a  given  locality  have  been  formed  by  the  same  general 
processes,  and  they  will  necessarily  grade  one  into  another  in  respect 
to  all  characteristics. 

Soil  class. — Soil  types,  which  constitute  the  units  of  soil  classifica- 
tion, may  be  grouped  in  different  ways.  As  soils  are  made  up  of  parti- 
cles of  different  sizes,  they  may  be  grouped  according  to  the  relative 
proportions  of  the  particles  of  different  sizes  which  they  contain.  This 
grouping  is  known  as  the  soil  class,  and  is  based  on  texture.  By  means 
of  mechanical  analyses  the  particles  less  than  2  millimeters  in  diameter 
are  separated  into  7  grades  and  the  various  percentage  relationships  of 
the  different  grades  determine  the  class  of  soil;  that  is,  they  determine 
whether  it  is  a  sand,  sandy  loam,  loam,  clay,  or  some  intermediate  class. 
In  addition  to  the  fine  earth,  of  which  a  mechanical  analysis  is  made, 
many  soils  contain  larger  particles,  which  if  of  small  size  are  called 
"gravel,"  and  if  of  larger  size  are  called  "stones,"  so  that  in  the  soil 
classification  it  is  possible  to  have  a  gravelly  sand,  loam,  or  clay,  and 
likewise  stony  members  of  the  various  classes. 

As  the  soils  of  different  classes  grade  into  each  other,  the  line  of  sepa- 
ration between  the  different  classes  is  necessarily  an  arbitrary  one. 
The  particles  also  may  be  very  irregularly  distributed  between  the  dif- 
ferent grades,  so  that  it  is  not  possible  to  make  a  rigid  classification 
according  to  the  mechanical  analyses.  Much  has  been  done,  however, 
to  systematize  and  bring  into  uniformity  the  classification  by  a  careful 
examination  of  the  analysis  of  several  thousand  samples,  which  have 
been  described  by  the  field  men  and  analyzed  in  the  laboratory  of  the 
Bureau.  The  following  table  shows  the  results  of  such  an  examination, 
and  is  intended  as  a  guide  in  standardizing  descriptions  and  as  an  aid 
in  solving  doubts  concerning  the  proper  classification  of  soils  in  new 
areas.  Uniformity  and  close  adherence  to  the  standard  are  the  chief 
considerations  which  it  is  desired  to  secure.  The  following  table 


Classification  of  Soils. 


17 


constitutes  merely  a  codification  and  arrangement  of  facts  reported  by 
the  field  men.  It  has  been  found  convenient  to  number  the  different 
grades  into  which  the  soil  is  separated  by  mechanical  analysis.  The 
name  of  the  grade  to  which  these  numbers  refer  is  given  in  the  table. 

Scheme  of  soil  classification,  based  upon  the  mechanical  composition  of 

soils. 


Class. 

1.             2. 

Fine     Coarse 
gravel,    sand. 
2-1          1-.  5 

mtn.         inin. 

3. 

Medium 
sand. 
.5-.  25 

mm. 

4. 

Fine 
sand. 
.25-.! 

mm. 

5. 

Very 
fine 
sand. 
.1-.05 
mm. 

o» 

Silt. 
.05-.  005 

7717/2. 

7. 

Clay. 
.005-0 

mm. 

Coarse  sand. 

More  than  25 
per  cent  of  1+2. 

0-15 

0-10 

Less  than  20  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

More  than  50  per  cent  of 
1+2+3. 

Medium 
sand. 

Less  than  25 
per  cent  of  1+2. 

More  than  20  p< 
1+2+3 

rcentof 

0-15 

0-10 

Less  than  20  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

Fine  sand. 

Less  than  20  per  cent  of 
1+2+3. 

0-15 

0-10 

Less  than  20  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

Sandy  louin. 

Kim*   sandy 
loam. 

More  than  20  per  cent  of 
1+2+3. 

Loan  than  20  per  cent  of 
1  +  2+3. 

10-35 

Mori-  tht 
cent  and 
50percei 

5-15 

in  20  |XT 
ess  than 
t  of  <>+". 

10-35            5-15 

More  than  20  IXT 
j-ent  ami   ess  than 
50  percent  of  t>+7. 

32075—06 2 


18 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Scheme  of  soil  classification,  based  upon  the  mechanical  composition  of 
soils — Continued. 


Class. 

1. 

Fine 
gravel. 
2-1 

2. 

Coarse 
sand. 
1-.5 

3. 

Medium 
sand. 
.5-.  25 

4. 

Fine 
sand. 
.25-.! 

5. 

Very 
fine 
sand. 
.1-.05 

8. 

Silt. 
.  05-.  005 

7. 

Clay. 
.005-0 

Loam. 

15-25 

Less 
^han  55 
per  cent 

Oft). 

Mori-  than  50  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

Silt  loam. 

More 
than  55 
per  cent 
of  6. 

Less 
than  25 
per  cent 
of  7. 

Clay  loam. 

25-55 

25-35 

More  than  GO  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

Sandy  clay. 

Less 
than  25 
per  cent 
of  0. 

More 
than  20 
per  cent 
of  7. 

Less  than  60  per 
cent  of  0+7. 

Silt  clay. 

More 
than  55 
per  cent 
of  6. 

25-35 
per  cent 
of  7. 

Clay. 

More 
than  35 
per  cent 
of  7. 

More  than  60  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

Classification  of  Soils.  19 

Soil  series. — It  has  been  found  that  in  many  parts  of  the  United 
States  a  given  set  of  soil  classes  are  so  evidently  related  through  source 
of  material,  method  of  formation,  topographic  position,  and  coloration 
that  the  different  types  constitute  merely  a  gradation  in  the  texture  of 
an  otherwise  uniform  material.  Soils  of  different  classes  that  are  thus 
related  constitute  a  series.  A  complete  soil  series  consists  of  material 
similar  in  many  other  characteristics,  but  grading  in  texture  from 
stones  and  gravel  on  the  one  hand,  through  the  sands  and  loams,  to  a 
heavy  clay  on  the  other. 

In  arranging  the  soils  in  series  the  same  factors  should  be  considered 
that  are  used  in  separating  soils  of  the  same  class  into  different  types. 
For  example,  the  Marshall  silt  loam  and  the  Miami  silt  loam  have  been 
separated  because  of  the  difference  in  the  amount  and  condition  of  the 
organic  matter  in  the  surface  soil  and  the  essential  differences  in  colora- 
tion. The  former  is  dark  brown  to  black,  while  the  latter  is  light 
brown  to  almost  white.  This  same  relation  has  been  found  to  exist 
between  soils  of  other  classes  in  the  glacial  regions,  and  these  factors 
have  been  used  as  a  basis  for  separating  the  glacial  soils  into  the  Mar- 
shall and  the  Miami  series.  On  account  of  the  very  different  processes  of 
their  formation,  residual  and  recent  alluvial  soils  should  not  be  included 
in  the  same  series. 

Soils  may,  however,  be  very  similar  in  origin  and  texture  but  may 
occupy  so  entirely  different  topographic  positions  that  their  relation  to 
crops  is  entirely  changed,  and  this  fact  should  l>e  recognized  by  the  use 
of  another  serial  name.  An  example  of  this  is  found  in  the  separation 
of  the  soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau  and  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
into  the  Cecil  and  the  Porters  series. 

The  color  of  the  soil  is  one  of  its  most  noticeable  physical  features, 
and  is  often  of  the  greatest  assistance  in  separating  the  soils'  into 
different  series.  The  soils  of  the  Orangeburg  series,  for  example,  have 
lx>en  formed  in  a  very  similar  manner  to  those  of  the  Norfolk  series,  but 
are  distinguished  from  the  latter  by  the  red  color  of  the  subsoil  and 
the  asstx-iatcd  differences  in  agricultural  value. 

Soil  series  may  grade  into  each  other  in  a  manner  similar  to  the 
intergradation  of  the  ty|>es  within  a  series.  Thus  the  Marshall  scries 
may  grade  into  the  Miami  series  and  the  Norfolk  series  into  the  Orange- 
burg  or  Portsmouth  series. 

Much  advance  has  l>een  made  in  the  last  two  years  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  soils  in  series.  Several  of  the  original  types  have  U-en 


20  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

merged  into  others,  or  have  been  given  new  names  in  order  to  bring 
them  into  a  uniform  series,  where  this  could  be  done  without  danger 
of  confusion.  If  the  field  men  acquaint  themselves  with  the  general 
characteristics  of  these  series  they  will  find  it  a  great  aid  in  placing 
soils  of  new  areas.  Furthermore,  if  any  type  in  a  series  is  thoroughly 
understood,  the  remaining  types  can  be  called  to  mind  without  refer- 
ence to  the  printed  description,  thereby  reducing  the  nurnber  of  type 
descriptions  necessary  to  be  carried  in  the  head.  There  will  be  found 
in  nearly  all  areas  soils  of  local  origin  and  of  exceptional  character 
which  will  have  to  be  given  local  names,  but  so  far  as  possible  the 
soils  encountered  in  new  areas  should  be  correlated  with  established 
types,  preference  being  given  where  possible  to  some  of  the  great  series 
described  hereafter. 

The  following  series  have  been  established: 

Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains. 

Norfolk  series. — Light-colored  soils  with  yellow  sand  or  sandy  clay 
subsoils. 

Portsmouth  series. — ZWfc-colored  soils  with  yellow  or  mottled  gray 
sand  or  sandy  clay  subsoils. 

Orangeburg  series. — Light-colored  soils  with  red  sandy  clay  subsoils. 

Galveston  series. — The  coastal  beaches  and  marshes. 

Houston  series. — Dark-gray  or  black  calcareous  prairies. 

Lufkin  series. — Light-colored  soils  with  heavy  mottled  gray  and  yel- 
low subsoils. 

Gadsden  series. — Gray  soils  with  subsoils  of  similar  texture  occupy- 
ing gentle  slopes  and  depressions  and  formed  by  wash  or  creep  from 
higher  areas. 

Susquehanna  series. — Gray  soils  with  heavy  red  clay  subsoils  which 
become  mottled  and  variegated  in  color  in  the  deep  subsoil. 

Wickham  series. — Reddish  or  reddish-brown  terrace  soils  overlying 
reddish,  micaceous  heavy  sandy  loam  or  loam  subsoils. 

Soils  of  the  Flood  Plains  of  the  Mississippi  and  Other  Rivers. 

Wabash  series. — Dark-brown  or  black  alluvial  soils  subject  to  overflow. 
Waverly  series. — Light-colored  alluvial  soils  subject  to  overflow. 
Miller  series. — Brown  to  red  alluvial  soils  formed  from  the  reworking 
of  the  Permian  Red  Beds. 


Classification  of  Soils.  21 

Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau. 

Cecil  series. — Gray  to  red  soils  with  bright-red  clay  subsoils,  derived 
from  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks. 

Penn  series. — Dark  Indian-red  soils  with  red  subsoils  derived  from 
red  sandstones  and  shales  of  Triassic  age. 

Chester  series. — Gray  to  brown  surface  soils  with  yellow  subsoils, 
derived  principally  from  schists  and  gneisses. 

Soils  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  Allegheny  Plateaus. 

Porters  series. — Gray  to  red  soils  with  red  clay  subsoils,  derived  from 
igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks. 

Dekalb  series. — Brown  to  yellow  soils  with  yellow  subsoils,  derived 
from  sandstones  and  shales. 

Upshur  series. — Brown  to  red  soils  with  red  subsoils,  derived  from 
sandstones  and  shales. 

Soils  of  the  Limestone  Valleys  and  Uplands. 

Hagerstown  series. — Brown  to  yellowish  soils  with  yellow  to  reddish 
subsoils,  derived  from  massive  limestone. 

Clarksinlle  series. — Light-gray  to  brown  soils  with  yellow  to  red  sul>- 
soils,  derived  mainly  from  the  St.  Louis  limestone. 

Soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  Regions. 

Miami  series. — Light-colored  upland  timl>ered  soils. 
Marshall  series. — Dart-colored  upland  prairie  soils. 
Volusia  series. — Light-colored  soils  with  yellowish  sultsoils,  derived 
by  feeble  glacial  action  from  sandstones  and  shales. 

Soils  of  the  Glacial  Terraces. 

Dunkirk  series. — Light-colored  reworked  glacial  material  occurring 
as  terraces  around  lakes  and  along  streams. 

Clyde  series. — J9«/'Ar-colored  soils  formed  from  reworked  glacial 
material  deposited  in  glacial  lakes. 

Sioux  series. — Dark-colored  soils  resting  on  dark  or  light-colored 
siilwoil.s  with  gravel  Ix-ds  usually  within  3  feet  of  the  surface. 

Superior  series. — Gray  and  red  soils  with  red  subsoils,  formed  from 
reworked  glacial  material  deposited  in  glacial  lakes. 

Vergennes  series. — Light-colored  soils  with  gray  or  whitish  siilwoils, 
derived  from  Champlain  clays  or  lighter  deposits  over  these  clays. 


22  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Residual  Soils  of  the  Western  Prairie  Regions. 

Oswego  series. — Gray  or  brown  soils,  derived  from  sandstones  and 
shales. 

Crawford  series. — Brown  soils  with  reddish  subsoils,  derived  from 
limestones. 

Vernon  series. — Brown  to  red  soils  typical  of  the  Permian  formation. 

Soils  of  the  Great  Basin. 

Bingham  series. — Porous  dark  or  drab  colluvial  and  alluvial  soils 
underlain  by  gravel  or  rock,  occupying  lower  mountain  slopes. 

Redfield  series. — Red  soils  consisting  of  colluvial  and  alluvial  mate- 
rials derived  from  red  sandstones  and  other  rocks. 

Malade  series. — Dark-colored  alluvial  soils  underlain  by  light-colored 
sands,  sandy  loams,  or  heavy  reddish  material. 

Jordan  series. — Light  to  dark-colored  lacustrine  deposits. 

Salt  Lake  series. — Dark-colored  soils  underlain  by  stratified  sedi- 
ments of  lacustrine  origin. 

Soils  of  the  Northwestern  Intermountain  Regions. 

Bridger  series. — Dark-colored  soils  with  sticky  yellow  subsoils,  of 
colluvial  and  alluvial  origin. 

Yakima  series. — Ash-gray  to  light-brown  soils  derived  principally 
from  ancient  lake  sediments  consisting  of  an  admixture  of  volcanic 
dust,  basaltic,  andesitic,  and  granitic  materials. 

Gallatin  series. — Light  to  dark-colored  soils  with  yellowish  to  dark 
compact  subsoils,  of  recent  alluvial  origin  from  basaltic  and  volcanic 
rocks. 

Soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Valleys,  Plateaus,  and  Plains. 

Laramie  series. — Dark-colored  soils  with  light-colored  gravelly  sub- 
soils, derived  from  colluvial  mountain  wash. 

Colorado  series. — Light-gray  to  reddish-brown  soils  and  subsoils, 
derived  from  colluvial  wash. 

Billings  series. — Compact  adobelike  gray  to  dark  or  brown  soils  and 
subsoils,  formed  mainly  by  reworking  of  sandstones  and  shales  and 
occupying  old  elevated  stream  terraces. 

Fruita  series. — Reddish-brown  soils  formed  by  reworking  of  sand- 
stones and  shales,  occurring  as  stream  terraces. 


Classification  of  Soils.  23 

Mesa  series. — Light-gray  to  brown  soils  derived  from  old  flood-plain 
deposits  now  elevated  to  form  mesa  lands. 

San  Luis  series. — Reddish-brown  gravelly  soils  formed  from  lacus- 
trine sediments  of  volcanic  rocks. 

Laurel  series. — Light-gray  to  black  soils  underlain  by  river  sands 
or  gravels,  occurring  in  flood  plains  along  streams. 

Soils  of  the  Arid  Southwest. 

India  series. — Light-colored  soils  usually  underlain  by  coarser  sands 
and  gravels,  formed  by  colluvial  and  alluvial  wash  from  granitic  rocks, 
mingled  with  some  shale  and  sandstone. 

Gila  series. — Light  to  dark-brown  soils  of  flood-plain  alluvium, 
underlain  at  varying  depths  by  coarse  sands  and  gravels. 

Imperial  series. — Light-colored  or  reddish  soils  formed  from  old 
marine  or  lacustrine  sediments  modified  by  more  recent  deposits  and 
underlain  to  great  depths  by  heavy  material. 

Soils  of  the.  Pacific  Coast. 

Sierra  series. — Light-gray  to  red  and  frequently  gravelly  soils,  often 
underlain  by  red  adobes. 

Maricojta  series. — Loose,  dark -colored  soils  derived  from  unassorted 
colluvial  or  partially  assorted  alluvial  materials,  generally  derived  from 
granitic  or  volcanic  rocks. 

Placentia  series. — Reddish  soils  derived  largely  from  the  weathering 
of  alluvial  and  colluvial  deposits,  generally  underlain  by  heavy  compact 
red  material  with  an  impervious  adobe  structure. 

Ornard  series — Dark-colored  alluvial  or  colluvial  soils  derived  from 
higher  lying  areas  of  sandstones  and  shales. 

San  Joaquin  series. — Compact  red  soils  and  subsoils  derived  from 
old  marine  sediments,  usually  underlain  by  red  hardpan. 

Stockton  series. — Brown  to  black  soils  with  heavy  yellow  subsoils, 
derived  from  old  alluvial  sediments. 

Fresno  series. — Light-colored  soils  with  light-gray,  ashy  subsoils  and 
alkali-carlxniate  hardpan,  derived  from  old  alluvial  wash. 

Ilanford  series  — Recent  alluvium  of  flood  or  delta  plains  derived 
from  a  variety  of  rocks.  The  light-textured  soils  are  light  in  color 
and  the  heavy-textured  soils  are  dark  in  color. 

Salem  series. —  Residual,  alluvial,  or  colluvial  soils,  either  red  or 
dark  in  color,  derived  from  nx-ks  of  basaltic,  schistose,  crystalline,  or 
arenaceous  character. 


24:  Soil  Survey  field  Book. 

INSTRUCTIONS    FOB     ESTIMATING     AND     MAPPING 
ALKALI. 

ELECTROLYTIC    DETERMINATION    OF    TOTAL    SALTS. 

Principles  of  electrolytic  determination. — The  alkali  content,  in 
terms  of  total  salts,  is  determined  in  both  soils  and  waters  by  the  use 
of  the  electrolytic  bridge. « 

By  this  instrument  the  electrical  resistance  in  ohms,  at  60°  F.,  to  the 
passage  of  a  current  through  a  cell  filled  with  the  soil  or  water  in  which 
the  salt  concentration  is  to  be  estimated,  is  determined.  The  resistance 
varies  with  the  character  and  amount  of  the  salts,  decreasing  as  the 
concentration  becomes  greater.  This  rate  of  decrease  in  resistance 
with  increase  in  concentration  of  any  one  particular  salt  or  mixture 
of  salts  may  be  graphically  represented  by  a  curve.  Such  a  curve, 
constructed  experimentally  by  observing  the  resistance  corresponding 
to  various  concentrations  of  a  salt  solution,  will  constitute  a  scale  or 
standardization  curve,  from  which  the  approximate  concentration  of 
salt  solutions  of  the  same  general  character  may  be  determined  from 
the  resistance  readings. 

When  for  purposes  of  comparison  and  representation  upon  maps 
the  alkali  or  salt  content  of  soils  is  grouped  into  zones  of  various 
degrees  of  concentration,  the  resistance  corresponding  to  the  lines 
of  separation  or  concentration  limits  will  constitute  a  series  of  limiting 
values. 

Instructions  for  operating  the  electrolytic  bridge. — The  irrigation 
water,  or  the  soil,  the  electrical  resistance  of  which  is  to  be  found,  is 
put  into  the  hard-rubber  cell  with  metal  electrodes.  If  the  salt  con- 
tent of  water  is  to  be  determined,  the  cell  is  filled  even  full  with  the 
water.  If  the  salt  content  of  soils  is  to  be  determined,  the  soil  is 
placed  in  a  shallow  cup  and  thoroughly  mixed  or  worked  with  dis- 
tilled water  until  a  condition  of  saturation  is  reached,,  indicated  by 
the  appearance  of  free  water.  The  cell  is  then  filled  with  this  material, 
gently  tapping  the  cell  on  the  ground  to  exclude  air  bubbles.  The 
top  of  the  soil  is  then  struck  off  with  a  knife  edge,  so  that  the  cell 
shall  be  just  level  full  of  the  saturated  soil.  The  cell  is  then  suspended 
in  the  mercury  cups  attached  to  the  electrolytic  bridge  and  the  electrical 
resistance  determined  in  the  following  way: 


a  For  a  more  complete  description  of  the  principles  and  operation  of  the  electro- 
lytic bridge,  see  Bulletins  8  and  15  and  Circular  6.  Division  of  Soils.  U.  8. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


Instructions  for  Mapping  Alkali.  25 

The  telephone  receiver  is  pressed  against  the  ear  and  the  handle  of 
the  instrument  pressed  down,  when  a  buzzing  sound  will  be  heard  in 
the  receiver.  Holding  the  handle  down  so  as  to  keep  the  battery  switch 
closed,  the  pointer  is  rotated  to  either  right  or  left  until  the  position 
is  found  at  which  the  note  in  the  telephone  receiver  is  no  longer  heard 
or  is  only  indistinctly  heard.  On  rotating  the  pointer  to  either  side 
of  this  position,  the  sound  in  the  receiver  should  gradually  increase. 
In  case  difficulty  is  found  in  locating  the  exact  position  of  balance, 
it  will  be  found  of  assistance  to  rotate  the  pointer  rapidly  back  and 
forth  over  the  position  of  least  sound,  locating  points  of  equal  intensity 
on  either  side.  The  mean  position  between  these  two  points  gives 
the  position  of  balance,  and  the  number  opposite  the  pointer  gives  the 
desired  reading. 

The  sharpness  of  the  minimum  reading  is  much  improved  if  the 
inner  surfaces  of  the  electrodes  are  kept  clean  and  free  from  traces 
of  grease.  When  waters  are  being  tested,  the  cell  should  be  occa- 
sionally cleaned  with  an  alkaline  solution  or  kept  well  scoured.  The 
opt1  rator  should  avoid  handling  or  touching  the  surfaces  of  the  electrodes 
with  the  fingers. 

In  case  a  balance  is  not  obtained  with  the  1,000-ohm  coil  of  the 
rotary  switch,  the  100-ohm  and  IG-ohm  coils  should  be  tried  in  succes- 
'sion.  It  is  best  to  choose  the  coil  which  will  bring  the  balance  as  near 
as  possible  to  the  center  of  the  scale,  as  this  is  the  most  sensitive  position. 

Having  obtained  the  balance,  the  resistance  is  found  by  multiplying 
the  resistance  of  the  comparison  coil,  as  shown  by  the  rotating  switch, 
by  the  number  on  the  scale  opposite  the  pointer.  Thus,  if  the  com- 
parison coil  used  has  a  resistance  of  100  ohms  and  the  reading  on  the 
scale  is  0.92,  the  resistance  in  the  scale  is  92  ohms.  If  the  comparison 
coil  is  1,000  ohms  and  the  reading  on  the  scale  is  4.5,  the  resistance 
would  !M>  4,500  ohms.  After  taking  the  resistance  in  this  manner, 
take  the  temperature  immediately,  either  of  the  water  or  of  the 
saturated  soil,  by  sticking  the  bulb  of  a  thermometer  in  and  leaving 
it  for  some  moments.  The  resistance  is  then  corrected  for  this  tem- 
perature according  to  the  directions  given  below." 

a  In  order  to  dislodge  mercury  from  tlio  expansion  charnlx-r  ut  the  top  of  the 
stem  in  the,  field  thermometer,  shake  the  mercury  into  the  expulsion  chamlx-r 
as  fur  as  possible  and  heat  the  chain  lx;r  in  txjiling  water  or  over  the  flame  of  a. 
match. 


26 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Reduction  of  resistances  to  a  temperature  of  60°  F. — A  single  illus- 
tration will  serve  to  show  the  way  the  following  table  is  used  in  the 
reduction  of  eleetrical  resistances  to  a  uniform  temperature  of  60°  F.: 
Suppos?  the  observed  resistance  of  the  soil  is  2,585  ohms  at  a  temper- 
ature of  50.5°.  In  the  table,  at  the  temperature  of  50.5°,  as  indicated 
on  the  left-hand  side,  we  find  that  at  that  temperature  2,000  ohms  is 
equal  to  1,748  'ohms  at  60°;  5,000  ohms  is  equal  to  4,370  ohms  at 
60°;  hence  500  ohms  would  be  equal  to  437  ohms.  Similarly,  80  ohms 
would  be  one-hundredth  of  the  value  given  for  8,000  ohms  at  50.5° 
in  the  table,  therefore  equal  to  about  70  ohms  at  60°,  while  the  5 
ohms  would  be  equal  to  about  4  ohms.  These  separate  values  are 
added  together  thus: 

2,000  1,748 

500  437 

80  70 

5  4 


2,  585  ohms  at  50.5°=2, 259  ohms  at  60°. 

Reduction  of  the  electrical  resistance  of  soils  to  a  uniform  temperature  of 

60°  F. 


°F. 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000 

6000 

7000 

8000 

«ooo 

32.0 
32.5 

625 
632 

1,250 
1,264 

,875 
,896 

2,500 
2,528 

3,125 
3,150 

3,750 
3,792 

4,375 
4,424 

5,000 
5,056 

5,625 

5,688 

33.0 
33.5 

639 
646 

1,278 
1,292 

,917 
,938 

2,556 
2,584 

3,195 
3,230 

3,834 
3,876 

4,473 
4,522 

5,112 

5,168 

5,751 

5,814 

34.0 
34.5 

653 
660 

1,306 
1,320 

,959 
,980 

2,612 
2,640 

3,265 
3,300 

3,918 
3,960 

4,571 
4,  620 

5,224 
5,280 

5,877 
5,940 

35.0 
35.5 

667 
674 

1,334 
1,348 

2,001 
2,022 

2,668 
2,696 

3,335 
3,370 

4,002 
4,044 

4,669 
4,718 

5,336 
5,392 

6,003 
6,066 

36.0 
36.5 

681 
688 

1,362 
1,376 

2.043 
2,064 

2,724 
2,752 

3,405 
3,440 

4,086 
4,128 

4,767 
4,816 

5,448 
5,504 

6,129 
6,192 

37.0 
37.5 

695 
702 

1,390 
1,404 

2,085 
2,106 

2,780' 
2,808 

3,475 
3,510 

4,170 
4,212 

4,865 
4,914 

5,560 
5,616 

6,255 
6,318 

38.0 
38.5 

709 

71G 

1,418 
1,432 

2,127 
2,148 

2,836 
2,864 

3.545 
3,580 

4,254 
4,296 

4,963 
5,012 

5,672 
5,728 

6,381 
6,444 

39.0 
39.5 

722 
729 

1,444 
1,458 

2,166 
2,187 

2,888 
2,916 

3,610 
3,045 

4,332 
4,374 

5,054 
5,103 

5,776 
5,832 

6,498 
6,561 

40.0 
40.5 

7.;., 
743 

1,472 
1,486 

2,208 
2,229 

2,944 
2,972 

3,680 
3,715 

4,416 
4,458 

5,152 
5,201 

5,888 
5,944 

6,634 

6,687 

41.0 
41.5 

750 
757 

1,500 
1,514 

2,250 
2,271 

3,000 
3,028 

3,750 
3,785 

4,500 
4,542 

5,250 
5,299 

6,000 
6,056 

6,750 
6,813 

Instructions  for  Mapping  Alkali. 


Reduction  of  the  electrical  resistance  of  soils  to  a  uniform  temperature  of 
60°  F— Continued. 


•F. 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000 

6000 

7000 

8000 

9000 

42.0 
42.5 

763 
770 

1,526 
1,540 

2,289 
2,310 

3,052 
3,080 

3,815 
3,850 

4,578 
4,620 

5,341 
5,390 

6,104 
6,160 

6,867 
6,930 

43.0 
43.5 

776 
782 

1,552 
1,564 

2,328 
2,346 

3,104 
3,128 

3,880 
3,910 

4,656 
4,692 

5,432 
5,474 

6,208 
6,256 

6,984 
7,038 

44.0 
44.5 

788 
794 

1,576 
1,588 

2,364 
2,382 

3,152 
3,176 

3,940 
3,970 

4,728 
4,  764 

5,516 
5,558 

6,304 
6,352 

7,092 
7,146 

45.0 
45.5 

800 
807 

1,600 
1,614 

2,400 
2,421 

3.200 
3,228 

4.000 
4,035 

4,800 
4,842 

5,600 
5,649 

6,400 
6,456 

7,200 
7,263 

46.0 
46.5 

814 
821 

1,628 
1,642 

2,442 
2,463 

3,256 
3,284 

4,070 
4,105 

4,884 
4,926 

5,698 
5,747 

6,512 
6,568 

7,326 
7,389 

47.0 
47.5 

828 
835 

1,656 
1,670 

2.484 
2,505 

3,312 
3,340 

4,140 
4,175 

4,968 
5,010 

5,796 
5,845 

6,624 
6,680 

7,452 
7,515 

48.0 
48.5 

842 
849 

1,684 
1,698 

2,526 
2,547 

3,368 
3,396 

4,210 
4,245 

5,052 
5,094 

5,884 
5,933 

6,736 
6,792 

7,578 
7,641 

49.0 
49.5 

856 
862 

1,712 
1,724 

2,568 
2,586 

3,424 
3,448 

4,280 
4,310 

5,136 
5,172 

5,992 
6,034 

6,848 
6,896 

7,704 
7,758 

50.0 
50.5 

868 
875 

1,736 
1,750 

2,604 
2,625 

3,472 
3,500 

4,340 
4,375 

5,208 
5,250 

6.076 
6,125 

6,944 
7,000 

7,812 
7,875 

51.0 
51.5 

881 
887 

1,762 
1,774 

2,643 
2,661 

3,524 
3,548 

1.  in:, 
4,435 

5,286 
5,322 

6,167 
6,209 

7,048 
7,0% 

7,929 
7,983 

52.0 
52.5 

893 
900 

,786 
,800 

2,679 
2,700 

3,572 
3,600 

4,465 
4,500 

5,358 
5,400 

6,251 
6,300 

7,144 
7,200 

8,037 
8,100 

53.0 
53.5 

906 
912 

,812 
,824 

2,718 
2,736 

3,624 
3,648 

4,530 
4,560 

5,436 
5,472 

6,342 
6,384 

7,248 
7,296 

8,154 
8,208 

54.0 
54.5 

919 
926 

,838 
,852 

2,757 

2,778 

3,676 
3,704 

4,595 
4,630 

5,514 
5,556 

6,433 

6,482 

7,352 
7,408 

8,271 
8,334 

55.0 
55.5 

933 
940 

,866 
,880 

2,799 
2,820 

3.  732 
3,760 

4,665 
4,700 

5,598 
5,640 

6,531 
6,580 

7,464 
7,526 

8,397 
8,460 

56.0 
56.5 

947 
954 

,894 
,908 

2,841 
2,862 

3.780 
3,816 

4,  735 
4,770 

5,682 
5,724 

6,629 
6,678 

7,576 
7,632 

8,  523 
8,586 

57.0 
57.5 

961 

968 

,922 
.936 

2,883 
2,904 

3,844 
3,  872 

4,805 
4,839 

5,766 
5,807 

6,727 
6,775 

7,688 
7,743 

8,  649 
8,711 

58.0 
58.5 

974 
981 

,948 
,962 

2,922 
2,943 

3,896 
3,924 

4.870 
4,905 

5.844 
5,886 

6,818 
6,867 

7,792 

7,848 

8,766 
8,829 

59.0 
59.5 

987 
994 

,974 

,9X8 

2,962 
2,982 

3,949 
3,976 

4,  936 
4,971 

5,923 
5,965 

6,910 
6,959 

7,898 
7,953 

8.885 
8,947 

00.0 
00.5 

,000 
.006 

2,000 
2,012 

3.000 
3,018 

4.000 
4,024 

5.000 
5,030 

6.000 

6,  aw 

7,000 
7,042 

8,000 
8,048 

9,000 
9,054 

01.0 
61.5 

,013 
,020 

2,026 
2,040 

3.039 
3,060 

,0.52 
,0X0 

5.  065 
5.100 

6.07X 
6,120 

7,091 
7,140 

8,104 
8,  160 

9,117 
9,180 

62.0 
62.5 

,027 
.033 

2,054 

2,066 

3,0X1 
3,099 

,iox 

,  132 

5.  135 
5,  165 

6,  162 
6.  198 

7,  189 
7,231 

8,216 
8,  264 

9,243 
9,297 

63.  0 
63.5 

.040 
,047 

2.  OHO 
2,094 

3.120 
3,141 

.160 
,188 

5,  200 
5.  235 

6.  240 
6.282 

7.280 
7.329 

8,320 
8,376 

9.  360 
9,  423 

28 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Reduction  of  the  electrical  resistance  of  soils  to  a  uniform  temperature  of 
GOP  F.— Continued. 


°F. 

II  II  HI 

2000 

304M> 

4(KM> 

5000 

6000 

7000 

8000 

110(11 

64.0 
64.5 

1,054 
1,061 

2,108 
2,-122 

3,102 
3,183 

4,216 
4,244 

5,270 
5,305 

6,324 
6,366 

7,378 
7,427 

8.432 
8,488 

9,  480 
9,  549 

65.0 
65.5 

1,068 
1,075 

2,130 
2,150 

3.204 
3,225 

4.272 
4,300 

5.340 
5,375 

0,408 
6,450 

7,476 
7,525 

8,544 
8,000 

9,012 
9,075 

66.0 
66.5 

1,082 
1,089 

2,164 
2,178 

3.246 
3,267 

4,  328 
4,  356 

5,410 
5,445 

6,492 
6,  534 

7,574 
7,623 

8,656 
8,712 

9.738 
9,801 

67.0 
67.5 

1,096 
1,103 

2,192 
2,200 

3,288 
3,309 

4,384 
4,412 

5,480 
5,515 

6,576 
6,618 

7,672 
7,721 

8,708 
8,824 

9,804 
9,927 

68.0 
68.5 

1,110 
1,117 

2,220 
2,  234 

3,330 
3,351 

4,440 
4,  408 

5,550 
5,585 

6,660 
6,702 

7,770 
7,819 

8,880 
8,936 

9,990 
10,  053 

69.0 
69.5 

1,125 
1,133 

2,250 
2,260 

3,375 
3,  399 

4,500 
4,532 

5,625 
5,665 

6,750 
0,798 

7,875 
7,931 

9,000 
9,004 

10,  125 
10,  197 

70.0 
70.5 

1,140 
1,147 

2,280 
2,294 

3,420 
3,441 

4,560 

4,588 

5,700 
5,735 

6,840       7,980 
6,882       8,029 

9,120 
9,170 

10,260 
10,  323 

71.0 
71.5 

1,155 
1,162 

2,310 
2,  324 

3,465 
3,480 

4,020 
4,  648 

5,775 
5,810 

6,930  j     8,085 
6,972       8,134 

9,240 
9,2% 

10,  395 
10,  458 

72.0 
72.5 

1,170 
1,177 

2,340 
2,354 

3,510     4,080 
3,  531      4,  708 

5,850 

5,885 

7,028 
7,062 

8,190 
8,239 

9,300 
9,416 

10,530 
10,593 

73.0 
73.5 

1,185 
1,193 

2,370 
2,386 

3,555 
3,579 

4,740 
4,772 

5,925 
5,965 

7,110 

7,158 

8,295 
8,351 

9,480       10,605 
9,544       10,737 

74.0 
74.5 

1,201 
1,208 

2,402 
2,410 

3,  603     4,  804 
3,  624     4,  832 

6,005 
6,040 

7.  20(1       8,  407 
7,  248       8,  456 

9,608       10,809 
9,664       10,872 

75.0 
75.5 

1,215 
1,222 

2,430 
2,444 

3,645 
3,666 

4.800 

4;888 

6,075 
6,110 

7,290  ;     8,505 
7,  332       8,  554 

9,720  '     10,935 
9,776       10,998 

76.0 
76.5 

1,230 
1,238 

2,400 
2,476 

3,690 
3,714 

4,920 
4,952 

6,  158 
6,190 

7,  380       8,  610       9,  840 
7,428       8,666       9,904 

11,070 
11,142 

77.0 
77.5 

1,246 
1,254 

2,  492     3,  738 
2,  508     3,  762 

4,984 
5,016 

0,230 
0,270 

7,476       8,722       9,968 
7,524       8,778     10:032 

11,214 
11,286 

78.0 
7&5 

1,262 
1,270 

2,524 
2,540 

3.  780 
3,810 

5,048 
5,080 

6,  310 
6,350 

7,572  i     8,834 
7,620  |     8,890 

10.096       11,358 
10,160       11,430 

79.0 
79.5 

1,278 
1,286 

2,556 
2,572 

3,834 
3,858 

5,112 
5,144 

6,390 
6,430 

7,668 
7,716 

8,940 
9,002 

10,224  1     11,502 
10,288  i     11,574 

80.0 
80.5 

1,294 
1,302 

2,588 
2,004 

3,882 
3,906 

5,176     6,470 
5,208     6,510 

7,754 
7,812 

9,058 
9,114 

10,352       11,646 
10,410       11,718 

81.0 
81.5 

1,310 
1,318 

2,020 
2,636 

3,930 
3,954 

5,240 
5,272 

6.558 
6,590 

7,860 
7,908 

9,170 
9,220 

10.480       11,790 
10,544  ;     11,862 

82.0 
82.5 

1,327 
1,335 

2,654 
2,  070 

3,981 
4,005 

5,308 
5,340 

6,635 
6,675 

7,962 
8,010 

9,289 
9,  345 

10,016       11,943 
10.080       12,015 

83.0 
83.5 

1,343 
1,351 

2,080 
2,702 

4,029 
4,053 

5,372     6,715 
5,404  ;  6,755 

8,058 
8,106 

9.401 
9,457 

10,744 
10,808 

12,087 
12  159 

84.0 
84.5 

1.359 
1,3^7 

2.718 
2,734 

4.077     5,430     <i.7!t.-, 
4,101     5,468     6,835 

8,154 
8,202 

9,513 
9,  569 

10,872 
10,  936 

12,231 
12,303 

Instructions  for  Mapping  Alkali. 


Reduction  of  the  electrical  resistance  of  soils  to  a  uniform  temperature  of 
60°  F—  Continued. 


op 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000 

BOOO 

7000 

8000 

9000 

85.0 
85.5 

1,376 

1,385 

2,752 
2,770 

,128 
,155 

5,504 
5,540 

6,880 
6,925 

8,256 
8,310 

9,632 
9,695 

11,008 
11,080 

12,384 
12,  4(>5 

86.0 
86.5 

1,393 
1,401 

2,786 
2,802 

,179 
,203 

5,572 
5,604 

6,965 
7,005 

8,358 
8,406 

9,751 
9,807 

11,144 
11,208 

12,537 
12,609 

87.0 
87.5 

1,409 
1,418 

2,818 
2,836 

,227 
,254 

5,636 
5,  672 

7,045 
7,090 

8,454 
8,508 

9.863 
9,931 

11,272 
11,344 

12.681 
12,  762 

88.0 
88.5 

1,427 
1,435 

2,854 
2,870 

4,281 
4,305 

5,708 
5,740 

7,135 
7,175 

8,562 
8,610 

9.989 
10,040 

11,416 
11,480 

12,843 
12,915 

89.0 
89.5 

1,443 
1,  451 

2,886 
2,902 

4,329 
4,353 

5,772 
5,804 

7,215 
7,255 

8,658 
8,706 

10,091 
10,  157 

11,544 
11,608 

12,987 
13,059 

'.HI.  II 

90.5 

1,460 
1,468 

2,920 
2,936 

4,380 
4,404 

5,840 

5,872 

7,300 
7,340 

8,760 
8,808 

10,220 
10,  276 

11,680 
11,744 

13,140 
13,212 

91.0 
91.5 

1,477 
1,486 

2,954 
2,972 

4.431 
4.458 

5,908 
5,944 

7,385 
7,430 

8,862 
8,916 

10,339 
10,402 

11,816 
11,888 

13,293 
13,374 

92.0 
92.5 

1,495 
1,504 

2.990 
3,008 

4.485 
4,512 

5,980 
6,016 

7,475 
7,520 

8,970 
9,024 

10,  465 
10,528 

11.960 
12,032 

13,  455 
13,536 

93.0 
93.5 

1,513 
1,522 

3,026 
3,044 

4.539 
4,566 

6,052 
6,088 

7,565 
7,610 

9,078 
9,132 

10.591 
10.  654 

12,104 
12,  176 

13,617 
13.  698 

94.0 
94.5 

1,531 
1,540 

3.062 
3,080 

4,  593 
4,620 

6,  124 
6,  160 

7,655 
7,700 

9,  186 
9.240 

10.717 
10,780 

12,248 
12,320 

13.779 
13,860 

95.0 
95.5 

1,549 
1,559 

3,098 
3,118 

4,  647 
4,  677 

6,  196 
6,236 

7,  745 
7,795 

9.294 
9,354 

10.843 
10,913 

12,392 
12,472 

13,941 
14,031 

90.0 
96.5 

1.569 
1,579 

3,138 
3,158 

4,707 
4,737 

6,276 
6,316 

7.845 
7,895 

9,414 
9,474 

10,983 
11,053 

12,552 
12,632 

14,121 
14,211 

97.0 
97.5 

1,589 
1.599 

3,178 
3,198 

4,767 
4,797 

6,  356 
6,  396 

7,945 
7,995 

9,534 
9,594 

11.123 
11.193 

12,712 
12,792 

14.301 
14.391 

98.0 
98.5 

1,609 
1  ,  619 

3,218 
3.  238 

4,827 
4,857 

6,  436 
6,  476 

8.045 
8,095 

9,054 
9,714 

11.263 
11,333 

12,872 
12,952 

14,481 
14.571 

99.0 

1,629 

3,258 

4,887 

6,516 

8.145 

9,774 

11,403 

13,032 

14,661 

30 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Concentration  intervals. — The  concentration  limits  used  in  the 
classification  of  alkali  soils  are,  respectively,  0.20,  0.40,  0.60,  1,  and  3 
per  cent  of  total  salts  in  the  dry  soil,  the  maps  showing  the  distri- 
bution of  the  several  grades  of  concentration  being  constructed  in  the 
field  directly  from  field  determinations. 

Average  standardization. — Tn  the  alkali  surveys  carried  on  by  the 
Bureau  standardization  curves  have  been  constructed  in  many  widely 
separated  areas  differing  greatly  in  the  character  of  the  salts  present. 
From  the  average  of  15  such  curves  an  average  standardization  curve 
has  been  obtained,  from  which  the  following  table  of  limiting  values  or 
electrical  resistances,  corresponding  to  the  various  degrees  of  concen- 
tration, are  derived. 

These  values  are  found  of  sufficient  accuracy  to  warrant  their  use 
in  all  reconnoissance  work,  and  can  be  used  in  alkali  surveys  involving 
approximate  determinations  over  limited  areas,  or  in  all  alkali  surveys 
where  subject  to  check  by  independent  standardization.  In  case  it  is 
found  that  the  average  curve  does  not  give  reliable  results,  or  where 
unusual  accuracy  is  required,  a  new  curve  should  b(  made  according 
to  the  instructions  given  on  page  31. 

Average,  standardization — Table  of  limiting  values. 


Salt  in 
soil. 

Sand  and 
sandy 
loam. 

Loam. 

Clay 
loam. 

Clay. 

Average. 

Per  cent. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

3.00 

21.9 

24.9 

26.7 

27.4 

25.2 

1.00 

43.7 

45.3 

47.7 

48.8 

46.4 

.00 

65.9 

68.8 

71.1 

73.5 

69.8 

.40 

92.1 

95.3 

98.7 

101.4 

96.9 

.20 

163.6 

172.5 

178.7 

193.4 

177.1 

For  convenience,  where  it  is  desired  to  determine  the  percentage  of 
alkali  from  the  resistance  at  60°  P.,  the  following  table  has  been  picked 
out  from  the  average  standardizations: 


Instructions  for  Mapping  Alkali. 
Table  shovnng  jxtrcentage  of  salt  in  soil. 


31 


Resistance 
at  60°  F. 

Sand  and 
sandy  loam. 

Loam. 

Clay  loam. 

Clay. 

20 

Per  cent  salt. 
3.12 

Per  cent  salt. 

Per  cent  salt. 

Per  cent  salt. 

25 

2.65 

2.98 

3.19 

3.30 

30 

2.18 

2.43 

2.65 

2.79 

35 

1.09 

1.91 

2.13 

2.28 

40 

1.18 

1.40 

1.63 

1.77 

45 

.95 

1.02 

1.18 

1.28 

50 

.83 

.89 

.94 

.97 

55 

.74 

.80 

.84 

.87 

60 

.67 

.71 

.74 

.78 

65 

.60 

.64 

.67 

.71 

70 

.55 

.58 

.61 

.65 

75 

.51 

.54 

.56 

.59 

80 

.47 

.51 

.52 

.54 

85 

.44 

.47 

.49 

.50 

90 

.41 

.43 

1  .45 

.47 

95 

.38 

.40 

.42 

.44 

100 

.36 

.37 

.39 

.41 

105 

.34 

.35 

.37 

.38 

110 

.32 

.33 

.35 

.36 

115 

.30 

.31 

.33 

.34 

120 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.33 

125 

.27 

.28 

.30 

.31 

130 

.25 

.27 

.28 

.30 

135 

.24 

.26 

.27 

.29 

140 

.23 

.25 

.26 

.28 

145 

.22 

.24 

.25 

.26 

150 

.21 

.23 

.24 

.25 

155 

.21 

.22 

.23 

.24 

ICO 

.20 

.21 

.22 

.23 

165 

.20 

.21 

.22 

.23 

170 

.19 

.20 

.21 

.22 

Directions  for  making  standardizations.— If  greater  accuracy  be 
desired,  or  if  it  be  believed  that  the  average  standardization  curve  is 
not  applicable  to  the  conditions,  a  standardization  curve  or  table  is  to 
be  constructed  in  each  district,  by  the  following  methods,  reducing  nil 
resistances  to  the  basis  of  60°  F.  by  use  of  the  preceding  tabhs: 

Take  8  or  10  crusts,  including  the  top  inch  of  soil,  or  if  crusts  can 
not  be  obtained,  use  the  strongest  alkali  soils  collected  from  different 
places  over  the  whole  area.  Place  a  portion  of  each  of  the  several 
crusts  or  soils  in  a  large  cup  or  bottle,  filling  the  vessel  from  one-fourth 
to  one-half  full,  according  to  the  concentration  of  the  material,  using 
the  greater  quantity  where  the  material  is  less  concentrated.  Nearly 
fill  the  vessel  with  distilled  water,  stirring  or  shaking  frequently,  and 
with  tin*  tiller  pump  filter  ofT  a  portion  of  each  solution,  cleaning  tin* 
pump  and  filter  tube  and  discarding  the  first  .TO  c.  c.  of  subsequent 


Soil  Survey  Fidd  Book. 


filtrate    after   each    filtration.     Discoloration    of   solutions    from    the 
presence  of  black  alkali  may  bo  ignored. 

Determine  the  electrical  resistance  of  each  solution,  and  either  dilute 
with  distilled  water  or  else  increase  the  concentration  by  evaporation 
or  the  addition  of  more  alkali  material  until  each  filtrate  shows  a  resist- 
ance of  approximately  10  ohms  at  60°  F.  From  equal  volumes  taken 
from  each  solution  make  up  in  a  large  vessel  a  composite  solution  not 
less  than  1  quart  in  volume.  From  100  c.  c.  of  this  composite  solu- 
tion determine  the  weight  in  grains  a  of  soluble  salts  by  evaporation, 
igniting  gently  before  weighing.  Divide,  the  weight  so  obtained  into 
each  ocrcentage  given  in  the  last  four  columns  of  the  following  tabb 
and  multiply  the  quotient  by  100.  The  result  in  each  case  represents 
the  number  of  cubic  centimeters  of  composite"  solution  to  be  diluted 
with  distilled  water  to  100  c.  c.  in  order  to  obtain  the  corresponding 
percentage  of  salt  in  soil  given  in  the  first  column  of  the  table.  If  the 
volume  thus  secured  for  some  of  the  higher  concentrations  exceeds 
100  c.  c.,  it  should  be  reduced  to  100  c.  c.  by  evaporation.  Ordina- 
rily a  3.33  per  cent  solution  is  as  concentrated  as  will  be  required,  as 
this  represents  1  per  cent  of  salt  in  the  soil.  (See  note  below.) 

•  To  obtain  limiting  values. 


Salt  in  solution. 

Salt  in 
soil. 

Sand  and 
sandy 
loam. 

Loam. 

Clay 
loam. 

Clay. 

Per  tent. 

Per  rent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

3.00 

10.00 

7.95 

7.14 

6.«7 

1.00 

3.33 

2.05 

2.38 

2.22 

.00 

2.00 

1.59 

1.43 

1.33 

.40 

1.33 

1.06 

.95 

.89 

.20 

.07 

.53 

.48 

.44 

Resistances  to 

be      red  need 

to(iO°  F.imd 

divided  by  .24 

.275 

.29 

.30 

The  resistance  in  ohms  of  each  dilution  of  the  composite  solution, 
divided  by  the  factor  appearing  at  the  foot  of  the  column  designating 


o  Weighing,  if  done  with  care,  may  be  upon  druggist's  scales,  15.5  grains 
equaling  1  gram. 


Instructions  for  mapping  alkali. 


33 


t!u>  class  of  soil  in  the  preceding  table,  will  give  for  each  class  of  soil 
the  limiting  value,  or  ivsistancs  in  the  cell  at  60°  F.  of  saturated  soil 
corresponding  to  the  concentration  limits.  These  resistances  or  limit- 
ing values  are  to  be  inserted  in  the  proper  place  in  the  following  table: 

Table  of  limiting  values. 


Salt  in 
soil. 

Sand  and 
sandy 
loam. 

Loam. 

Clay 
loam. 

Clay. 

Per  cent. 
3.00 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

1.00 

f 

.60 

.40 

.20 

NOTE. — If  it  is  desirable  to  determine  the  3  per  cent  limit  in  the  soil,  portions 
of  the  composite  solution  will  have  to  he  concentrated  by  evaporation  accord- 
ing to  the  above  directions  so  as  to  contain  the  percentage  of  salt  given  in  the 
table.  The  cell  filled  with  such  concentrated  solutions  gives  a  resistance  too 
low  to  be  read  on  the  instrument,  and  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  a  measured 
amount  of  the  solution  in  the  cell,  as  for  example,  one-fourth  or  one-fifth  its 
capacity.  Determine  the  resistance  and  divide  it  by  4  or  5,  as  the  case  may  be. 
This  gives  the  resistance  of  the  cell  when  filled.  For  these  concentrated  solu- 
tions the  readings  will  be  rather  indefinite.  Keep  the  cell  electrodes  well  cleaned 
at  all  times. 

ALKALI    MAPS. 

Principles  of  alkali  mapping. — In  making  alkali  maps  the  soils  are 
grouped  according  to  certain  arbitrary  limits,  the  basis  of  separation 
being  the  average  percentage  of  total  salts  in  the  dry  soil  to  the  depth 
<>f  0  feet.  The  injurious  effects  upon  crops  varies  considerably  in  the 
case  of  different  salts,  but  only  in  the  ease  of  sodium  carbonate,  or 
black  alkali,  is  the  difference  so  great  as  to  require  the  use  of  other 
limits  and  the  construction  of  a  separate  map. 

The  first  grade  of  alkali  soils  includes  areas  where  the  content  is  less 
than  0.20  per  cent  in  the  case  of  total  salts,  and  less  than  O.Oo  per  cent 
in  the  case  of  the  more  highly  injurious  black  alkali.  These  limits  were 
selected  as  representing  the  concentration  of  salts  within  which  all 
ordinary  crops  grow  without  apparent  injury.  In  cases  where  these 
contents  for  the  (>-foot  profile  are  accompanied  by  accumulations  of 
much  greater  concentration  upon  the  immediate,  surface,  or  at  some 
other  section  in  the  soil  profile,  such  concentration  is  shown  by  special 
rulings  and  legends  explained  later. 

.•52075— 0« 3 


34  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

The  second  grade  comprehends  soil  containing  between  0.20  and  0.40 
per  cent  of  total  salts,  and  in  the  case  of  sodium  carbonate,  or  black 
alkali  0.05  to  0.10  per  cent  of  that  salt.  Soils  of  this  grade  fall  within 
the  first  limits  of  danger,  for  while  under  favorable  conditions  the  more 
hardy  crops  may  escape  injury,  evidence  of  injury  to  the  less  tolerant 
plants,  such  as  grains,  young  vegetables,  beans,  citrus,  and  many 
other  fruits,  is  frequently  observed.  When  accompanied  by  more 
highly  concentrated  accumulations  at  the  surface,  barren  spots  may 
occur  in  fields  of  alfalfa  or  other  of  the  more  tolerant  crops. 

The  third  grade  includes  areas  where  the  total  salt  content  ranges 
from  0.40  to  0.60  per  cent,  and  where  0.10  to  0.20  per  cent  of  black 
alkali  is  found.  These  concentrations  are  usually  marked  by  the  occur- 
rence of  a  larger  number  of  barren  spots,  by  the  appearance  of  alkali 
crusts  and  characteristic  alkali  vegetation,  and  by  a  consequent 
decrease  in  yield  or  a  failure  of  crops. 

In  the  following  two  grades  the  concentration  of  total  salts  ranges 
from  0.60  to  1  per  cent  and  1  to  3  per  cent,  respectively.  On  land  of 
this  character  there  is  generally  a  failure  of  all  but  the  most  tolerant 
crops,  and  it  is  ultimately  thrown  out  of  cultivation. 

The  last  grade  in  the  classification  covers  soils  showing  more  than 
3  per  cent  of  total  salts — a  condition  seldom  encountered  except  in  the 
barren  beds  of  desiccated  salt  lakes. 

Similarly,  the  two  higher  grades  of  concentration  of  black  alkali — 
0.20  to  0.30  per  cent  and  more  than  0.30  per  cent,  respectively — 
represent  conditions  prohibitive  of  ordinary  crop  production. 

Careful  observation  of  the  character  of  prevailing  soil  types,  topog- 
raphy, drainage  features,  character  of  native  vegetation,  and  the  con- 
dition of  growing  crops  will  aid  greatly  in  locating  boundaries  defining 
the  areas  of  the  several  grades  of  alkali  soils. 

Methods  of  sampling. — Sampling  for  alkali  determinations  is  done 
with  the  ordinary  soil  auger,  the  soil  being  separated  into  foot  sections 
and  placed  upon  a  small  sheet  of  oilcloth  or  similar  material  of  con- 
venient size.  Gravel  and  roots,  or  other  extraneous  matter,  are  removed 
by  the  hand  and  the  soil  prepared  for  electrolytic  determination  as 
previously  described.  The  exact  location  of  all  borings  made  for  alkali 
determinations,  with  brief  descriptions  of  the  texture  and  structure  of 
the  soil,  the  topography,  drainage  features,  character  of  native  vegeta- 
tion, condition  of  crops,  original  resistance,  cell  temperature,  and  cor- 
rected resistance,  should  be  entered  in  the  Alkali  Field  Book. 


Instructions  for  mapping  alkali.  35 

Total-alkali  maps. — The  percentage  of  alkali  salts  in  eacli  sectional 
foot  of  soil  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  will  be  determined  according  to  the 
directions  previously  given  in  this  publication  and  in  the  Alkali  Field 
Book.  In  many  cases,  after  the  observer  becomes  familiar  with  the 
soils  of  a  locality,  the  fieldwork  may  be  very  much  shortened  by  mak- 
ing the  alkali  determinations  in  alternate  foot  sections  or  by  mixing 
2  or  more  feet  for  one  salt  determination. 

The  percentage  of  alkali,  as  indicated  by  the  various  colors  upon 
the  alkali  map,  is  to  be  a  mathematical  average  of  the  alkali  in  the  foot 
sections.  In  case  there  should  be  a  marked  accumulation  of  the  alkali 
at  any  one  part  of  the  vertical  section,  such  as  the  surface  of  the  ground 
or  in  an  alkali  hardpan,  the  judgment  of  the  observer  is  to  decide 
whether  the  strict  mathematical  average  should  be  followed  or  whether 
the  soil  is  to  be  mapped  as  of  the  next  higher  grade  of  alkali  content.  If 
these  areas,  where  there  is  a  zone  of  accumulation  of  the  alkali,  such  as 
an  accumulation  at  the  surface,  are  of  considerable  extent,  they  are  to 
be  indicated  upon  the  field  map  by  special  rulings  in  lead  pencil,  and 
when  the  field  maps  are  published  the  rulings  will  be  described  in  the 
legend  of  the  map.  Thus,  if  a  soil  contain  on  an  average  0.20  per  cent 
of  alkali,  but  has  an  accumulation  of  0.50  per  cent  of  alkali  on  the  sur- 
face, this  soil  should  be  colored  to  show 0.20  percent  alkali,  and  the  fact 
that  there  is  a  surface  accumulation  should  be  indicated  by  black 
rulings  across  the  area  affected.  If  the  accumulation  is  below  the  sur- 
face foot  another  kind  of  ruling  can  be  used  to  indicate  that  fact. 
Appropriate  lettering  upon  the  maps  will  render  these  rulings 
intelligible. 

Determination  of  carbonates,  bicarbonates,  and  chlorides  in  soils. a — 
Fill  the  small  brass  cone  found  in  the  field  outfit,  or  other  vessel  of 
known  volume,  with  saturated  soil  as  prepared  for  electrolytic  determi- 
nations, wash  into  a  2.50  c.c.  bottle  or  flask,  fill  to  the  mark  witli  dis- 
tilled water,  shaking  thoroughly,  and  then  filter,  discarding  the  first 
.50  c.  c.  of  filtrate  in  order  to  eliminate  errors  from  the  introduction  of 
previous  solutions  retained  in  the  porous  tul>e  of  the  filter  pump. 
Titrate  .50  c.  c.  of  the  solution,  representing  one-fifth  of  the  total  volume 
of  saturated  soil,  with  X/20  acid  potassium  sulphate  containing  (J.X1 1 
grains  per  liter,  using  phenolphthalein  as  an  indicator.  This  will 
represent  the  carl>onates.  Then  add  a  drop  or  so  of  methyl  orange  or 

«Seo  HiillHin-  iMmul  .11.  Hun'ail  of  Soils,  for  morr  i-oni|>l<>t«>  di nations  unit  dis- 
cussion of  this  matter. 


36 


Soil  Swvey  Field  Bool-. 


congo  red  and  again  titrate  with  N/20  acid  potassium  sulphate.  Sub- 
'  tract  an  amount  equal  to  the  first  titration  from  the  second,  and  the 
difference  represents  the  bicarbonates.  Add  a  few  drops  of  potassium 
eliminate  as  an  indicator  to  the  same  solution  and  titrate  with  N/10 
silver  nitrate.  This  will  represent  the  chlorides.  The  salts  are  all  to 
be  estimated  as  sodium  salts,  as  follows: 

1  c.  e.  N/20  HKSO,  is  equivalent  to  0.005305  gram  NajCO3. 
1  c.  c.  N/20  1IKSO<  is  equivalent  to  0.004203  grain  NaIICO3. 
1  c.  c.  N/10  AgNOs  is  equivalent  to  0.00585  gram  Na  Cl. 

Black  alkali  maps. — In  areas  where  the  amount  and  distribution  of 
sodium  carbonate  warrant  the  construction  of  a  black-alkali  map,  it 
is  made  in  the  field  from  the  volume  of  N/20  acid  potassium  sulphate 
solution  used  in  titration  for  carbonates  in  the  surface  foot  of  soil. 
The  concentration  limits  are  0;05,  0.1,  0.2,  and  0.3  per  cent  of 
sodium  carbonate  in  the  dry  soil.  The  limiting  values  for  each  vessel 
are  found  in  the  following  way:  Multiply  the  volume  of  saturated  soil, 
represented  by  the  solution  taken  for  titration,  equal  to  one-fifth  the 
total  amount,  by  the  numbers  in  the  following  table: 


NajCOain 
soil. 

Sand  and 
sandy 
loam. 

Loam. 

Clay 
loam. 

Per  cent. 

0.30 

0.832 

0.752 

0.720 

.20 

.554 

.502 

.480 

.10 

.277 

.251 

.240 

.05 

.138 

.125 

.120 

Clay. 


0.689 
.459 
.230 
.115 


The  results  thus  obtained  are  the  number  of  cubic  centimeters  of  N/20 
acid  potassium  sulphate  solution  used  in  titrating  the  carbonates,  cor- 
responding to  the  concentration  limits  to  be  inserted  in  the  following 
table : 


NajCOsin 
soil. 

Sand  and 
sandy 
loam. 

Loam. 

•  Clay 
loarn. 

Clay. 

Per  cent. 
0.30 

c.  c. 

c.  c. 

c.  c. 

c.  r. 

.20 

.  10 

.05 

Determination  of  total  salts  in  water. 


37 


If  it  is  desired  to  reduce  the  volume  of  N/10  AgNO3  to  per  cent  of 
NaCl  in  dry  soil,  the  following  formula  may  be  used: 
V  0.00.585 

V'K 

Substituting  0.004203  for  0.00585,  the  same  formula  may  be  used  to 
reduce  the  volume  of  N/20  HKSO4  to  per  cent  of  NaHCO3.  V=cubic 
centimeters  N/10  AgNO3  or  N/20  HKSO4  solution  used;  V'= volume 
saturated  soil  represented  in  amount  of  solution  titrated;  K  =  constant 
for  type  of  soil  as  follows:  Sand  and  sandy  loam= 1.46;  loam=1.32; 
clay  loam= 1.26;  clay=1.21. 

DETERMINATION  OF  TOTAL  SALTS  IN  WATER. 

The  total  salt  content  of  irrigating,  drainage,  or  other  waters,  in 
parts  per  100,000,  may  be  determined  within  a  reasonable  degree  of 
accuracy  from  the  following  table,  the  resistance  at  60°  F.  being  ascer- 
tained according  to  the  directions  given  in  the  preceding  pages.  The 
curve  varies  according  to  the  character  of  the  salts  present.  Where 
no  carbonates  are  present  in  the  water,  the  figures  in  the  column 
marked  "Chlorides"  should  be  used.  When  preliminary  examina- 
tion by  titration  indicates  that  more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  total 
salts  is  carbonates,  the  figures  in  the  column  marked  "Carbonates" 
should  be  used.  For  intermediate  percentages  of  carbonates,  a  cor- 
responding intermediate  value  between  those  given  in  the  two  columns 
should  be  used. 

Table  for  determining  total  salt  content  of  water  from  resistance  at  00°  F. 


Resist- 
ance 
t»°  F. 

Chlo- 
rides. 

Car- 
bon- 
at<'8. 

Resist-     (,h, 
a  nee 
(10°  F.      ml('s- 

Cur- 
bon- 
atos. 

Resist- 
ance 

(10°  F. 

Chlo- 
rides. 

Car- 
bon- 
ates. 

Pis.  per  100,000.  |'                   /'/*.  per  100.000. 

Ptf.  iirr  100,000. 

30                7.riO                      140         141           200 

340 

50 

71 

36 

(170 

150         132 

187 

360 

47 

65 

40                595 

liiO         124 

17(1 

380 

44 

60 

4.1 

525 

170         11*1 

165 

400 

41 

55 

.riO 

l">                  I'O 

180         100           i:.  I 

460 

,V> 

4)1 

4<X>            42.-, 

190         102    j      144 

500 

31 

:« 

GO 

355 

395 

200           '.«,            138 

550 

28 

32 

66 

305 

375 

210           91            130 

BOO 

25 

27 

70 

205 

365 

220           87 

122 

TOO 

>•> 

23 

75 

230 

335              -':«»           S3           in, 

son 

•Jo 

80          21.-! 

320             240           79 

110 

goo 

19 

86 

203           30I>             250           75 

105 

,000 

18 

90 

195           204             2(10           71 

100 

,200 

1 

7 

95 

188           284     '          270           118             '.(.', 

,400 

16 

100          181             2112               2*0            (>.'.              '.10 

,U)0 

1 

fi 

110         170 

250             290    i      (12     !        Sil 

,M)0 

1 

,>•, 

1.11           1U)             -'.-(I 

.'too         59          s:i 

2,1)00 

1 

.r, 

130 

1.10 

213 

.'{20    j      :>4             77 

38  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

The  electrolytic  cells  are  made  as  nearly  of  the  same  dimensions  as 
possible,  but  if  there  is  much  variation  in  either  volume  or  shape  this 
table  must  not  be  used  without  a  correction  for  the  cell. 

If  greater  accuracy  is  desired  than  can  be  expected  by  the  use  of  the 
above  table,  proceed  in  the  following  way: 

Collect  6  or  8  samples  of  water  from  different  parts  of  the  area, 
determine  the  electrical  resistance  of  each,  and  take  an  amount  of  each 
proportional  to  the  resistance,  mixing  them  in  a  clean  vessel.  There 
should  be  at  least  2  quarts,  and  preferably  1  gallon,  of  this  mixture. 
Evaporate  slowly  on  a  stove  until  the  mixture  is  about  as  strong  as  the 
strongest  water  likely  to  be  encountered.  If  there  is  any  possibility  of 
encountering  water  as  strong  as  a  1  per  cent  solution — that  is,  1,000 
parts  of  salts  in  100,000  parts  of  water — the  mixture  should  be  evapo- 
rated until  it  gives  a  resistance  in  the  cell  of  about  23  ohms.  The 
amount  of  this  evaporation  can  be  determined  by  the  original  resistance 
of  the  mixture.  If  the  resistance  of  the  mixture  is  100  ohms,  it  should 
be  evaporated  to  one-fourth  its  volume  to  make  approximately  a  1  per 
cent  solution.  If  the  resistance  is  400  ohms,  the  solution  should  be 
evaporated  to  one  twenty-third  of  its  original  volume.  Water  having 
a  resistance  of  400  ohms  would  have  a  salt  content,  according  to  the 
above  table,  of  about  44  in  100,000,  and  would  be  considered  an  excel- 
lent water  for  irrigation  purposes.  It  would  require  3  gallons  of  such 
water  evaporated  to  1  pint  to  make  a  1  per  cent  solution. 

Determine  the  percentage  of  salts  in  this  solution  by  evaporation  to 
dryness.  If  necessary,  the  weights  may  be  determined  by  weighing  on 
druggist's  scales. 

Take  the  concentrated  solution  and  dilute  with  successive  quantities 
of  distilled  water,  so  as  to  change  the  concentration  of  the  solution  and 
get  the  corresponding  resistances  in  the  cell.  Use,  for  example,  9  parts 
of  the  solution  and  1  part  distilled  water,  then  8  parts  of  the  solution 
and  2  parts  of  distilled  water,  and  so  on  down  to  any  dilution  likely  to  be 
encountered.  This  will  give  the  resistance  corresponding  very  exactly 
with  known  amounts  of  salt,  and  will  furnish  a  table  for  the  estimation 
of  the  salt  content  from  the  resistance  of  any  water  in  the  area. 

The  table  constructed  from  this  data  can  be  used  directly  by  inter- 
polation, or  preferably  a  curve  should  be  constructed  and  any  inter- 
mediate points  picked  out  from  this. 


Qualitative  determination  of  alkali  salts. 


39 


Determination  of  carbonates,  bicarbonates,  and  chlorides  in  water. — 
When  water  is  examined  by  chemical  methods,  as  described  in  the  pre- 
ceding pages,  50  c.  c.  ef  water  should  l>e  used  in  making  the  titration. 
Calculation  of  results  may  readily  be  made  from  the  following  table: 


C.  c.  N/20KHSO4 
or  N/20  AgNO3. 

Parts  per  100,000  of  water. 

NajCO3. 

NaHCOa. 

NaCl. 

1.   .   . 

10.53 
21.06 
31.60 
42.13 
52.66 
63.  19 
73.72 
84.  26 
94.79 

8.34 
16.  69 
25.  03 
33.38 
41.72 
50.06 
58.41 
66.75 
75.10 

11.61 
23.  22 
34.84 
46.45 
58.06 
69.67 
81.28 
92.89 
104.  51 

2 

3. 

4. 

5  

6. 

7.    , 

8  

9. 

INSTRUCTIONS    FOR     aUALITATIVE     DETERMINA- 
TION OF  ALKALI  SALTS. 

Should  a  further  field  examination  of  crusts,  minerals,  concretions,  or 
other  substances  appear  desirable  as  supplementary  to  the  ordinary 
field  tests,  or  as  preliminary  to  laboratory  analysis,  the  following  simple 
methods  may  be  used: 

Calcium. — To  about  25  c.  c.  of  the  filtered  soil  solution  add  a  little 
concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  and  then  enough  ammonia  water  to 
impart  a  perceptible  ammoniacal  odor.  Should  a  precipitate  be  formed 
redissolve  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  again  make  alkaline  with  ammonia 
water.  Repeat  the  alternate  addition  of  hydrochloric  acid  and 
ammonia  water  until  no  white  precipitate  is  formed  when  the  solution 
is  alkaline  with  ammonia.  Then  add  a  few  crystals  of  ammonium 
oxalate  and  heat  to  boiling.  Allow  to  stand  a  lew  minutes.  A  white 
precipitate  shows  the  presence  of  calcium.  A  slight  turbidity  indi- 
cates small  amounts  of  calcium. 

Magnesium.  Filter  on*  the  calcium  precipitate  on  a  small  filter,  cool 
the  filtrate,  and  add  »  few  crystals  of  sodium  phosphate.  Shake  to 
dissolve  the  phosphate,  then  add  ammonia  water  equal  in  amount  to 
alMHit  one-third  of  the  volume  of  the  liquid,  and  let  stand  for  at  least 
one  hour.  A  white  crystalline  precipitate  shows  the  presence  of 
magnesium.  '  The  precipitate  is  rather  slow  in  appearing  when  the 
magnesium  is  present  in  small  quantities,  and  may  !><•  hastened  in 


40  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool: 

forming  by  scratching  the  sides  of  the  vessel  with  a  glass  rod,  in  which 
case  the  precipitate  will  appear  first  on  the  scratched  places. 

Sodium  and  potassium. — Quite  small  quantities  of  these  metals  may 
he  detected  by  the  flame  test.  Clean  the  platinum  wire  by  dipping 
in  hydrochloric  acid  and  heating  in  the  colorless  flame  of  the.  alcohol 
lamp  until  it  no  longer  colors  the  flame.  An  ordinary  candle  or 
lamp  flame  can  not  be  used.  Then  dip  the  looped  end  of  the  wire 
in  the  noil  solution  or  solid  salt  to  be  treated  and  put  into  the  flame. 
A  strong  yellow  color  shows  the  presence  of  sodium.  The  violet 
color  of  the  potassium  is  masked  by  the  intense  yellow  of  the  sodium, 
and  this  color  must,  therefore,  be  screened  out  by  looking  at  the 
flame  through  blue  cobalt  glass.  The  potassium,  if  present,  is  then 
recognized  by  the  violet  color  of  the  flame. 

Chlorides. — Add  sufficient  acid  (preferably  HKSO4)  other  than 
hydrochloric  acid  to  decompose  the  carbonates.  Add  silver  nitrate, 
which  gives  a  white  insoluble  precipitate  of  silver  chloride  which 
is  soluble  on  the  further  addition  of  ammonia  water.  The  addition  of 
the  acid  is  necessary,  since  silver  carbonate  is  also  a  white  insoluble 
precipitate. 

Sulphates. — Add  sufficient  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid  to  decompose 
carbonates.  Unless  a  decided  excess  of  acid  is  added  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  boil  the  solution.  The  addition  of  barium  chloride  will  then 
precipitate  insoluble  white  barium  sulphate. 

Carbonates. — Dissolved  carbonates  are  recognized  by  the  red  color 
imparted  to  the  solution  by  phenolphthalein  indicator. 

Bicarbonates. — Dissolved  bicarbonates  are  distinguished  from  car- 
bonates in  that  they  produce  no  reaction  with  phenolphthalein  indi- 
cator, but  show  a  yellow  color  with  methyl  orange  indicator,  which 
must  not  change  to  a  red  on  the  addition  of  one  or  two  drops  of  the 
N/20  KIISO4  solution.  The  volume  of  the  N/20  KHSO4  solution 
used  is  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  bicarbonate  as  explained  under 
the  quantitative  method  for  bicarbonates. 

Nitrates. — Add  some  crystals  of  ferrous  sulphate  to  the  solution. 
Hold  the  test  tube  at  a  slanting  angle  and  pour,  very  carefully,  con- 
centrated sulphuric  acid  against  the  lower  sides  of  the  tube  so  that 
it  will  run  to  the  bottom  and  form  with  the  original  solution  two 
liquid  layers.  The  formation  of  a  brown  ring  indicates  the  presence 
of  nitrates.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  shake  the  tube  or  add  the 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid  in  such  a  way  as  to  allow  it  to  mix  quickly 


Reports.  41 

with  the  solution,  for  it  develops  great  heat  and  may  scatter  the 
contents  of  the  tube  with  explosive  violence. 

Apparatus  and  reagents  required. 

1  dozen  large  test  tulies. 

1  2-inch  glass  funnel. 

1  package  filter  paper,  Schleieher  <fe  Schull's  No.  595,  7  cm. 

1  alcohol  lamp. 

4  inches  platinum  wire. 

1  square  inch  of  blue  cobalt  glass. 

1  bottle  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid. 

1  bottle  concentrated  ammonia. 

1  bottle  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Crystals  of  ammonium  oxalate. 

Crystals  of  sodium  phosphate. 

Crystals  of  ferrous  sulphate. 

Crystals  of  barium  chloride. 

Solution  of  silver  nitrate. 

N/20  KHSO«  solution. 

Phenolphthalein  indicator. 

Methyl  orange  indicator. 

Red  and  blue  litmus  paper. 

COLLECTION  OF  LABORATORY  SAMPLES. 

Samples  of  water,  crusts,  etc.,  sent  to  the  Bureau  laboratories  for 
chemical  examination,  or  for  the  purpose  of  checking  the  accuracy 
of  the  bridge,  should  l>e  fully  noted  and  described  in  the  field  note 
lxM>k  and  accompanied  by  a  description  on  Form  48. 

In  collecting  water  for  analysis  three  or  four  of  the  sample  bottles 
protected  by  mailing  cases  should  IM>  thoroughly  rinsed  out  and 
then  filled.  In  collecting  alkali  crusts,  only  clean,  firm  sacks  should 
!M>  used,  and  in  the  case  of  highly  concentrated  sodium  carbonate 
crusts  two  or  three  sacks,  one  within  the  other,  should  IM?  used  to 
inclose  the  material,  Ix'causc  of  its  corrosive  properties. 

REPORTS. 

Correspondence  and  weekly  report. —All  correspondence  with  the 
Bureau  should  l>e  addressed  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau.  At  least 
once  each  week  the  head  of  the  party  should  report  to  the  Chief  hv 
letter,  informing  him  of  the  progress  of  the  work  and  the  results 
accomplished,  describing  the  new  types  of  soil,  and  giving  a  state- 
ment of  the  health  of  the  members  of  the  party.  In  addition,  the 


42  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

weekly  report  card  (Form  49)  should  he  filled  out  and  returned  to 
this  office.  The  cards  will  he  filed  in  the  Bureau  for  ready  reference, 
hut  are  not  to  he  considered  as  taking  the  place  of  the  weekly  letters. 
The  provisional  names  of  all  soil  types  should  he  given  on  these  cards 
as  soon  as  described. 

Correspondence  is  filed  in  the  office  by  areas.  Separate  letters 
should,  therefore,  he  written  in  regard  to  matters  pertaining  to  dif- 
ferent areas.  Often  letters  are  written  that  do  not  have  a  hearing 
upon  any  particular  area,  and  such  letters  should  also  he  written 
separately  from  letters  relating  to  an  area. 

The  Bureau  should  he  kept  informed  of  the  address  of  all  of  the 
field  men  at  all  times,  whether  they  are  in  the  area  to  which  they 
have  been  assigned,  temporarily  absent,  or  on  leave  of  absence. 
Ordinarily  this  may  be  accomplished  through  the  use  of  Form  49, 
but  when  absolutely  necessary  the  telegraph  may  he  used. 

Form  of  a  soil  survey  report. — A  revised  outline  to  he  followed  in 
the  preparation  of  soil-survey  reports  is  given  below.  The  change 
in  outline  is  one  of  form  rather  than  of  matter,  and  is  made  to  elimi- 
nate the  duplication  heretofore  invited  in  the  chapters  on  agricultural 
development  and  agricultural  conditions  to  emphasize  the  central 
subject  of  the  reports,  viz,  the  soil,  and  to  subordinate  the  discus- 
sion of  geology.  The  chapter  on  physiography  and  geology  has  been 
omitted,  the  subject  being  divided  between  Chapters  I  and  IV.  The, 
latter  (soils),  which  has  heretofore  been  very  brief,  may  now  be 
greatly  amplified.  What  is  wanted  in  this  chapter  is  a  broad,  general 
discussion  of  the  soils  as  related  to  geology  and  to  each  other,  leaving 
the  details  to  be  brought  out  in  the  next  chapter,  which  is  much  the 
same  as  in  the  old  outline.  The  chapter  on  agricultural  methods  has 
also  been  eliminated,  the  subject  being  transferred  to  Chapter  V, 
where  differences  of  methods  on  the  several  types  should  be  clearly 
brought  out. 

This  outline  is  given  as  a  guide  in  the  arrangement  of  the  report, 
and  should  be  followed  as  closely  as  circumstances  will  permit.  It  is 
understood  of  course  that  the  headings  will  necessarily  have  to  be 
changed  somewhat  in  different  districts,  and  that  the  relative  impor- 
tance of  the  different  chapters  will  vary  with  the  locality.  The  matter 
should  be  presented  in  a  terse  style,  and  no  more  words  used  than 
are  absolutely  necessary  to  convey  the  meaning,  being  careful,  how- 
ever, to  treat  each  subject  so  that  all  important  phases  may  be  brought 


Reports.  43 

out  and  clearly  stated.  In  order  to  attain  this,  the  different  chapters 
should  be  revised  several  times  if  necessary,  so  that  all  important 
matters  may  be  considered  and  all  unnecessaiy  words  eliminated. 
A  careful  consideration  of  this  matter  of  style  in  writing  is  enjoined 
upon  all  members  of  the  Bureau  charged  with  the  preparation  of 
reports.  The  material  for  the  report  should  be  collected,  and  the 
writing  of  the  report  should  be  done,  as  far  as  practicable,  before 
the  party  leaves  the  area.  It  is  desirable  that  the  manuscripts  should 
l>e  legible  and  written  upon  sheets  of  uniform  size.  In  the  future 
pads  for  this  express  use  will  be  furnished.  Those  charged  with  the 
preparation  of  reports  are  particularly  cautioned  against  crowding 
the  lines.  Ample  space,  at  least  half  an  inch,  should  IH>  allowed 
lietween  the  lines  to  facilitate  interlineations  in  correction. 

Outline  of  soil  survey  report. — The  outline  of  chapters  is  as  follows: 

I.  Description  of  the  area. 

Give  the  location  and  boundaries  of  the  area,  and  describe,  the  general 
topographic  features  and  regional  drainage,  character  and  source,  of  popu- 
lation, present  condition  as  to  settlement,  chief  towns,  transportation 
facilities,  markets,  etc 

II.  Climate. 

III.  Agriculture. 

Give  an  account  of  the  early  agriculture,  noting  changes  in  crops  grown 
and  in  agricultural  practices,  leading  up  to  a  discussion  of  the  general  type 
of  agriculture  at  the  present  time;  character  and  value,  of  the  principal 
products,  recognition  of  adaptation  of  soils  to  crops,  rotation  of  crops, 
agricultural  methods  as  adapted  to  present  conditions,  character  and  cost 
of  labor,  tenure  and  sixe  of  farms,  value  of  farm  lands,  and,  finally,  sugges- 
tions for  improvement  in  the  agriculture  of  the  area. 

IV.  Soils. 

Kilter  into  a  general  discussion  of  the  soils  of  the  urea,  showing  broadly 
their  relation  to  the  geological  formations  and  to  each  other,  to  drainage, 
erosion,  and  other  formative  or  modifying  agencies,  their  classification  and 
distribution,  und  their  correlation  with  the  soils  of  other  areas. 

V.  Description  of  individual  soil  types. 

(iive  a  detailed  and  full  description  of  the  soil  and  subsoil,  noting  texture, 
structure,  color,  depth,  and  case  of  cultivation.  Follow  this  with  a  state- 
ment as  to  the  location  of  soil  in  the  area,  topographic  and  drainage  fea- 
tiirv.i.  origin  and  procesx  of  formation,  peculiar  mineral  or  chemical  fea- 
tures -as  alkali;  nallvo  vegetation,  unusual  or  characteristic  crops  to 
which  adapted,  crops  grown  and  minimum,  maximum,  and  average  yields, 


44  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


cultural  methods  peculiar  to  the  type  and  suggestions  for  new  methods, 
fertilizer  practice,  and  agricultural  condition  and  value  of  lands  as  influenced 
by  the  individual  soil  type. 

VI.  Irrigation. 

Discuss  the,  sources  of  water  supply,  character  of  the  water,  means  of 
distribution,  approximate  area  under  irrigation,  opportunity  for  extension, 
and  methods  and  cost  of  irrigation. 

VII.  Drainage/' 

Descril>e  position  of  water  table,  injury  from  seepage,  character  of  under- 
ground water,  and  reclamation  of  damaged  areas  or  of  swamp  or  marsh 
lands. 

VIII.  Alkali. 

Give  the  location  of  alkali  areas,  origin  of  alkali  in  the  area,  its  chemical 
composition  and  vertical  distribution,  approximate  area  abandoned  on 
account  of  the  accumulation  of  alkali,  and  methods  suggested  for  reclama- 
tion. 

IX.  Summary. 

Write  a  brief  paragraphical  resume  of  salient  points  brought  out  in  the 
report,  including  soil  adaptations,  deductions  from  the  study  of  conditions, 
and  suggestions  for  improvement  or  changes  in  the  agricultural  methods 
and  in  the  crops  grown. 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  ESTABLISHED  SOIL  TYPES. 


aft 

and       auusun       iimivMLrs  tin1-  iiuiinn-i   in  saiil|)ir.>  usvil   ill  uuiuilllllg   LUK  H,v 

The  numbers  above  the  columns  refer  to  the  grades  into  which  the  soil  is  sepa- 
rated, as  given  in  the  scheme  of  soil  classification.] 

SOILS  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  AND  «i;LF  < OASTAL  PLAINS. 

The  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  together  constitute  one  of  the 
most  important  physiographic  divisions  of  the  United  States.  The 
Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  extends  from  the  New  England  States  south- 
ward to  the  Florida  Peninsula,  where  the  Gulf  Coastal  Plain  begins  and 
extends  thence  westward  to  the  Mexican  boundary  line.  It  is,  however, 

a  A  separate  chapter  should  l>e  given  to  this  subject  only  in  areas  where  an 
underground  water  map  is  made  or  where  the.  seepage  or  drainage  conditions 
are  of  such  general  importance  that  the  question  can  not  be  treated  in  connec- 
tion with  the  description  of  individual  soil  types. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.      45 

discontinuous,  being  interrupted  by  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River.  From  the  coast  the  Atlantic  Plain  extends  inland  to  the 
margin  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau — that  is,  to  a  line  passing  through 
Trenton,  Baltimore,  Washington,  Richmond,  Raleigh,  Columbia, 
Augusta,  and  Macon.  In  its  northern  extension  it  is  represented  by 
a  narrow  belt,  but  widens  in  New  Jersey  and  attains  its  maximum 
breadth  of  about  200  miles  in  North  Carolina.  The  Gulf  Plain  extends 
up  the  Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  its  inner  boundary  line 
passing  through  or  near  Montgomery,  luka,  Cairo,  Little  Rock, 
Texarkana,  Austin,  and  San  Antonio. 

The  surface  is  that  of  a  more  or  less  dissected  plain  marked  by  few 
hills,  and  slightly  terraced  with  bluffs  along  streams.  The  inner  mar- 
gin of  the  Coastal  Plain  is  usually  from  200  to  300  feet  above  tide- 
water, but  sometimes  rises  to  500  feet.  The  drainage  here  is  usually 
well  established,  and  the  surface  is  rolling  to  hilly,  and  consequently 
carved  and  eroded.  There  is  a  wide  belt  bordering  the  coast  where  the 
elevations  are  mostly  under  100  feet.  In  the  northern  part,  where  the 
Coastal  Plain  is  narrow  and  deeply  indented  with  tidal  estuaries,  drain- 
age is  usually  well  established  and  the  surface  is  rolling,  but  in  the 
broad  southern  extension,  where  the  seaward  slope  is  hardly  more  than 
1  foot  to  the  mile,  drainage  is  apt  to  be  deficient.  Here  rain  water  often 
remains  upon  the  surface  for  a  considerable  time,  although  the  condi- 
tions are  not  comparable  with  those  of  a  true  swamp.  The  soils  in  this 
level  section,  while  composed  largely  of  sand,  are  compact,  usually 
deficient  in  organic  matter,  and  not  very  productive.  Many  of  the 
flat  interstream  areas  possess  such  poor  drainage  that  true  swamps, 
such  as  the  Dismal  and  Okefenokee,  have  lx>en  formed.  Near  the  coast 
and  along  the  tidal  estuaries  extensive  marshes,  separated  from  the 
ix-ean  by  sand  barriers,  are  found. 

The  Coastal  Plain  is  made  up  of  unconsolidated  gravels,  sands,  and 
sandy  clays,  with  less  frequent  liods  of  silts  and  heavy  clays.  These. 
deposits  have  Ix-en  derived  mainly  from  the  erosion  of  the  Piedmont 
Plateau  and  other  inland  areas.  The  materials  have  lx>en  transported 
and  deposited  beneath  the  aea  and  subsequently  exposed  by  the  uplift 
of  the  ocean  floor.  In  the  more  northern  parts  of  the  Coa-stal  Plain 
and  even  us  far  south  as  Virginia,  the  character  of  the  deposits  has 
Ix'cn  modified  by  glacial  action  and  the  flooded  condition  of  the 
streams  resulting  from  the  melting  of  the  ice. 


46  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

The  Coastal  Plain  materials  range  in  age  from  Cretaceous  to  Recent 
Although  extensive  areas  of  the  older  sediment  are  exposed  at  the  sur- 
face to  form  soils,  still  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  materials  is  Quater- 
nary or  Recent  in  age. 

The  soils  are  for  the  most  part  composed  of  sands  and  light  sandy 
loams,  with  occasional  deposits  of  silts  and  heavy  clays.  The  heavy 
clays  are  found  principally  near  the  inner  margin  of  the  Coastal  Plain. 
The  silts,  silty  clays,  and  black  calcareous  soils  upon  which  the  rice  and 
sugar-cane  industries  of  southern  Louisiana  and  Texas  are  being  so 
extensively  developed  have  no  equivalents  in  the  Atlantic  division. 
As  a  result  of  differences  in  the  method  of  deposition,  subsequent  ero- 
sion, and  drainage  conditions,  the  Coastal  Plain  frequently  presents  a 
great  diversity  of  soil  tvpes  and  soil  series  with  complicated  relation- 
ships between  them.  The  following  series  have  so  far  been  recognized: 
Galveston,  Norfolk,  Portsmouth,  Orangcburg,  Susquehanna,  Lufkin, 
Houston,  and  Gadsden.  In  addition  there  are  a  number  of  miscella- 
neous types  which  have  not  as  yet  been  brought  into  scries. 

NORFOLK    SERIES. 

The  Norfolk  series  consists  of  light-colored  sandy  soils  underlain  by 
yellow  or  orange  sand  or  sandy  clay  subsoils.  Where  the  drainage  is 
insufficient,  the  subsoil  is  often  mottled.  The  members  of  this  series 
are  distinguished  from  those  of  the  Portsmouth  series  by  the  lighter 
color  of  the  surface  material  and  from  those  of  the  Orange  burg  series 
by  the  yellow  color  of  the  subsoils.  The  members  of  the  Norfolk 
series,  with  few  exceptions,  are  special  purpose  rather  than  general 
farming  soils.  This  series  comprises  the  most  important  truck  soils 
of  the  Coastal  Plain. 

Norfolk  gravel. a — The  soil  occurs  as  hills,  narrow  bands,  or  outcrops 
of  gravel  consisting  of  30  to  60  per  cent  of  rounded  waterworn  gravel 
with  interstitial  material  varying  from  sand  to  sandy  loam  or  loam. 
The  subsoil  is  usually  a  gravelly  sand  or  sandy  loam,  but  locally  con- 
sists of  stiflfcr  and  more  clayey  material.  The  type  is  formed  through 
denudation  of  gravel  layers  deposited  as  shallow-water  sediment  or 
as  river  wash  or  delta.  It  is  a  poor,  unproductive  soil,  generally 
occupying  slopes,  and  should  remain  in  forest. 


a  Mapped  as  Susquehanna  gravel.     This  name  will  be  used  only  in  Maryland 
in  the  future- 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plain*. 


Acres. 

Calvert  County,  Md 3,900 

Cecil  County,  Md 45, 600 


Acres. 

Prince  George  County,  Md 41, 470 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C 11, 410 


Harford  County,  Md 12,930!  St.  Mary  County,  Md 7,350 

Kent  County,  Md 12,490  j  Trenton,  N.  J 192 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 3,328  | 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam.— The  soil  is  a  gray  sandy  loam  from  6  to  30 
inches  deep,  containing  relatively  large  proportions  of  coarse  to  medium 
sand  and  from  15  to  50  per  cent  of  gravel  and  iron  concretions.  The 
subsoil  varies  from  a  sticky  sandy  loam  to  a  light  sandy  clay  with  an 
admixture  of  varying  quantities  of  gravel.  The  gravel  generally  is 
mixod  evenly  throughout  soil  and  subsoil,  but  occasionally  covers  the 
surfac?.  This  type  occupies  terraces  and  gently  to  steeply  rolling 
plains  marked  with  occasional  ridges  and  hills.  The  surface  con- 
figuration, combined  with  open  texture,  gives  the  type  excellent 
drainage.  It  supports  a  scattered  growth  of  oak  and  pine.  Corn, 
cotton,  rye,  buckwheat,  truck  crops,  peaches,  and  wrapper  tobacco 
are  grown,  according  to  the  locality,  but  the  yields  are  very  low. 

1884667 

Soil  (11) 5        13        12        17        18        25          9 

Subsoil  (11) 3          9        11        14        18        27        17 

Acres.  Acres. 

Lancaster  County ,  Pa «•  4. 000 

Lebanon,  Pa *>  13. 350 

Macon  County,  Ala 5(5,960 

Montgomery  County,  Ala  ....      1,536 


Connecticut  Valley,  Conn,  and 

Mass 059,284 

Crystalsprings,  Miss 48,768 

Hanover  County,  Va 1,344 


Norfolk  coarse  sand. — The  soil  is  a  loose,  incoherent,  gray  coarse 
sand  8  inches  deep,  containing  10  per  cent  or  more  of  gravel,  underlain 
by  a  subsoil  of  the  same  material  frequently  containing  iron  crusts. 
The  type  occurs  as  level  plains  or  broken  slopes,  an3  is  not  very 
productive,  though  used  to  some  extent  for  tobacco,  peaches,  and 

truck. 

19         :<         4667 

Soil  (18) 9        20        20        23        H         8          4 

Sutinoil  (14) 10        26         19        21        fi         10          6 

Acres.  |  Acres. 

Calvort  County,  Md r 24, 500     Prince  George  County,  Md c 37. 420 

Connivtiout  Valley,  Conn,  and  Rhode  I.sland 26.304 

Mass '  ?<J,OOH     St.  Mary  County,  Md <•  3,  450 

Dodge  County,  Ga 12,416     Salern,  N.  J  OS. 2X0 

Long  Inland,  N.  Y 1.856     Trenton.  N.  J '512 

Macon  County,  Ala 42, 752 

»  M;i|>|«-'!  us  Chicopec  gravel  loiim.          '•  Map[>ed  as  Donegal  gruvelly  loam. 
1  Map|xvl  us  WindKor  sand,  which  name  will  not  again  I  us  used  except  in 
Maryland. 


48  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  8  inches  consists 
of  a  brown  to  yellowish  coarse  sandy  loam.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellow 
sandy  loam  extending  to  a  depth  of  about  24  inches,  where  it  rests 
upon  coarse  sand  and  gravel.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  about  25 
per  cent  of  small  waterworn  gravel,  chiefly  quartz.  The  surface  is 
level  or  gently  sloping.  The  areas  of  this  type  represent  outwash 
plains  of  sand  and  gravel  mixed  with  finer  material.  Fair  crops  of 
corn,  grain,  grasses,  and  especially  of  small  fruits  are  produced,  but 
failures  occur  in  years  of  drought. 

1         2    .     3          4567 

Soil  (6) 9        24        14        10        10        22        9 

Subsoil  (4) 11        38        20        11         4         95 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Conn,  and 

Mass 27,904 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 64,896 

Rhode  Island <J82,816 

Yorktown,  Va 4,288 

Norfolk  sand,  b — The  soil  is  a  coarse  to  medium  incoherent  gray  or 
yellowish  sand,  resting  on  a  yellow  sand  subsoil  of  about  the  same 
texture,  and  extending  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  This  is  a  common 
type  on  the  low,  flat  river  necks  and  forelands  of  the  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  Coastal  Plains,  along  the  valley  slopes  of  the  streams,  and  cover- 
ing extensive  level  areas  in  the  uplands.  These  different  positions 
have  a  marked  influence  upon  its  productiveness,  the  upland  areas 
giving  the  lowest  yields.  It  is  well  drained,  matures  crops  very 
early,  and  has  such  a  poor  water-retaining  power  that  general  farm 
crops  can  not  J>e  grown  with  any  great  success,  except  upon  the  low- 
lying  areas  where  the  water  table  comes  within  a  few  feet  of  the 
surface.  Corn  yields  but  5  to  10  bushels  per  acre  and  wheat  not  to 
exceed  5  to  6  bushels.  It  is  a  good  early  truck  soil,  especially  adapted 
to  light  truck  crops.  It  is  also  used  for  small  fruits  and  peaches, 
although  not  so  well  adapted  to  these  latter  as  some  of  the  other  soils 
of  the  series.  Many  watermelons  are  grown  upon  this  soil  in  the 
Southern  States.  In  the  Connecticut  Valley  and  in  Florida  a  very 
fine  grade  of  cigar-wrapper  tobacco  is  produc?d  upon  this  soil.  In 
Maryland  it  produces  a  fine  grade  of  the  Maryland  export  tobacco. 
In  North  and  South  Carolina  it  produces  a  very  fine  grade  of  cigarette 
tobacco,  but  is  not  as  well  adapted  to  this  as  is  the  Norfolk  sandy  loam. 

a  Mapped  as  Warwick  sandy  loam. 
J  See  also  Norfolk  fine  sand. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains. 


Soil  (57) 

Subsoil  (46) 


Anderson  County,  Tex 

Bainbridge,  Ga 

Biloxi,  Miss 

Calvert  County,  Md 

Cecil  County,  Md 

Charleston,  S.  C 

Connecticut  Valley,  Conn,  and 

Mass 

Dallas  County,  Ala 

Darlington.  S.  C 

Dodge  County,  Oa 

Dover  Del 

Fort  Valley,  Ga 

Gadsden  County.  Fla 

Gainesville,  Fla 

Harford  County  Md 

Houston  County,  Tex 

Kent  County,  Md  .. 


1 

...  3 

...  3 

Acres. 

55,808 

29,6% 

70,032 

58,000 


2         3 

15  22 

16  21 


Lancaster  County,  S.  C 

Leon  County,  Fla 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 

Macon  County,  Ala  .. 


40,000     Mobile,  Ala 

1,088     Montgomery  County,  Ala  . 

Orangeburg,  S.  C 

«  95, 304     Prince  George  County,  Md 
7, 168  I  Raleigh  to  Newlwrn,  X.  C  . . 

71, 104     St.  Mary  County.  Md 

175,2911     Salem,  N.  J 

5,032  i  San  Antonio,  Tex 

33,792     Stimter  County,  Ala 

93,120     Tangipahoa  Parish.  La  ... 


139,328 

2, 470 

4. 544 

30,7110 


Trenton,  N   .1 

Willis,  Tex 

Worcester  Cour.lv,  Md  . . 


Acres. 
38,528 
100.  (188 
77. 120 
22.010 
134,592 

4,288 
80,080 
23, 030 
53, 310 
27.500 
78, 410 

3.904 

15.29C 

890 

50,880 

8, 560 
45,312 


Norfolk  fine  sand.— -The  soil  is  a  light-brown  or  gray  fine  sand  about 
8  inches  deep,  loose  and  incoherent  when  dry,  but  packing  slightly  when 
wet.  The  subsoil  is  of  much  the  same  texture,  slightly  heavier,  lighter 
in  color,  and  somewhat  more  adhesive.  The  type  occurs  as  low,  rolling 
hills  and  level  areas,  and  is  generally  well  drained.  The  soil  is  adapted 
to  about  the  same  class  of  crops  as  the  Norfolk  sand,  but  is  generally 
somewhat  more  productive.  It  is  the  best  early  truck  soil  of  the 
Coastal  Plain,  but  produces  only  fair  crops  of  corn  and  cotton.  In 
Florida  a  line  grade  of  wrap|>er  tobacco  is  grown  on  this  soil. 


"  Mapped  as  Marl  ford  Bandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  !><•  use 
Connecticut  Volley. 


3207^ 


50 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


\ 

Soil  (35) 0 

Subsoil  (28)  0 

Acres. 

Anderson  County,  Tex 138, 880 

Biloxi,  Miss 5(1,896 

Connecticut  Valley,  Conn,  and 

Mass a.  17, 284 

Charleston,  S.  C 61, 504 

Craven,  N.  C b  88, 192 

Dallas  County,  Ala 23, 872 

Duplin  County,  N.  C 117, 440 

Houston  County,  Tex 79, 872 

Jackson,  Miss 320 

Jacksonville,  Tex  ..  .    38,528 


Acres. 

Leon  County,  Fla 28,  C>08 

Montgomery  County,  Ala 9,856 

Norfolk,  Va b  20, 804 

Ouachita  Parish,  La 192 

I'erquimans  and    Pasquotank 

Counties,  N.  C 6,  97(i 

Perry  County,  Ala 6  4, 160 

Prince  George  County,  Md c  36, 190 

Salem,  N.  J d  15, 710 

Trenton,  N.  J d  27, 584 

Worcester  County,  Md 22, 400 


Lee  County,  Tex 41, 856 

Norfolk  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  coarse  to  medium  yel- 
low or  gray  sand  or  light  sandy  loam  soil  12  to  20  inches  deep,  resting 
on  a  yellow  light  sandy  clay  subsoil.  It  occupies  level  or  gently  rolling 
land.  The  soil  is  too  light  for  general  farm  crops,  and  corn  yields  on 
the  average  not  over  10  bushels  per  acre.  It  is  adapted  to  sweet  and 
Irish  potatoes,  peanuts,  and  truck  crops.  In  the  Connecticut  Valley 
and  in  Florida  it  produces  a  fine  cigai-wrapper  tobacco  and  in  North 
Carolina  bright  yellow  tobacco  and  cotton. 

1234          o          0          7 

Soil  (28) 4          .r>        14        31         18        11          7 

Subsoil  (23) 4        12        10        22         12        12        20 

Acres.  I 
Bainbridge,  Ga 24, 570     Henderson  County,  Tenn 


Connecticut     Valley,      Conn. 

and  Mass «  4(i,  402 

Craven,  N.  C 27,288 

Darlington,  S.  C /  05, 024 

Dodge,  County,  Ga 105, 792 

Gadsden  County,  Fla 50,816 


Macon  County,  Ala 

Montgomery  County,  Ala.. 

Orangeburg,  S.  C 

Raleigh  to  Newliern,  N.  C....  9  210,580 

Salem,  N.  J A  16, 790 

Trenton,  N.  J  ..  .      A 8, 640 


Acres. 
1,984 
9,408 
32,890 

126, 592 


Gainesville,  Fla 86, 784  !  Wood ville,  Tox 52, 804 

Hanover  County,  Va 88,256  ;  Yorktown,  Va 94,010 

"Mapped  as  Podunk  fine  sandy  loam. 
b  Mapped  as  Norfolk  sund. 
c  Mapped  as  Westphalia  sand. 

<*  Mapped  in  part  as  Elsinboro  fine  sand  and  in  part  as  Westphalia  sand. 
'Mapped  as  Enfield  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  IHJ  used  outside  of  the 
Connecticut  Valley. 
/  Mapped  as  Norfolk  sandy  soil. 

a  Mapped  in  part  as  Norfolk  sandy  soil  and  in  part  as  Selma  silt  loam. 
h Mapped  as  Quinton  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     51 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  pale-yellow  or  gray 
fine  sand}-  loam  6  to  8  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  yellow  fine  sandy 
loam  subsoil,  grading  into  a  light  sandy  clay  at  an  average  depth  of 
about  18  inches.  It  occurs  in  level  plains  and  rolling  uplands  and  gen- 
erally has  good  drainage.  It  gives  a  moderate  yield  of  corn,  and  is  very 
well  adapted  generally  to  late  truck  crops  and  in  parts  of  the  South  to 
cotton  and  to  bright  yellow  tobacco.  This  soil  is  not  as  valuable  for 
early  truck  as  the  Norfolk  fine  sand,  but  is  an  excellent  medium  to 
late  truck  soil.  In  North  Carolina  it  is  esteemed  a  better  tobacco  soil 
than  the  Norfolk  sandy  loam  and  fully  equal,  if  not  somewhat  superior, 
to  the  Norfolk  fine  sand. 


Soil  (73)  

1 
1 

->      :i        4        5        fi        7 

3        5        38        24        22          8 
3        4        29        17        21        24 

Macon  Countv,  Ala 

Acres. 
21,952 
81,472 
832 
39,  552 
7.108 
19,008 

Subsoil  (74) 

1 

Acres. 
224  040 

93  248 

McNcill   Miss 

Oiloxi   Miss 

171,908 

Mason  Countv,  Ky  

a  22.  848 

Montgomery  County,  Ala  
Mobile,  Ala  

Calvert  County   M<1 

65,220 

Charleston  S  C 

47,080 

Nacogdochos,  Tex 

Craven,  N.  C 

.  .  .     155,  130 

Norfolk,  Va  

38.144 
4,  480 

43.908 

Dallas  County.  Ala  
Darlington  S.  C 

...     103,392 
.   .    c  25,  000 

Oningobiirg,  S.  C 

Perqulmans  and   I'asquotank 
counties,  N.  C  

Do  Solo  Parish.  I.u 

244,992 

Duplin  Countv,  N.  C 

180,032 

Prince  George  County,  Md  .  .  . 
Kalcigh  to  No\vl>ern,  N.  C  ... 
St.  Mary  County,  Md  
Siimt.er  Countv.  Alii  .  . 

b  9,  000 
30,  100 
b  X,  oOO 
48,  128 
••2.170 
107.  ISO 
144,  (H14 

Fort  Valley  Oa 

d  23,  488 

28,090 

39  23'' 

Houston  County,  Tex  

...     14.5,408      Union  County,  Ky  

07.328  i  Willis.  Tex                .              ...  / 

l,ufkin.  Tex  .. 

0.010     Yorktown.  Vii  .  . 

"  Map|x>d  as  Miami  fine  sandy  loum. 

'•Mapped  us  Norfolk  IOHIII.  but  now  brought  into  the  pro|>er  place  in  the 
Norfolk  series. 

'.Mapped  HS  Ayden  fine  sandy  loam. 

''  Mapped  as  Norfolk  sandy  loam. 

'  Map|>ed  as  Sturgis  fine  sandy  loam. 

/Part  of  this  occurring  on  the  uplands  was  map|>ed  as  Willis  sand,  the  re- 
mainder occupying  a  low  position  along  the  river  was  mapped  as  Norfolk 
fine  sandy  loam.  It  is  recogmwd  now  that  these  two  areas  should  have  ticcn 
combined. 


52  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Norfolk  loam/* — T\\e.  soil  is  a  brown  loam  or  fine?  sandy  loam,  usually 
containing  a  very  small  amount  of  fine  gravel.  The  subsoil  is  a  vellow 
loam  containing  considerable  sand,  which  is  frequently  underlain  by  a 
medium  grade  of  yellow  sand  or  by  gravel.  The  type  occupies  level 
areas,  usually  terraces  alojig  rivers  and  tidal  estuaries.  The  soil  is-easily 
tilled,  well  drained,  and  produces  fair  yields  of  general  farm  crops.  It 
is  especially  well  adapted  to  sugar  corn,  peas,  and  tomatoes  for  canning 
purposes,  and  also  to  peaches.  It  is  too  heavy  a  soil  for  early  truck, 
and  not  sufficiently  heavy  to  be  classed  as  a  general  farming  soil. 

1        2        «         4          5          «          7 

Soil  (26) 1        6        9        24        17        HO        11 

Subsoil  (2(i) ...  . .   1        ti        9        20        1.1        29        19 


Acres. 

Biloxi,  Miss (18, 410 

Calvert  County,  Md 6  10, 900 

Dover,  Del (i(i,  752 

Lockhaven,  Pa  ..  3,  (548 


Long  Island,  N.  Y <•  100, 090 

Mason  County,  Ky 890 


Acres. 

Mobile,  Ala 47, 104 

•Norfolk,  Va 23,872 

Terry  County,  Ala &  14, 720 

Prince  George  County,  Md  . . .      &  4, 830 


St.  Mary  County,  Md &  17, 500 

Worcester  County,  Md *  54, 848 


Norfolk  silt  loam. — This  soil  type  consists  of  a  brown  loam  10  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy  yellow  loam  subsoil,  both  containing  a 
rather  high  percentage  of  silt.  It  occurs  as  level  or  gently  rolling 
uplands  or  terraces.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  soils  of  the  Atlantic 
Coastal  Plain  for  general  farm  crops,  and  is  best  adapted  to  wheat, 
corn,  and  grass.  In  New  Jersey  this  soil  produces  as  high  as  25  or  35 
bushels  of  wheat,  1  to  2  tons  of  hay,  and  from  50  to  70  bushels  of  corn 
per  acre.  It  is  esteemed  an  excellent  soil  for  dairy  farming.  On  the 
Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland  the  yields  are  almost  as  high  as  in  New 
Jersey.  In  southern  Maryland  the  yields  are  much  less,  wheat  pro- 
ducing from  12  to  18  bushels  and  corn  25  to  40  bushels  per  acre, 
while  the  yield  of  hay  is  proportionally  small.  It  is  believed  that 
this  difference  in  productiveness  is  due  almost  entirely  to  the  methods 
of  cultivation. 

a  Sec  also  Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam,  page  51. 
&  Mapped  as  Sassafras  sandy  loam. 

«  Mapped  in  part  as  Sassafras  sandy  loam  and  in  part  as  Sassafras  gravelly 
loam,  which  names  will  hereafter  only  be  used  in  Maryland  and  New  Jersey. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     53 


Soil  (29) 1 

Subsoil 0 

Acres. 

Culvert  County,  Md a  8, 850 

Cecil  County,  Md "50,500 

Chester  County,  Pa 6 

Darlington,  S.  C a2(J,880 

Dover,  Del 32, 9GO 

llarford  County,  Md «  29, 810 

Kent  County,  Md &  f>7, 200 

Loekhaven,  Pa 5, 824 


»         (i         7 

14        54        12 
13        51        19 


Acres. 
Perquiinans  and   Pasquotank 

counties,  N.  C 9, 344 

Prince  George  County,  Md  . . .     a  9, 090 

Salem,  N.  J b  108, 140 

San  Antonio,  Tex 24, 128 

St.  Mary  County,  Md «  16, 200 

Trenton,  N.  J &  88, 384 

Worcester  County,  Md a  14, 400 


Norfolk  clay  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  about  6  inches  of  dark- 
brown  clay  loam,  underlain  by  a  very  dense  waxy  clay  of  a  dark 
reddish-brown  color.  At  about  24  inches  thin  lenses  of  very  fine  sand 
occur  and  the  color  changes  to  a  mottled  grayish  blue.  The  surface 
is  flat  and  the  elevation  is  only  about  10  feet  above  sea  level.  Much 
of  the  type  is  imperfectly  drained.  The  type  is  best  adapted  to  grass 
and  small, grains,  and  formerly  produced  large  yields  of  wheat.  At 
present  the  yield  rarely  exceeds  10  bushels  per  acre. 


1 

Soil  (1) 1 

Subsoil  (1)...  ..  0 


2  8         4         ."> 

3  8        23        7 

4  l>        18        7 

Acres. 
Yorktown,  Va ..   1,8.">»> 


Norfolk  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  from  3  to  6  inches  of  heavy,  very 
fine  sandy  loam  or  loam,  and  the  subsoil  of  a  stiff,  mottled  yellow 
clay.  The  surface  is  generally  level  and  the  drainage  is  poor,  and 
artificial  drainage  is  often  necessary  Ix'fore  crops  can  be  grown.  The 
soil  almost  invariably  clods  unless  plowed  in  just  the  proper  condition 
of  moisture,  although  when  properly  drained  and  carefully  cultivated 
it  is  quite  productive,  vielding  from  1  to  2  tons  of  hay,  20  to  -10  bushels 
of  corn,  and  1  bale  of  cotton  JXT  acre. 

"  Mapped  as  Sassafras  loam.  It  is  recognized  fleiirly  now  that  this  Ix-longs 
to  the  Norfolk  .series.  The  mime  Sassafras  loam  will  bo  used  horonflor  only  in 
Maryland  and  New  Jersey. 

l>  MapiN'd  in  part  as  .Sassafras  loam  and  Sassafras  gravelly  loam.  The  latter 
name  will  not  again  I*  uwd,  and  similar  soils  will  in  the  future  lie  niHpi>ed  as 
Norfolk  silt  loam  with  a  gravel  symbol  and  the  gravelly  pluuo  deseril>ed  in 
the  report,  except  in  Maryland  and  New  Jersey,  where  it  will  lie.  map)>ed  HI 
Sassafras  loam  with  a  gravel  symbol. 


54  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool'. 

1  2          «         4          :>          «          7 

Soil  (5)..- 1  3          3         18        If,        3<>        23 

•Subsoil  (7) 0  1          2         15          9        27        43 

Acres,  i  Acres. 

Craven,  N.  C «9,(>00  |  Fort  Valley,  <!a «r>4<l 

Dallas  County,  Ala til, 312  I   Montgomery  County,  Ala 33,8,r>(i 

PORTSMOUTH    SERIES. 

The  Portsmouth  scries  is  characterized  by  dark-gray  to  black 
surface  soils,  underlain  by  'yellow,  gray,  or  mottled  yellow  and  grav 
subsoils.  The  dark  color  of  the  soils  is  due  to  an  accumulation  of 
organic  matter  during  an  earlier  or  existing  swampy  condition.  This 
series  may  be  considered  as  intermediate  between  the  light-colored 
Norfolk  soils  on  the  one  hand  and  the  Peat  and  Swamp  areas  on  the 
other.  The  members  of  the  series  occupy  depressed  areas,  or  areas  so 
flat  that  the  water  table  is  at  or  near  the  surface,  except  where  artifi- 
cial drainage  has  been  resorted  to.  When  drained  the  Portsmouth 
soils  are  well  adapted  to  corn  and  to  certain  truck  crops,  particularly 
strawberries,  cabbages,  and  onions. 

Portsmouth  sand. — The  soil  is  a  black,  brown,  or  dark-gray  loamy 
sand,  about  12  inches  deep,  usually  containing  a  large  amount  of 
organic  matter.  The  subsoil  is  a  gray  or  mottled  drab,  white,  and 
yellow  sticky  sand,  underlain  at  from  24  to  48  inches  by  a  compact 
and  impervious  stratum  of  sand  having  the  properties  of  a  hardpan. 
Occasionally  the  subsoil  is  so  saturated  with  water  as  to  resemble 
quicksand.  This  type  occurs  in  nearly  level  upland  areas  with  poor 
drainage  and  represents  former  lake  or  swampy  areas.  Corn  is  the 
principal  crop.  It  is  adapted  to  berries,  particularly  to  strawberries, 
and  to  cabbage,  onions,  and  other  heavy  or  late  truck  crops. 

12       «       4       :>       (i       ; 

Soil  (11). 1         10        25        4<i          7          (>          4 

Subsoil  (9) . ...  . .    1         10        2(i        4!)          5          4          5 


Acres. 

Bainbridge,  Ga 3,4'Hi 

Craven,  N.  C 1 1 ,072 


Dover,  Del 640 


Acres. 

Ciadsdcn,  Fla K,<i40 

Norfolk,  Va  ..  .    2,048 


Worcester  County,  Md 41,024 


Duplin  County,  N.  C 3S,OH> 

Portsmouth  fine  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  16  inches  of  fine  sand  of 
a  dark-gray  or  black  color.  The  dark  color  is  the  result  of  decayed 
organic  matter.  Where  the  usual  drainage  conditions  prevail,  the 


a  Mapped  as  Selma  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains,     55 

subsoil  is  a  chocolate-brown  fine  sand,  similar  in  texture  to  the  soil 
and  occasionally  cemented  by  iron.  Below  3  feet  a  pure  white  sand, 
locally  known  as  quicksand,  is  usually  found.  This  type  is  of  sedimen- 
tary origin  and  occupies  level  uplands.  The  natural  surface  drainage 
is  but  imperfectly  established,  and  water  stands  at  an  average  depth  of 
2  feet  below  the  surface  at  all  times,  while  after  heavy  rains  the  surface 
is  flooded  for  days  at  a  time.  The  natural  vegetation  is  longleaf  pine, 
with  an  undergrowth  of  palmetto  and  gallberry  bushes.  In  some 
places  scrub  oak  is  a  prominent  tree  growth.  But  little  of  the  type  is 
under  cultivation. 

1        •_'        :J       4        5        «        7 

Soil  (2) 0          3          9        C.4          9          ti          9 

Subsoil  (2) 0          3          9        (if)          9          5          S 

Acres. 
Gainesville,  Flu 3.5,840 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  black,  brown,  or 
dark-gray  sandy  loam  soil,  about  12  inches  deep,  frequently  containing 
a  very  large  quantity  of  organic  matter,  underlain  by  a  gray  or  mottled 
sandy  clay  subsoil,  which  in  turn  is  underlain  usually  by  a  compact 
sand  sometimes  having  the  properties  of  a  hardpan.  The  type  occu- 
pies level  or  slightly  depressed  areas  in  the  uplands  and  the  drainage 
is  usually  poor.  When  drained  this  type  of  soil  is  adapted  to  corn, 
potatoes,  and  truck  crops,  particularly  strawberries. 

i       -2       :5        4        .-»       <>        ; 

Soil(21) 5        11         12        29         13        IS        12 

Subsoil  (IS) 2          8         10        2f>         12        21         22 

Acres.  Acres. 

Craven,  N.  I' 4<i,208     Orangelnirg,  S.  (' 131,904 

Darlington,  S.  (' «  133, fi%      Kali-inn  to  NewUirn,  N.  ('  ..      '<37,8<;0 

Dover,  Del .r«0,304  '•  San  Antonio,  Tex l.'i, 4,v> 

Gainesville,  Flu 40,3X4     Worcester  County,  M<1   9,S."><i 

Norfolk,  Va 30,01ii  j  Yorktown,  Vu 2(1, 032 

Portsmouth  fine  sandy  loam.  The  soil  is  a  black  or  rusty  brown, 
mucky,  fin*'  sandy  loam,  compact,  wet,  and  heavy,  with  an  average 
depth  of  a  I  "mi  12  inches.  Large  quantities  of  organic  matter  are 
usually  present,  in  all  stages  of  decomposition.  I'ndcr  continued 

«  MiipiH-il  us  (ioliisboro  compact  saruly  In, mi.  This  also  includes  the  Sclmu 
heavy  silt  loam,  which  should  not  have  l>een  separated  from  the  Cold-horn 
compact  sandy  loam. 

6  Slapped  us  UokUboru  compact  sandy  loam. 


50 


Soil  /Survey  Field  Book. 


cultivation  the  soil  becomes  lighter  in  both  color  and  texture  and  the 
sand  content  more  pronounced.  The  subsoil  is  usually  a  mottled  drab 
and  yellow  sandy  clay,  massive  and  sticky,  with  a  depth  of  more  than 
36  inches,  and  is  underlain  occasionally  by  a  layer  of  very  h'nc  white 
or  gray  sand.  Where  the  type  occurs  within  sand  areas,  the  subsoil 
often  consists  entirely  of  sand.  It  is  characterized  by  level  or  slightly 
depressed  surface  features.  Lack  of  drainage  is  responsible  for  the 
existence  and  peculiar  characteristics  of  the  type.  In  most  cases 
artificial  drainage  is  impracticable,  owing  to  the  lack  of  fall.  The 
type  supports  a  heavy  growth  of  cypress,  gum,  magnolia,  and  other 
water-loving  trees  and  undergrowth.  When  cleared  and  properly 
drained,  Irish  potatoes  and  cabbages  are  successfully  grown,  espe- 
cially the  latter.  Cotton  and  corn  give  fair  yields  in  favorable  situa- 
tions. The  type  is  well  adapted  to  onions  and  some  of  the  berry 
fruits. 


Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C 


7 
12 
24 

Acres. 
...<»18,980 


Yorktown,  Va 29, 760 


Soil  (6) 0 

Subsoil  (6) 0 

Acres. 

Charleston,  S.  C 32,0(14 

Duplin  County,  N.  C 06, 1 12 

Perquimans  and  Pasquotank 
counties,  N.  C 25, 472 

Portsmouth  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  dark-gray  to  black  fine- 
textured  loam  soil,  about  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  gray  or 
somewhat  mottled  heavy  loam  subsoil,  grading  sometimes  into  a 
mottled  gray  or  yellow  silty  clay.  It  occupies  flat,  upland  areas,  with 
naturally  very  poor  drainage,  but  when  drained  and  properly  culti- 
vated is  well  suited,  according  to  locality,  to  corn,  cotton,  sugar  cane, 
and  forage  plants. 

1 

Soil  (7) 0 

Subsoil  (7) 0 

Acres. 

Craven,  N.  C 6  45, 504 

Duplin  County,  N.  C 8, 448 

McNeill,  Miss 3,328 

a  Mapped  as  Selma  heavy  silt  loam. 

b  Mapped  as  Portsmouth  clay,  but  the  soil  is  too  light  in  texture  to  be  classed 
as  a  clay. 


234567 

2          3        19        17        42        17 
1          2        17        Iti        39        24 

Acres. 

Perquimans   and  Pasquotank 
counties,  N.  C 41,536 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     57 

Portsmouth  silt  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  gray  to  dark -brown 
friable  silt  loam  about  9  inches  deep  It  is  frequently  compact  and 
inclined  to  puddle,  and  if  plowed  when  too  wet  it  forms  clods,  though 
these  break  down  quite  readily  in  subsequent  cultivation.  The  sub- 
soil is  a  gray  or  mottled  gray  and  yellow  heavy  silt  loam,  which  in  the 
lower  depths  sometimes  becomes  heavier  and  more  greasy  and  waxy 
in  character.  The  type  occurs  as  flat,  slightly  depressed  or  low  lying 
areas,  which  generally  require  drainage  for  successful  cultivation  and 
was  formed  by  deposition  of  fine  materials  in  comparatively  quiet 
water  during  the  more  or  less  complete  submergence  of  the  Atlantic 
Coastal  Plain.  When  well  drained  it  is  adapted  to  corn,  hay.  and  small 
grain  and  in  the  South  to  such  vegetables  as  cabbage,  kale  collards, 
ejc.  It  also  gives  moderate  yields  of  cotton 

i        •-'       a       4       5       <;       7 

Soil  (18) 0          1          3          5          9        (13        17 

Subsoil  (18)    ...0          1          2          4          9        59        24 


Acres 

Cecil  County.  Md «  7  000 

Chester  County.  Pa 512 

Dover.  Del  . .  .     "  6. 016 


Acres. 

Norfolk  Va 655,488 

Perquiinans  and   Pasquotank 
Counties.  N.  C  .     110.010 


Harford  County,  Md a  11,370     Prince  Goo rgo  County,  Md     .      u  1.450 

Kent  County.  Md a  27,840  .  Salem,  N   J    .     all, 240 

Mason  County.  Ky    a  896  I  Worcester  County  Md   *  50,  432 

Portsmouth  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  of  ashy  gray  to  dark 
brownish  color  and  about  6  inches  deep.  It  grades  abruptly  into  a 
dense  waxy  clay  which  extends  to  a  depth  of  24  inches.  Below  24 
inches  the  subsoil  contains  pockets  of  fine  sand.  The  type  occupies 
flat  or  troughlike  depressions  along  tide  water,  and  the  drainage  's 
inadequate.  It  is  derived  from  maiine  deposits  The  soil  is  used  for 
the  production  of  corn,  wheat,  and  grass,  of  which  moderate  yields 
are  secured. 

I        •_'        :t        i        .>        (i        ; 

Soil  (2) 0          (I          4         27          S        3S        LM 

SllliBoil  (2)    (I  .{  .1         2!»  4         3S         IM 

\crca 
Yorktown    Vu  i,  176 


n  Mapped  IIH  Klktnn  clay 

'•  Miippi-i!  in  purtHM  l.i'oiiapliou  n  loam  and  in  part  as  l.i'onunllou  n  gravelly 
loam. 


58  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

\ 

ORANGEBURG    SERIES. 

The  Orangeburg  series  is  derived  largely,  but  not  entirely,  from  the 
Lafayette  mantle  of  gravels,  sands,  and  sandy  clays.  The  surface 
soils  are  usually  gray  to  brown  in  color  and  are  invariably  underlain 
at  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  less  by  a  red  or  yellowish-red  sandy  clay.  The 
prevailing  red  color  of  the  subsoil  is  the  characteristic  feature  dis- 
tinguishing the  Orangeburg  series  from  the  Norfolk  series.  The  red 
soils  appear  to  possess  a  higher  producing  power  and  are  generally 
stronger  than  the  corresponding  soils  of  the  Norfolk  series.  The 
Orangeburg  soils  may  be  considered  as  the  Coastal  Plain  equivalent  of 
the  Cecil  series  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau. 

Orangeburg  sand. — The  soil  is  a  gray  or  reddish  sand,  of  medium 
texture,  fiorn  6  to  8  inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  reddish-yellow  sandy 
subsoil,  which  in  turn  is  underlain  at  a  depth  of  from  15  to36«  inches 
by  a  red  sandy  clay.  The  soil  usually  contains  some  iron  concretions. 
This  type  usually  occupies  gently  rolling  areas  and  has  good  natural 
drainage.  It  gives  fair  yields  of  corn  and  cotton,  but  is  best  adapted 
to  early  truck,  peaches,  and  wrapper  tobacco. 

1234         o          fi          7 

Soil  (14) 2        13        15        38        15          7       _  G 

Subsoil  (14) 2        14        25        27        11          7       ~22 


Acre.-. 

Montgomery  County,  Ala 17,  KO 

Orangeburg,  S.  C 45,312 

Sumter  County.  Ala 44,  (f  8 


Acres. 

Bainbridge.  Oa 22, 592 

Darlington.  S.  C 69,984 

Gadsden   Fla    .   31,552 

Leon  County,  Fla .   6,912 

Oraiigeburg  fine  sand. — The  soil  is  a  brownish-red  to  grayish -red  fine 
sand  to  fine  sandy  loam  with  an  average  depth  of  2  feet.  The  subsoil 
is  a  red  sandy  clay  extending  to  a  depth  of  40  inches  or  more.  The 
type  occurs  on  the  undulating  and  flat  tops  of  hills  and  ridges,  and  owing 
to  its  location  the  drainage  is  good.  The  type  is  derived  from  the 
weathering  of  unconsohdated  material  of  late  Cretaceous  and  early 
Tertiary  time.  The  soil  is  easily  worked  under  a  wide  range  of  mois- 
ture conditions  and  is  largely  under  cultivation.  In  favorable  seasons 
an  average  yield  of  one-half  bale  of  cotton  is  secured,  while  the  yield 


<»  Where  the  sand  is  more  than  30  inches  deep  this  material  should  be  called 
Norfolk  sand 
6  Mapped  as  Orangeburg  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     59 

of  corn  is  about  35  bushels  per  acre.  The  soil  is  also  well  adapted  to 
peaches  and  plums  and  is  used  to  some  extent  for  the  production  of 
melons. 


Srril  (4) 

1 

0 

•1         8          4         o 

2        10        48        IS 

6 

11 

11 

Subsoil  (4)  

0 

1          0        40        22 

11 

20 

Dallas  County,  Ala  

Acres. 
13,312 

Lee  County,  Tex  

Acres. 
09,  f>96 

Houston  County.  Tex  .  . 

704 

San  Antonio,  Tex... 

..  30.730 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  coarse  to  medium 
red  or  dark-brown  sand  or  light  sandy  loam,  from  4  to  15  inches  in 
depth, «  resting  on  a  red  sandy  clay  subsoil  usually  containing  small 
gravel  and  iron  concretions.  The  type  occupies  rolling  to  level  upland 
ridges  and  slopes.  It  is  adapted  to  general  farming,  giving  good 
yields  of  cotton  and  corn,  and  rather  smallyields  of  wheat  and  oats.  In 
South  Carolina  it  is  used  for  bright  yellow  tobacco,  and  in  Florida, 
Alabama,  and  Texas  for  cigar  wrapper  and  filler  leaf. 

1  -J  :t  4  r>  «        7 

Soil  (14) .3  13  21  2.')  14  14  8 

Subsoil  (1C) 2  8  14  17  11  13  33 

Acres. :  Acros. 


Darlington,  S.  C 6  0, 592 

Do  Soto  Parish,  La 192 

Macon  County,  Ala 110.144 


Montgomery  County,  Ala 22.912 

Orangeburg,  S.  C 10,004 

Paris,  Tex...  .     12,224 


McNeil!.  Miss 7,296  ]  Wood ville.  Tex 1.152 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  gray  or  brown 
fine  sand  or  light  fine  sandy  loam  soil  from  4  to  15  inches  deep,« 
underlain  by  a  red  sandy  clay  subsoil.  This  type  occupies  level  and 
rolling  to  hilly  areas  in  uplands  and  has  good  drainage.  The  soil  is 
well  adapted  to  cotton,  gives  fair  yields  of  corn,  and  is  particularly 
well  adapted  to  truck  crops,  peaches,  and  in  Texas  to  Cuban  filler 
tobacco.  It  is  the  principal  peach  soil  of  the  Fort  Valley  area, 
Georgia. 

«  Whrrr  tin-  sandy  layer  is  less  than  4  inches  deep  the  soil  should  be  called 
Orangeburg  c!ay. 

''Miippfl  as  Orangeburg  loam,  but  the  surface  soil  is  too  coarse,  loose,  and 
incoherent  for  the  true  Orangeburg  loam. 


60 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Soil  (42) 

1 

1 

2         .'{          4         5          6 

3          6        39        23        18 

7 

8 

Subsoil  (44)  

1 

3          4        27        17        15 

31 

Anderson  County,  Tex  

Acres. 
102,080 

Leon  County,  Fla  

Acres. 
73,  920 

Bainb  ridge,  Ga  

36,  480 

Lufkin,  Tex  

6,  400 

3,008 

Miller  County  Ark 

224  640 

Crystalsprings,  Miss  

17,280 

Mobile,  Ala  .  . 

26,  880 

Do  Soto  Parish,  La  

6,  976 

Montgomery  County,  Ala 

6,208 

Dallas  County,  Ala  .  . 

159,040 

Nacogdoches,  Tex 

16,  320 

7  616 

172  800 

Fort  Valley,  Ga  

..      a24,896 

Paris,  Tex  

69,  184 

Gadsden,  Fla  
Houston  County,  Tex 

.  .      a  37,  248 
57,088 

Perry  County,  Ala  
Sumter  Countv   Ala 

.    a  196,  288 
107  264 

Jacksonville,  Tex  

18,  752 

Tangipahoa  Parish,  La 

84.672 

Lee  Countv.  Tex  .  . 

57.920 

Orangeburg  clay. — This  type  is  a  red  loam  or  clay  loam  soil,  with  an 
average  depth  of  8  inches,  resting  on  a  stiff,  tenacious  reddish-brown 
or  red  clay  subsoil.  In  small  local  areas  a  sandy  covering  is  sometimes 
found,  but  the  red  clay  must  be  within  4  inches  of  the  surface.  Gener- 
ally the  surface  is  rolling  or  hilly  and  the  drainage  is  excellent.  The 
native  growth  is  hardwood.  Cotton  and  corn  are  the  principal  crops, 
the  former  yielding  from  one-third  to  1  bale  and  the  latter  from  15  to 
45  bushels  per  ac.3.  The  better  areas  of  this  type  are  believed  to  be 
adapted  to  the  production  of  a  fine  grade  of  domestic  Cuban  filler 
tobacco. 


Soil  (18) 2 

Subsoil  (21) 1 

Acres. 

Anderson  County,  Tex 35,904 

Dallas  County,  Ala 9,024 

Fort  Valley,  Ga 31, 168 

Houston  County,  Tex 7, 488 

Jacksonville,  Tex 4,096 

Lee  County,  Tex 10,688 


Acres. 

Macon  County,  Ala 69, 504 

Nacogdoches,  Tex 16, 704 

Paris,  Tex 59, 136 

Perry  County,  Ala 82, 752 

San  Antonio,  Tex 27,520 

Sumter  County,  Ala 12,800 


OALVESTON    SERIES. 


The  Galveston  series  includes  the  barrier  islands  or  bars,  shore-line 
deposits,  and  low-lying  marshes  of  the  immediate  coast  line.  The  bar- 
rier bars  consist  of  white  sand  thrown  beyond  the  reach  of  normal  tides 
by  wave  action  and  further  modified  by  winds.  The  soils  of  the 


"Mapped  as  Orangeburg  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     61 

marshes,  consisting  of  sandy  loams,  loams,  and  clays,  have  been  built 
up  by  the  deposition  of  silt  and  clay  carried  in  by  streams,  by  wind- 
blown sand  from  the  adjoining  sand  areas,  and  by  the  decay  of  coarse 
salt  grasses  and  other  vegetation.  On  account  of  the  extreme  diffi- 
culty of  access  and  the  present  low  value  of  these  lands,  the  soil  survey- 
is  not  carried  on  in  great  detail.  Where  the  areas  are  large  and  have 
not  been  subjected  to  local  stream  depositions  the  character  of  the 
material  is  not  subject  to  very  much  local  change.  The  agricultural 
value  of  these  lands  is  very  low,  depending  mainly  upon  the  pasturage1 
afforded  and  the  coarse  hay  that  can  with  difficulty  l>e  harvested;  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  they  are  a  distinct  menace  to  health,  as  they  form 
the  breeding-places  of  disease-carrying  insects.  Efforts  to  drain  and 
reclaim  these  marshes  have  been  attended  with  some  success.  The 
possibilities  of  successful  reclamation  depend  upon  the  engineering 
problems  connected  with  the  keeping  out  of  the  tides  and  the  subse- 
quent efficient  drainage  of  the  land.  A  vast  amount  of  such  reclama- 
tion work  has  been  done  in  Holland  and  some  important,  though 
relatively  small,  areas  have  been  reclaimed  in  the  United  States. 

Galveston  coarse  sand. — This  tvpe  consists  of  medium  to  coarse 
sand  3  feet  in  depth,  with  an  admixture  of  fine  and  coarse,  gravel  and 
shell  fragments.  It  occurs  as  a  fringe  along  the  coast  and  is  of  no 

agricultural  value. 

128          4          5         (i        7 
Soil  (1) 3        .r>3        41          3000 

Acres. 

Everett,  Wash 2r>fi 

Island  County,  Wash 1  ,f>30 

Galveston  sand. — This  is  a  light-gray  to  white  sand  3  feet  or  more  in 
depth,  often  containing  a  large  percentage  of  fine  particles  of  shell.  It 
occurs  as  narrow  ridges  or  islands  along  coasts.  The  surface  varies 
from  smooth  beaches  to  dunes.  It  is  generally  unproductive  and  11011- 

agricultural. 

1  •-'  3  I  ;>  (i  7 

8oil(l) 2  17  :«i  43  I  0  0 

Slllisoil(l) 0          7  37  37  2  0  0 

Acres.  |  Acres. 

Dover,  I VI f>4  i  Worcester  County,  Mil K,(Xi4 

LOIIK  Island,  N.  V 12,224      Vorktown.  Vu I.1IS4 

Norfolk.  Vu 'i|<),7.V2 

"  I  hi-  im-ltnles  some  Piinesaml.  l>ut  th<>  whole  areii  is  of  so  little  iiKririilt  unil 
Importance  that  the,  two  ty|>es  were  not  sepnriiterl. 


62  Son  Survey  Field  Book. 

Galveston  fine  sand. — -This  is  a  light-gray  to  white  loose,  incoherent, 
siliceous  line  sand  3  feet  or  more  in  depth,  containing  varying  amounts 
of  shell  fragments.  The  type  owes  its  formation  to  the  action  of  waves 
and  tides,  and  is  modified  by  wind  action  at  the  higher  elevations.  It 
occurs  as  narrow  strips  and  beaches  along  the  seacoast.  Where  washed 
by  the  wraves  it  presents  a  smooth,  hard  surface,  but  farther  inland  it 
rises  in  rather  Ipose,  irregular  hillocks.  It  is  not  adapted  to  agricul- 
tural purposes. 

1         2          it          4          5          <i         7 

Soil  (-1) 0          2          8        86          4          0          0 

Subsoil  (2) 0         2         fi        8fi         5         0         0 

Acres. 

Bra?or'm,  Tex "1,152 

Charleston,  S.  C 5,<i% 

Rhode  Island 2,048 

Galveston  sandy  loam. — This  consists  of  a  surface  mass  of  sandy 
loam  and  eel-grass  turf  about  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  gravelly 
sandy  loam  subsoil.  It  occupies  shore  lines  and  barrier  beaches,  and 
owes  its  origin  to  wind-blown  sand,  mixed  with  the  finer  materials  of 
the  coastal  flats.  Where  diked  and  drained,  it  makes  a  productive 
soil  much  lighter  and  easier  to  cultivate  than  the  Galveston  clay.  It  is 
adapted  to  the  same  crops  as  the  latter  soil,  and  on  account  of  the  easier 
cultivation  and  the  less  compact  nature  of  the  material  is  rather  more 
d  sirable  as  an  agricultural  soil.  Very  small  areas  have  been  reclaimed. 

1         '2          »          4          5 

Soil  (2) 2        11         10        17        14 

Subsoil  (1) 3        11          7        19        20 

Acres. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y lf>,448 

Rhodelsland 4,224 

Galveston  clay. — The  soil  varies  from  a  drab  or  yellow  to  black  clav 
and  rrsts  on  a  subsoil  of  still  heavier  clay.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  usu- 
ally contain  calcareous  nodules.  The  type  occurs  as  k  vel,  flat  areas  with 
p  >or  drainage,  representing  the  type  of  salt  marsh  extensively  developed 
along  the  sea  coasts.  The  native  vegetation  is  almost  entirely  salt  grass, 
a!T:>rding  a  rather  poor  pasturage.  The  type  needs  to  be  diked  and 
Jiainod  before  reclamation  is  possible,  but  when  so  reclaimed  and 

a  Mapped  as  Galveston  sand. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     63 


the  excess  of  salt  removed  it  makes  an  exceedingly  productive  soil, 
especially  for  corn,  cabbage,  onions,  rice,  potatoes,  and  hay. 


Soil  (13) 

Subsoil  (10). 


Acres. 

Bra/.oria,  Tex 31, 168 

Charleston,  S.  C 77,312 

Dover,  Del 30,784 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 3fi,352 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 4,800 


Acres. 

New  Orleans,  La 5,504 

San  Jose,  Cal 2ti,048 

Worcester  County,  Md 23,936 

Yorktown,  Va  ..  ..  21,568 


HOUSTON    SERIES. 

The  Houston  scries  occurs  principally  in  the  black,  calcareous 
prairie  regions  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Texas.  The  soils  are 
characterized  by  a  large  percentage  of  lime,  especially  in  the  subsoil, 
which  in  some  of  the  types  consists  of  white,  chalky  limestone.  The 
series  has  been  derived  from  the  weathering  of  calcareous  clays,  chalk 
beds,  and  "rotten"  limestones,  all  of  late  Cretaceous  age.  In  some 
localities  remnants  of  later  sandy  and  gravelly  deposits  have  been 
mingled  with  the  calcareous  material,  giving  rise  to  the  gravelly  and 
loam  members  of  the  series.  The  soils  of  the  Houston  scries  are  very 
productive.  They  are  at  present  devoted  chiefly  to  the  growing  of 
cotton  and  corn,  but  some  of  them  will  produce  excellent  and  more 
profitable  crops  of  alfalfa. 

Houston  gravelly  clay. — The  soil  is  a  heavy,  dark-brown  to  black 
clay  loam  or  clay  12  inches  deep,  containing  a  large  amount  of  gravel 
and  rounded,  waterworn  pebbles,  varying  in  size  from  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  to  3  inches  in  diameter.  The  subsoil  is  a  stifT  clay  of  a  light- 
brown  color,  becoming  stifFcr  as  the  depth  mcrcas:s,  and  usually  con- 
taining a  small  percentage  of  rounded  gravel  and  pebbles,  although 
there  are  small  areas  where  it  is  a  bed  of  porous  gravel.  The  type 
occupies  the  higher  ridges  of  the  rolling  prairie,  and  is  easily  eroded. 
The  gravel  is  derived  from  the  remains  of  an  old  formation,  which  lias 
In-en  almost  entirely  worn  away,  leaving  only  a  thin  layer  capping  the 
higher  ridges.  Owing  to  its  topography  and  gravelly  character  the 
type  has  good  drainage.  The  crops  grown  are  cotton,  corn,  sorghum, 
oats,  and  some  Kafir  corn,  and  good  yields  are  usually  obtained. 


64  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1234         5          fi          7 

Soil  (5) 1          2          3          7        11        40        36 

Subsoil  (5) 1          2          3          6          9        37        42 

Acres. 

Austin,  Tex 36,672 

San  Antonio,  Tex 53, (596 

Waco,  Tex 1,984 

Houston  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  to  light-brown  loam,  with  an  aver- 
ago  depth  of  10  inches,  containing  a  considerable  amount  of  silt.  It  is 
friable  and  when  well  cultivated  has  a  desirable  tilth.  The  subsoil  is  a 
drab  to  slate-colored  silty  clay,  containing  noticeable  amounts  of  fine- 
sand.  It  becomes  heavier  with  depth,  and  at  36  inches  is  a  stiff, 
plastic,  silty  clay,  often  slightly  mottled  and  containing  a  small  per- 
centage of  fine  sand.  Small  rounded  pebbles  are  sometimes  encoun- 
tered in  both  soil  and  subsoil.  The  type  occupies  slightly  rolling  upland 
prairies,  and  except  in  some  depress?d  areas  the  drainage  is  good.  The 
Houston  loam  occurs  between  the  heavy  black  clay  lands  of  the  prairie 
and  the  sandy  timber  lands,  and  has  been  formed  by  the  intermingling 
of  the  materials  from  these  two  classes  of  soils.  It  is  best  adapted  to 
early  maturing  crops,  as  droughts  of  the  late  summer  months  seriously 
affect  the  yields.  Good  crops  of  cotton,  corn,  oats,  and  sorghum  are 
produced. 

1          2         «         4         a         6          7 

Soil  (5) 0          1          2        14        12        49        21 

Subsoil  (5) 0          1         2         7         9        44       36 

Acres. 

Paris,  Tex "62,144 

Waco,  Tex 8,640 

Houston  black  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  grayish-brown  loam 
or  clay  loam  from  8  to  15  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  has  the  same  tex- 
ture, but  the  color  changes  gradually  from  brownish-gray  to  yellowish 
at  a  depth  of  4  or  5  feet.  Often  a  few  small  rock  fragments  occur  in 
both  soil  and  subsoil,  but  where  the  development  is  typical  the  under- 
lying rock  is  found  at  a  great  depth  and  fragments  are  absent.  It  is  a 
residual  type  derived  from  the  weathering  of  white  limestone.  The 
soil  is  friable  and  easily  worked,  and  retains  moisture  well.  The  type 
occurs  on  the  gently  rolling  prairies  and  has  excellent  drainage.  This 
soil  type  is  closely  associated  with  the  Houston  black  clay,  but  is  not  so 
stiff  and  waxy  and  is  sometimes  found  in  higher  locations.  It  is  a  good 


Mapped  as  Houston  silt  loam  and  Houston  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     65 

soil  for  cotton,  corn,  and  sorghum,  and  when  irrigated  is  well  adapted 
to  truck  farming  and  to  such  fruits  as  are  suited  to  the  climate. 

1          '_>          3         4         5          (J          7 

Soil  (2) 0          1  1          8        15        47        28 

Subsoil  (2) 1          1          1        11        l(i        38       32 

Acres. 
San  Antonio,  Tex 54,272 

Houston  black  clay. — The  soil  is  a  black  or  sometimes  drab  clay 
about  10  inches  d?ep,  friable  when  well  cultivated,  but  becoming  waxy 
and  sticky  when  wet,  and  if  not  continually  cultivated  caking  into  a 
very  hard  and  compact  mass  that  cracks  into  irregular  blocks  on  drying. 
The  subsoil  is  a  waxy,  very  stiff  and  tenacious  clay  of  lighter  color  than 
the  soil.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  varying  quantities  of  lime  con- 
cretions. The  typ?  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  soft  limestone  or 
calcareous  clays,  principally  of  Cretaceous  age.  The  soil  is  very  pro- 
ductive and  is  us^d  commonly  for  corn,  cotton,  and  rice,  according  to 
locality,  elevation,  and  drainage,  and  is  adapted  also  to  grass. 

1  '•         3         4          5         <!          7 

Soil  (17) 0  1          1          7         8        43        40 

Subsoil  (17) 1  1          1          t>          8        43        40 

Acres.  |  Acres. 

Anderson  County,  Tex «3,264      Paris,  Tex 35,008 

Austin,  Tex 190,400     San  Antonio,  Tex 22,976 

Brazoria,  Tex 272,575     Sumter  County.  Ala 2ti,ti48 

Houston  County,  Tex 3,200     Waco,  Tex 57,280 

Lavaca  County,  Tex 215,232     Willis,  Tex !>20,480 

IXH>  County,  Tex 38,208 

Houston  clay.  -The  soil  is  a  gray  to  brown  or  black  loamy  clay  1  to 
10  inches  deep,  r.  sting  on  a  still",  lighter  colored  clav  subsoil  passing  at 
aljout  20  inches  into  a  light-gray  or  white  rotten  limestone  or  chalk. 
The  color  of  the  soil  varies  somewhat  according  to  topographic  position, 
th.->  darker  colored  areas  occupying  the  depressions  and  more  level 
situations,  while  the  white  subsoil  is  often  exposed  along  slopes,  giving 
rise  to  irregular  spots  resembling  "gulls."  The  soil  is  friable  and 
easily  cultivated  under  proper  moisture  conditions,  but  is  extremely 
plastic  and  sticky  when  wet.  Anas  not  under  cultivation  bake  and 
sunerack  upon  drying.  The  type  occupies  level  to  gently  rolling 
country,  usually  prairi  -,  and  is  derived  from  n>lt:-n  limestone  or  chalks 


a  M:I|I|M'.|  as  Houston  cliiy.  &  Mapped  as  San  .lacintn  cluy. 

8'J07  ">—<)!! "> 


66  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

of  Cretaceous  age.     Cotton  is  the  principal  product,  but  the  soil  pro- 
duces good  yields  of  corn,  oats,  grass,  and  legumes. 

1          •-'         34567 

Soil  (17) 1          2          2         9        11        41        32 

Subsoil  (l.r>) 1          1          1         6         9        40        41 


Acres. 

Austin,  Tex <M>1,440 

Dallas  County,  Ala 149,184 

Macon  County,  Ala *>8,57fi 

Montgomery  County,  Ala 8<),  400 

1'erry  County,  Ala 136, 128 


Acres. 

Russell,  Kans c35, 4,V> 

San  Antonio,  Tex "  4, 480 

Sumtcr  County,  Ala 59,048 

Waco,  Tex 12,»i4 


LUKKIN   SERIES. 

The  Lufkin  series  is  characterized  by  gray  surface  soils  and  heavy, 
very  impervious,  plastic  gray  and  mottled  subsoils.  The  difference 
l>etween  the  texture  of  the  surface  soil  and  that  of  the  subsoil  is  very 
marked,  especially  in  the  sandy  loam  members.  The  tree  growth  is 
principally  scrub  oak.  These  soils  are  generally  lower  in  agricultural 
value  than  those  of  the  Norfolk  and  Orangeburg  scries. 

Lufkin  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  fine  sand.  In  depressed 
areas  it  is  sometimes  considerably  heavier.  The  subsoil  is  a  heavy 
sandy  clay  varying  much  in  color.  Botli  the  soil  and  subsoil  contain 
large  quantities  of  gravel.  The  surface  is  generally  rough  and  hilly  and 
the  drainage  thorough.  The  type  is  largely  in  pasture.  Yields  of  about 
one-third  bale  of  cotton  and  15  bushels  of  corn  per  acre  are  secured  on 
some  of  the  less  gravelly  areas. 

1234567 

Soil  (1) 0          0          1        37        41         12          9 

Subsoil  (1) 1          U          2        17        Hi        20        44 

Acres. 
Lee  County,  Tex 47, 3W) 

Lufkin  sand. — This  type  consists  of  a  loose,  incoherent  gray  to 
brown  medium  sand  12  inches  in  depth,  underlain  by  a  gray  or  yellow 
sand  of  the  same  texture.  Beneath  the  sand  at  a  depth  of  2A  to  .5  feet 
is  found  the  same  drab  and  yellow  mottled  sandy  clay  that  forms  the 
subsoil  of  the  Lufkin  sandy  loam,  the  only  distinction  between  the 
two  types  l>eing  the  difference  in  the  depth  of  sand  overlying  the  clay 

"Mapped  as  Austin  clay.  "Mapped  as  Benton  loam. 

&  Mapped  as  Houston  black  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plain*.     67 

and  the  consequent  difference  in  agricultural  value.  The  soil  readily 
aljsorbs  water,  and  its  location  on  ridges  or  in  proximity  to  streams 
insures  adequate  drainage.  The  type  is  of  sedimentary  origin,  and  is 
derived  from  a  Coastal  Plain  formation  consisting  of  loose,  incoherent 
sands.  The  soil  is  rather  poor  and  crops  grown  upon  it  usually  suffer 
from  lack  of  moisture.  It  is  well  suited  to  sweet  potatoes,  and  some 
early  truck  crops  might  also  do  well.  It  supports  a  forest  growth  of 
post  oak,  black-jack  oak,  and  some  live  oak. 

1        •-'        «         4        5         <•        7 

Soil  (2) o       10       id       :>:>        943 

Subsoil  (2) 0          9-20        54          9          ,r>          3 

Acres. 
I.avaca  County,  Tex (>3,93»i 

Lufkin  fine  sand. — The  soil  is  a  gray  line  loamy  sand  about  10  inches 
deep,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  much  the  same  character  but  occasionally 
more  loamy.  At  a  depth  of  from  3  to  5  feet  occurs  a  gray  or  mottled 
stratified  clay.  The  type  is  generally  well  drained,  but  occasionally 
small  areas  occur  as  depressions,  where  the  drainage  is  deficient. 
Such  areas  are  locally  referred  to  as  "crawfish  land."  The  natural 
growth  is  scrub  pine  and  oak.  The  soil  produces  fair  yields  of  corn  and 
cotton,  but  is  rather  Ix-tter  adapted  to  early  truck  crops  and  peaches. 
The  soil  needs  green  manuring  for  the  incorporation  of  more  organic 
matter. 


Soil  (2) 1  1  1  •>:>  47  22  3 

Subsoil  C!) 0  1  I  27  40  2<i  ', 

Acres. 

Houston  County,  TPX...    1X4,3X4 

Lufkin.  Tex :>«.!, ilso 

Lufkin  sandy  loam.  The  soil  is  a  gray  to  brown  medium  loamy  sand 
or  light  sandy  loam  varying  in  depth  from  X  to  20  inches.  The  subsoil 
consists  of  a  drab  and  yellow  mottled,  tenacious,  im|>crvious.  san<lv 
clay,  often  streaked  with  iron  stains.  Iron  and  sometimes  lime  con- 
cretions in  small  quantities  occur  in  l>oth  M>I'(  and  subsoil,  and  thin 
Iwds  of  gravel  are  sometimes  seen.  The  type  is  derived  from  the 
weathering  of  (iulf  Coastal  Plain  deposits  consisting  of  unconsolidated 
sands  and  clays.  The  topography  is  flat  to  rolling.  The  major  part 
of  the  type  has  good  drainage.  Cotton  and  corn  are  th<  principal 
crops.  Sorghum  and  Irish  potatoes  succeed  well  and  truck  crops  are 


68  Soil  Surrey  Field  Bool'. 

grown  with  success.     The  timber  growth  consists  largely  of  post  oak, 
with  some  black-jack  oak,  and  along  the  streams  live  oak. 

1          '2         3         4          5          0          7 

Soil  (2) 0          5        11        50        16        12          (i 

Subsoil  (2) 0          3          8        32        10        12        35 

Acres. 
Lavaca  County,  Tex 357,632 

Lufkin  fine  sandy  loam." — This  soil  type  consists  of  a  gray  or  brown 
fine  loamy  sand  or  light  sandy  loam  about  12  inches  in  depth,  resting 
on  a  plastic,  impervious  mottled  gray  and  yellow  sandy  clay  subsoil. 
The  surface  is  level  to  rolling,  and  drainage  is  generally  \v  11  established. 
The  type  is  derived  from  Coastal  Plain  deposits.  The  timber  growth 
is  chiefly  scrub  oak.  Cotton  and  corn  are  the  principal  crops. 

1          -234          5          (i          7 

Soil  (2) ...  0          1          2        35        29        26          6 

Subsoil  (2) 0          1          1        23        26        24        25 

Acres. 
Lee  County,  Tex 113,152 

Lufkin  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  from  3  to  10  inches  consists  of 
a  loam,  containing  considerable  organic  matter  and  having  a  dark-gray 
color.  The  subsoil  is  a  stiff,  compact,  dark-colored  sandy  clay.  The 
surface  of  this  type  is  flat,  with  a  few  areas  gently  rolling,  and  in  general 
is  poorly  drained.  The  type  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  Lafay- 
ette deposits.  Corn  and  cotton  arc  the  principal  crops,  of  which  the 
yields  are  good,  from  25  to  35  bushels  of  corn  and  from  one-fourth  to 
three-fourths  of  a  bale  of  cotton  per  acre  being  secured.  The  type 
is  also  adapted  to  truck  and  strawberries. 

1234          5          0          7 

Soil(U 0          1          3        34        26        22        14 

Subsoil  (1) 0          0          2        26        l(i        17        38 

Acres. 
I>oe  County,  Tex 5, 376 

Lufkin  clay. — The  soil  is  a  loam  or  silty  loam  from  3  to  8  inches 
deep,  containing  occasionally  a  few  iron  concretions.  The  subsoil  is  a 
stiff,  impervious  drab  or  mottled  gray  and  yellow  clay.  At  a  depth 
of  3  to  5  feet  the  clay  is  often  distinctly  stratified.  The  surface  is 
generally  level  and  the  drainage  is  poor.  The  natural  growth  is  scrub 


«See  also  Susquehanna  fine  sandy  loam,  page  71. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     69 

pine  and  small  oaks.     The  soil  is 'not  well  adapted  to  ordinary  farm 
crops,  and  small  yields  of  corn  and  cotton  are  obtained. 

1284667 

Soil  (11) 1-2          1          8        13        50        25 

Subsoil  (17)...  ..1          1          27        10        34        46 


Acres. 

Anderson  County,  Tex 17,216 

Crystalsprings,  Miss 448 

Houston  County,  Tex 59,200 

Lufkin,  Tex 6,976 


Acres. 

Ouachita  Parish,  La 64 

Paris,  Tex 61,6% 

Sumter  County,  Ala o 102, 016 

Woodville,  Tex 4,416 


Nacogdoches,  Tex 5, 120 

OADSEN    SERIES. 

The  Gadsen  series  includes  dark-gray  soils  found  upon  gentle  slopes 
or  undulations  adjacent  to  streams  and  upon  level  or  depressed  areas 
in  the  uplands.  Their  formation  is  due  largely  to  the  peculiar  topo- 
graphic conditions  resulting  from  the  sinking  of  the  limestones  which 
underlie,  in  some  of  the  areas,  the  materials  from  which  the  Norfolk 
and  Orangehurg  soils  have  been  derived.  They  may  be  considered  as 
colluvial  soils  formed  by  the  creeping  or  washing  of  material  from 
higher  lying  areas.  The  series  is  very  incomplete,  only  the  sand,  sandy 
loam,  and  loam  members  having  l>een  encountered.  They  constitute 
valuable  farming  soils,  so  far  as  mapped. 

Gadsden  sand. — This  type  consists  of  a  dark-gray  sand  10  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  a  gray  or  brownish  sand  subsoil  appearing  lighter  in 
texture  and  extending  to  a  depth  of  more  than  36  inches.  The  soil  is 
of  medium  to  fine  texture,  and  there  is  usually  a  considerable  admix- 
ture of  organic,  matter.  The  type  lies  on  gentle  slopes  or  undulations 
adjacent  to  streams,  and  is  mainly  hammock  lands  supporting  a  growth 
of  hardwood  forest.  It  is  very  productive,  and  is  one  of  the  Ix-st  soils 
for  the  Florida  wrapper  tobacco,  but  requires  careful  treatment  to 
maintain  the  yields. 

1        i       :;        4       .-         i>         7 

Soil  (6) 2         10         11         45        21  5          6 

Subsoil  (6) 2          1)         11         45        20          5          6 

Acres. 

Biiinliridge.  (in 7,488 

Oadsdon,  Fla 45,248 

Loon  County,  Fla 2, 112 


"  Mapped  in  part  OH  Lufkin  clay  loam. 


70  Soil  Swvey  Field  Book. 

Gadsden  sandy  loam. — Tlio  soil  is  a  brown  sandy  loam  from  8  to  14 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  grayish-yellow  or  yellow  sand  or  light-  sandy 
loam  subsoil  with  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  The  sand  present  is 
usually  of  medium  grade,  but  occasionally  the  coarse  sand  content  is 
considerable.  The  type  occurs  on  slopes  and  in  depressions,  where  it 
represents  wash  or  creep  from  higher  lying  areas.  The  soil  produces 
good  crops  of  cotton  and  corn,  and  in  the  low-lying  areas  sugar  cane 
does  well.  In  favorable  locations  it  is  adapted  to  growing  Sumatra 
wrappers  under  shade. 

1         2          3          4507 

Soil  (3) 1        15        15        38          9          0        16 

Subsoil  (3) 1        14        17        30          8          5        16 

Acres. 
Leon  County,  Fla 5, 952 

Gadsden  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  dark  yellowish-gray  loam, 
rather  light  in  character,  from  8  to  18  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a 
yellowish-gray  loam  or  clay  loam  subsoil  of  a  somewhat  heavier  tex- 
ture. The  type  occurs  as  moderately  high  bottoms  and  bluffs.  It  is 
locally  known  as  hammock  land,  and  supports  a  growth  of  hardwood 
timber.  The  soil  is  well  drained  and  quite  productive,  and  is  adapted 
to  cotton,  corn,  and  fruit. 

4         5        ft         7 

20          fi        27        21 
15          5        28        32 
Acres. 
14,592 

8USQUEIIANNA    SERIES. 

The  Susquehanna  series  consists  of  gray  and  brown  surface  soils 
underlain  by  heavy,  plastic,  red  mottled  subsoils.  Where  the  basal 
clays  are  exposed  by  erosion  they  show  brilliant  colorings,  often  ar- 
ranged in  large  patches  of  alternating  liver-color,  red,  and  white. 
These,  clays  constitute  the  oldest  shore-line  and  marine  deposits  along 
the  inland  margin  of  the  Coastal  Plain.  The  soils  are  usually  of  low 
crop-producing  capacity.  The  areas  occupied  by  this  series  are  chiefly 
covered  with  pitch  pine,  scrub  oak,  and  other  trees  of  little  commercial 
importance.  The  clay  is  remarkably  plastic,  and  is  peculiarly  well 
adapted  to  brick  and  tile  making. 


1 

Soil  (U  1 

•j 

8 

8 

16 

Subsoil  (1)  1 

(•> 

13 

McNoill.  Miss  .. 

Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     71 

Susquehanna  gravelly  loam.  —  The  soil  is  a  grayish-brown  sandy 
loam,  medium  to  fine  in  texture,  containing  40  to  60  per  cent  of  rock 
fragments  and  gravel,  mainly  iron  sandstone.  At  a  depth  of  6  to  15 
inches  it  overlies  a  red,  occasionally  mottled,  tenacious  clay  subsoil, 
which  also  contains  sand,  gravel,  and  stones.  It  is  found  as  broken 
areas  along  streams  and  as  hills.  Tillage  is  difficult,  but  fair  crops  of 
cotton  and  corn  can  be  grown  with  careful  fertilization. 


Soil  (3) 

123 

3          6          5 

4         5 

26        20 

6 

21 

7 
19 

Subsoil  (3) 

343 

14          9 

19 

45 

Acres. 

Montgomery  County,  Ala.  .  .. 
Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C  

.      7,424 
.aH,330 

Susquehanna  fine  sandy  loam.  —  The  soil  is  a  gray  to  brown  fine  sand 
or  light  fine  sandy  loam  about  12  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  red  or 
yellowish-red  clay,  usually  stiff  and  plastic,  and  mottled,  especially  in 
the  lower  depths.  Iron  concretions  are  usually  present  in  both  soil 
and  subsoil.  The  type  has  been  derived  principally  from  the  under- 
lying clays.  The  surface  is  characterized  generally  by  a  rolling  or  hilly 
topography,  and  erosion  is  sometimes  quite  pronounced.  This  soil  is 
adapted  to  fruits  and  vegetables,  potatoes  and  peaches  doing  excep- 
tionally well.  Cotton  and  corn  give  medium  yields. 

1284567 

Soil  (8)  ....................  0          2          2        28        40        19          8 

Subsoil  (7)  ................  0          0          1         11        23        20        44 

Acres.  Acres. 

Austin,  Tex  ..................  ''  24,040     Houston  County,  Tex  ........     32,  128 

!)<•  Soto  Parish,  La  ............  110,  3»i  '  Waco,  Tex  ....................    24.  512 

Susquehanna  clay  loam.  -The  soil  is  a  yellow  or  brown  loam  about 
10  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy  mottled  red  clay  subsoil  identical 
with  Susquehanna  clay.  The  type  occupies  hills,  slopes,  and  valleys, 
and  is  adapted  to  grain  and  grass  crops.  Considerable  areas  are  yet  in 

oak  and  pine  forest. 

I         •„'        :t         (667 

Soil  (3)  ....................  2          2          2          X        2X         45         13 

Subsoil  (2)  ................  0         (I         0          3        Hi         25        55 

Acres. 

!><•  Soto  I'urish.  La  ............   M.ltXO 

1'rincn  CieorRe  County.  Mil  .....   Hi,  850 

a  Mappe<l  a.M  (turner  stony  Injun.        '•  Miipixvl  HH  l.nfkm  Hue  sanity  loam. 


T2  £0/7  S-nwry  Field  Book. 

Susquehanna  clay. — The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  6  inches  deep,  sometimes 
containing  gravel,  overlying  a  stiff,  tenacious,  red  and  mottled  pipe- 
clay subsoil.  The  type  occupies  hills  and  rolling  land  on  (he  inner  bor- 
der of  the  Coastal  Plain  region.  The  soil  is  very  refractory  and  hard  to 
cultivate.,  and  at  present  has  little  agricultural  value. 

I         -2        :t        4        5        ii        7 

Soil  (X) 2          3          2          5         11         33        39 

Subsoil  (Si 0          1148        :«)        54 

Acres.  I  Acres. 

Cecil  County.  Md 11,000  j  Macon  County,  Ala "32,000 

Ilarford  County,  Md 4,890  j  Montgomery  County,  Ala 129,344 

Houston  County,  Tex ">0,81(>  |  Prince  George  County,  Md 22,3CO 

WU'KHAM    SKKIKS. 

The  soils  of  this  series  occur  as  river  terraces  in  the  higher  part  of 
the  Coastal  Plain,  near  its  contact  with  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  They 
are  characterized  by  reddish  or  reddish-brown  surface  soils  contain- 
ing a  higher  percentage  of  organic  matter  than  the  Norfolk  scries,  and 
usually  overlie  reddish,  micaceous  heavy  sandy  loam  or  loam  subsoils 
which  become  coarser,  looser,  and  more  incoherent  at  about  30  inches. 
The  soils  generally  have  a  level  or  gently  undulating  surface,  are  fairly 
well  drained,  possess  a  retentive  subsoil,  and  have  a  relatively  high 
agricultural  value. 

Wickham  sand. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  yellowish-brown  coarse 
sand  from  16  to  26  inches  deep,  generally  coarser  in  texture  and  lighter 
in  color  below  14  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  reddish-brown  or  yellowish 
incoherent  sandy  loam,  which  grades  at  from  28  to  40  inches  into  a 
coarse,  gravelly  material.  The  type  occurs  along  the  rivers,  occupying 
level  or  slightly  sloping  terraces.  The  drainage  is  good  and  in  some  of 
the  coarser  phases  it  is  excessive.  The  type  is  derived  from  Pleistocene 
deposits.  General  farm  crops  are  the  principal  products  grown,  and 

fair  vields  are  secured. 

1284          5          (>  7 

Soil  (4) 7        30        13        17        13        11          9 

Subsoil  (4) (i        28        13        19        13        10        11 

Acres. 
Hanover  County,  Va 4,410 

Wickham  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  reddish-brown  or  brown  loamy 
sand  to  light  friable  sandy  loam  ranging  in  depth  from  10  to  26  inches. 


Mapped  as  Lufkin  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     73 

The  subsoil  is  a  reddish  sandy  loam  or  loam,  sometimes  containing  mica 
and  grading  into  a  heavy  sandy  loam  or  sandy  clay  also  containing 
mica.  The  type  occupies  terraces  a  part  of  which  are  overflowed.  The 
surface  is  level  or  nearly  so,  but  the  drainage  is  fairly  good.  It  is 
derived  from  Pleistocene  deposits.  This  is  a  very  desirable  soil  for 
general  farm  crops. 

1*84          a          6          7 

Soil  (4) 2        16        15        24        14        17        12 

Subsoil  (4) 2        13        14        21        11        10        23' 

Acres. 
Hanover  County,  Vu 5,120 

Wickham  clay  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  about  6  inches  of  pale- 
yellow  or  gray  loam  or  very  fine  sandy  loam,  passing  into  a  yellow 
clay  loam  which  extends  to  a  depth  of  12  inches.  The  subsoil  varies 
from  a  slightly  friable  to  a  stiff  yellow,  olive, or  mottled  clay, containing 
considerable  fine  sand  and  fine  flakes  of  mica  in  its  lower  depths.  The 
type  occupies  level  or  slightly  rolling  terraces  and  is  generally  well 
drained.  It  is  derived  from  sediments  of  Pleistocene  age.  The  soil  is 
very  productive,  yielding  in  good  seasons  from  40  to  60  bushels  of  corn, 
from  15  to  30  bushels  of  wheat,  50  or  more  bushels  of  oats,  and  from  1 
to  2  tons  of  hay  per  acre. 

1         2          S          4          5          «          7 

Soil  (2) 1          3          ,J        27        2.1        22        10 

Subsoil  (2) 0          1          3        10        22        24        84 

Acres. 
Hanover  County,  Va 2,170 

JHSCKLLA.NKOIS  SOILS  OK  TIIK  ATLANTIC    AM)  (JlLK  COASTAL  PLAINS. 

Travis  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  coarse,  sandy  loam  containing  u 
large  quantity  of  rounded  gravel  both  on  the  surface  and  in  the  soil. 
This  grades  at  a  depth  of  10  to  12  inches  into  a  mass  of  coarse  sand  and 
rounded  gravel  cemented  together  by  a  stiff, sticky  red  clay.  The  soil 
is  derived  from  material  brought  down  by  the  river  at  an  earlier  period 
and  deposited  along  its  course.  This  material  at  the  present  time, 
forms  a  series  of  terraces  on  each  side  of  the  stream.  Many  of  the 
rounded  pcbbloH  are  of  quart/,  and  granite.  The  location  of  the  type, 
together  with  the  open  texture,  allows  water  to  seep  rapidly  through  it, 
so  that  crops  .suffer  severely  from  drought.  On  a  few  of  the  more 


74  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

level  areas  cotton,  corn,  and  oats  are  grown,  but  the  yields  are  small. 
The  soil  seems  best  adapted  to  melons  and  tree  fruits.  This  type  is 
valuable  mainly  for  the  heavy  growth  of  post  oak  and  black-jack  oak 

covering  a  large  part  of  it. 

1234          5          6          7 

Soil  (.r)) 22        21          9        15        12        14          7 

Subsoil  (5) 14        Hi         0        11         G        10       34 

Acres. 

Austin,  Tox 13, 312 

Waco,  Tex 12,41(1 

Gainesville  sand. — The  Gainesville  sand  is  a  gray  loamy  sand  8 
inches  dee;>,  containing  much  organic  matter,  and  underlain  by  a  brown 
loamy  sand  of  looser  structure.  The  subsoil  varies  in  depth,  but  is 
usually  underlain  at  less  than  3  feet  by  a  calcareous  clay  or  by  partly 
weathered  limestone.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  limestone  frag- 
ments. This  soil  occupies  high,  rolling  upland,  and  the  drainage  is 
good.  The  soil  and  subsoil  retain  moisture  fairly  well,  but  the  type 
suffers  seriously  from  drought.  The  characteristic  vegetation  is  mixed 
forest  of  pine  and  hardwoods.  The  principal  crop  is  Sea-Island  cotton, 
for  which  the  soil  seems  especially  well  adapted.  Corn,  oats,  and  pea- 
nuts are  also  crops  successfully  grown.  Some  areas  are  used  for  general 
farming  and  the  raising  of  cattle  and  hogs. 

45          «          7 

5        12          3          1 
4        12          2          4 

Acres. 

7,744 

Leon  sand. — From  6  to  10  inches  the  soil  is  a  light-gray  or  white 
medium  sand,  occasionally  containing  sufficient  organic  matter  to  give 
it  a  dark-gray  color.  The  subsoil  is  a  compact  medium  white  sand, 
usually  saturated  with  water.  The  type  has  an  almost  level  surfacv. 
and  is  deficient  in  natural  drainage.  It  is  probably  derived  from 
marine  deposits  of  sand.  It  supports  a  timber  growth  of  longleaf  pine, 
and  an  undergrowth  of  wire  grass  and  dwarf  palmetto.  No  areas  under 
cultivation  have  been  encountered. 

1.        2       8        4        6          07 

Soil(l) 1        18        18        37        20          5          2 

Subsoil  (1) 1        15        10        38        21          G         3 

Acres. 
Leon  County,  Fla G1,37C 


Soil  (3)    . 

1 
1 

2 

12 

:j 
25 

4i 

Subsoil  (3) 

1 

11 

2.5 

4' 

Gainesville.  Flu.  . 

Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     75 

Calcasieu  fine  sand. — This  type  consists  of  a  fine  sand  or  fine  sandy 
loam  18  inches  in  depth,  underlain  by  10  inches  of  loam  bearing  some 
silt  and  sand,  grading  into  mottled  clays.  The  subsoil  often  carries 
iron  concretions.  The  fine  sand  phase  is  a  loose,  incoherent  gray  or 
dark  sand  derived  from  the  deposition  of  the  coastal  terrace.  The 
fine  sandy  loam  phase  is  a  yellow  sand  or  sandy  loam  occupying 
districts  near  rivers.  The  type  is  found  in  low  ridges  and  pine  regions 
and  is  adapted  to  truck  and  orchard  crops. 

1         234         5         «         7 

Soil  (4) 0          0          0        20        30        32          9 

Subsoil  (3) 0          0          0        1C        22        34        26 

Acres. 
Lake  Charles,  La 13,970 

Leon  fine  sand. — The  soil  is  a  light  gray  to  white  fine  sand,  underlain 
at  alxnit  12  inches  by  a  white  sand  subsoil  extending  to  a  deptli  of 
3  feet.  The  type  has  a  nearly  level  surface,  and  owing  to  its  wet 
and  in  some  places  swampy  condition,  is  unfit  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses. Longleaf  pine  is  the  principal  growth  on  this  soil.  In  origin, 
topography,  and  drainage  conditions  it  is  similar  to  the  Leon  sand, 
but  the  sand  is  much  finer  than  in  the  latter  type. 

1        •->        «       4        r,         «        7 

Soil  (1) 0          2          3        59        34          2          1 

Subsoil  (1) 0          2          3        58        44          2          7 

Acres. 
Ix'on  County,  Flu 8,192 

Amite  sandy  loam.- -The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  about  10  inches 
varies  from  a  brown  or  reddish-brown  sandy  loam  to  a  loamy  sand 
of  the  same  color.  The  subsoil  varies  from  a  heavy  red  sandy  loam  to 
a  sandy  clay.  The  surface  is  gently  rolling  and  the  type  is  some- 
times spoken  of  as  "second  bottom"  or  ''hammock  lands."  It  is 
sedimentary  in  origin.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  corn,  cotton,  oats, 
sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  and  sugar  cane,  and  i*  also  desirable  for 
truck  crops. 

1         •-'       :J        4        r>        <l         7 

Soil  (2) I)          4        12        :i4        11        ;«)          9 

Subsoil  (2) 0          2          '.»        25          S        35        21 

Acres. 

Timgipuhoii  Parish,  La 7,23'J 


76  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Collington  sandy  loam.— The  soil  is  a  loose,  loamy  brown  sand  from 

9  to  20  inches  deep,   usually   containing  considerable  coarse   sand, 
and  is  underlain  by  a  yellow  or  greenish-yellow  sticky  sandy  loam 
or  sandy  clay  subsoil.     The  type  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of 
green  glauconite  sand,  and  at  30  to  40  inches  pure  greensand  occurs. 
The  soil  is  very  productive  and  is  used  for  general  farming,  small 
fruits,  nursery  stock,  truck,  and  tobacco. 

1         23         4         66-7 

Soil  (9)... 1          9        18        38        11        13        10 

Subsoil  (9) 1          7        14        32        10        12        22 

Acres. 

Prince  George  County,  Md 23, 260 

Salem,  N.  J 4, 170 

Trenton,  N.  J 83, 456 

Warsaw  sandy  loam. — This  soil  consists  of  from  8  to  15  inches  of 
fine  sandy  loam,  and  is  underlain  to  a  depth  of  36  inches  or  more  with 
a  fine  sandy  clay  subsoil  brown  to  yellow  in  color.  The  soil  is  usually 
brown  or  light  brown,  tending  toward  a  dark  gray  in  the  lower  depres- 
sions, where  the  texture  becomes  rather  more  silty.  The  type  occurs 
mainly  as  second  bottom  terraces,  varying  in  width  from  one-fourth 
to  1  mile.  The  surface  is  usually  flat,  but  the  drainage  is  generally 
adequate.  It  is  sufficiently  elevated  above  the  streams  to  be  over- 
flowed only  in  seasons  of  unusually  high  water.  It  is  derived  from 
Pleistocene  deposits.  The  soil  is  naturally  quite  productive  and 
well  adapted  to  the  staple  crops  and  to  many  of  the  truck  crops. 
On  the  more  elevated  areas  small  fruits  and  peaches  do  well.  Cotton 
yields  from  one-half  to  three-fourths  bale  per  acre  and  corn  from 

10  to  20  bushels. 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 0          2          3        38        21        25        11 

Subsoil  (3) 0         1         2       22        19       26        30 

Acres. 
Sumter  County,  Ala 33, 408 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  compact  gray 
fine  sandy  loam  from  6  to  18  inches  in  depth,  resting  on  a  clay  loam 
subsoil  that  grades  into  a  black  or  yellow  clay  containing  lime  nodules 
and  iron  concretions.  It  occurs  along  streams  in  very  gently  rolling 
areas.  It  is  a  good  truck  soil  and  is  also  adapted  to  pears  and  berries. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     77 

1234567 

Soil  (6) 0          0          1        14        39        30        10 

Subsoil  (6) 0          0          0        12        27        37        22 

Acres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 23. 040 

Lake  Charles,  La...'. 5,500 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  or  black, 
changing  sometimes  to  light-gray,  heavy  very  fine  sandy  loam,  14 
inches  in  depth.  The  subsoil  is  a  loam  which  grades  at  10  inches 
into  a  clay  loam  carrying  some  silt,  which  in  turn  is  underlain  by  a 
mottled  clay,  often  carrying  iron  or  lime  concretions.  The  type  is 
found  on  the  higher  elevations  and  is  marked  by  sand  hummocks. 
It  owes  its  texture  to  local  erosion  and  admixture  of  sand  from 
hummock  areas,  and  was  originally  a  coastal  deposit .  It  is  adapted 
to  farm  crops  requiring  light  soils  and  medium  drainage. 

1  '2         «          4         5         6          7 

Soil  (12) 1  1          0          7        28        50        13 

Subsoil  (12) 0  1         0         0       21        4(i       24 

Acres,  i  Acres. 

Acadia  Parish,  La 28,032       De  Soto  Parish,  La 02, 592 

Brazoria,  Tex 38,784       Lake  Charles,  La 53,300 

Hyatt  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  sticky  fine  sandy  loam  to 
a  depth  of  10  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  drab  or  gray  silty  clay  of  a 
tough  consistency,  usually  containing  a  large  percentage  of  iron  con- 
cretions. The  drab  clay  is  mottled  with  iron  stains.  The  type  occurs 
on  lower  hillsides  and  low-Iyjng  bottoms.  The  latter  areas  are  subject 
to  frequent  overflow  and  drainage  is  poor.  Very  little  of  this  soil 
has  been  encountered  under  cultivation.  The  natural  growth  is 
gum,  cypress,  and  oak,  the  latter  making  some  very  fine  timber. 
The  crop  yields  are  only  moderate,  although  with  proper  drainage 
and  good  treatment  it  is  believed  this  soil  could  l>e  brought  to  a 
g(x>d  state  of  productiveness. 

1          •-»         :t        4         5         ft         7 

Soil  (2) 1          3          7        33        12        37          7 

Subsoil  (2) 1          2          f.        23          8        40        21 

Acres. 
Ouachita  Parish,  La 8,0(>4 

Amite  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  or  light  -chocolate  colored  loam 
alxMit  8  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  yellowish  or  reddish  clay  loam 
subsoil  of  uniform  texture  to  a  depth  of  30  inches.  The  type  is  of 


Soil  (3)  

1 

0 

0 

0 

Subsoil  (4)  . 

0 

1 

0 

Lake  Charles,  La.. 

78  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

alluvial  origin  and  occupies  the  higher  flood  plains.  It  is  a  good  corn 
soil,  producing  from  30  to  40  bushels  per  acre,  and  is  also  adapted 
to  cotton,  sugar  cane  and  some  truck  crops. 

i       a       :t       4        :>       «       7 

Soil  (21 0  1  2         Hi          8        50        23 

Subsoil  (2) 1 0          1          2        10          5        50        32 

Acres. 
Tangipahoa  Parish,  La Hi,  320 

Calcasieu  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  dark-brown,  brownish-gray 
or  gray,  silty  loam,  0  to  16  inches  in  depth,  grading  into  a  clay  loam 
subsoil  8  inches  deep,  beneath  which  are  mottled  clays.  The  type 
owes  its  origin  to  coastal  deposits  and  is  found  in  poorly  drained  areas 
or  depressions  containing  scattered  sand  mounds.  It  is  an  excellent 
rice  soil. 

4      r>       o        7 

3        19        (10        14 
3        10        55        20 
Acres. 
51,280 

Hempstead  loam. — The  soil  is  a  friable  brown  or  black  loam  8  inches 
deep,  containing  a  small  amount  of  white  quartz  gravel  and  locally 
becoming  somewhat  sandy.  The  subsoil,  to  a  depth  of  24  inches, 
consists  of  a  heavy  yellow  or  reddish  loam,  slightly  gravelly,  underlain 
by  a  bed  of  rounded  quartz  gravel  embedded  in  a  sandy  loam  matrix, 
all  considerably  stained  with  iron.  The  type  generally  occupies  level 
areas  and  was  originally  prairie.  The  soil  produces  good  crops  of 
corn,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  cabbage,  rye,  and  grass.  It  Ls  also  a  fail- 
soil  for  late  truck  crops. 

1         a         »         4        5         6         7 

Soil  (5) 3          7          4          5        11        48        21 

Subsoil  (5) 3         8         5         5        13        40        20 

Acres. 
Long  Island,  N.  Y «  53,824 

Lake  Charles  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown,  black,  or  bluish-black 
loam,  carrying  a  high  percentage  of  organic  material.  At  14  inches  a 
subsoil  of  clay  loam  appears,  underlain  by  mottled  clay.  The  type 
owes  its  origin  to  local  swamp  areas,  into  which  fine  loam  has  drifted. 

«  Part  of  this  was  mapped  as  Ilcmpstoad  gravelly  loam.  It  should  have 
been  mapped  as  Hempstead  loam  with  gravel  symbol,  and  the  gravelly  phase 
described  as  such  in  the  report. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     79 

It  is  a  heavy  soil,  difficult  to  till,  but  when  properly  cultivated  it 
makes  an  excellent  rice  land. 

1          •-'          «          4567 

Soil  (5) 0          1          1          4          8        02        22 

Subsoil  (5) 1          1          1          3         9       57       27 

Acms. 

Acadia  Parish,  La 4,ti08 

Lake  Charles,  La 1,770 

Letnardtown  loam." — The  soil  is  a  yellow  silty  loam  b  closely  resem- 
bling loess,  9  inches  deep,  and  is  underlain  by  a  red  and  mottled  clay 
loam  subsoil,  with  peculiar  interlocking  clay  lenses  and  pockets  of 
sand.  The  type  occupies  slightly  rolling  upland  and  is  a  good  soil  for 
general  farming,  wheat,  and  grass.  Much  of  the  area  of  this  type  is 
waste  land  or  grown  up  in  white  oak  and  pine  forests,  and  some  of  the 
more  level  areas  need  underdrainage.  The  soil  is  deficient  in  organic 

matter  and  lime. 

1        •_'        :{        4       5        f.        7 

Soil  (If.) 1237        12        .'.8        i:> 

Subsoil  (15) 2          3          3          7        10        50        23 

Acms.   j  Acres. 

Calvert  County,  Md 7,950  \  Prince  George  County,  Md  . . .  «•  49, 480 

Hanover  County,  Va <>,784  i  St.  Mary  County,  Md 95,500 

Mason  County,  Ky 320     Yorktown.  Va 3(!,800 

Acadia  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  white  or  light  ash-gray  loose  silt  loam 
from  1C  to  30  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  silty  clay  subsoil  of  a  mottled 
brown  and  yellow  color.  The  type  occurs  in  rolling  areas,  and  very 
little  of  it  is  cultivated. 

i        •_'       :i-      4        ;>       it        ; 

Soil  (2) 1212          (i        (19        21 

Sulisoil  (2) 0          1  1          2          3        <i3        31 

Acres. 
Acadia  Parish,  La S9.2XO 

Crowley  silt  loam.  -The  soil  is  a  silt  loam  having  an  average  depth 
of  10  inches.  When  wet  the  color  is  brown,  but  upon  drying  becomes 
fin  ash  gray.  This  is  usually  underlain  by  a  gray  or  mottled  gray  and 
yellow  silt  loam  to  a  depth  of  fropi  1(5  to  30  inches.  Below  this  depth 

"  <•<•  also  Portsmouth  silt  loam   p.  57. 

'•  This  soil  is  a  true  silt  loam  and  should  have  Ix'en  ground  \vilh  that  class. 

<•  Part  of  this  was  map|>ed  a*  I.coimrdtown  gravelly  loam.  It  should  have 
Ix-en  mapped  as  Ix-onardlown  loiun  with  gravelly  symbol  and  the  gravelly  phase 
destcrilx'd  as  such  in  the  report. 


80  So!l  Survey  Field  Book. 

is  a  mottled  gr&y,  yellow,  and  red  heavy  impervious  silt  clay.  Both 
soil  and  subsoil  contain  iron  and  lime  concretions.  The  type  occurs 
as  level  or  slightly  rolling  prairies  and  is  one  of  the  finest  rice  soils  of 
southern  Louisiana.  During  wet  seasons  water  often  stands  over  the 
surface,  but  when  well  drained  the  type  is  well  adapted  to  cotton  and 
oats. 

1          2          «          4          :>         (i          7 

Soil  (0) 1          1          0          1          8        71        17 

Subsoil  (0) 0         1116        71        18 

Lower  subsoil  (3) 0          102          5        (X)        31 

Acres. 

Acadia  Parish,  La 244, 1(K)     . 

Stuttgart,  Ark «  132,800 

Hammond  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  silty  or  very  fine  sandy  loam  with 
an  average  depth  of  15  inches.  The  surface  has  an  ashy-gray  color, 
which  changes  to  a  dark-gray  or  brown  when  wet.  The  gray  coloi 
may  continue  the  entire  depth  of  the  soil,  but  frequently  changes  to  » 
yellowish  color  at  4  or  5  inches  from  the  surface.  The  subsoil  is.  a 
heavy  silty  clay  of  a  yellowish  color,  with  drab,  brown,  or  red  mot- 
tling. A  few  iron  concretions  are  found.  The  type  usually  occupies 
level  areas,  and  the  drainage  is  generally  poor.  It  is  derived  from  the 
Port  Hudson  clays,  is  deficient  in  organic  matter,  and  is  not  naturally 
a  productive  soil.  It  is  fairly  well  suited  to  oats,  crab-grass  hay, 
sugar  cane,  and  small  truck.  With  heavy  fertilization  large  yields  of 
strawberries  are  secured.  The  principal  forest  growth  is  longleaf  pine. 

1          '2         8          4         5          0          7 

Soil  (2) '.....I          2          2          9        23        51         12 

Subsoil  (2) 0         1          1          9        18        43       28 

Acres. 
Tangipahoa  Parish,  La 70,976 

Landry  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  silt  loam  10  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  a  heavy  brown  clay  subsoil  grading  into  greenish-yellow 
or  drab  clays.  The  subsoil  contains  numerous  lime  and  iron  concre- 
tions and  differs  from  that  of  the  Crowley  silt  loam  in  being  more 
friable,  less  plastic,  and  having  a  more  noticeable  silty  texture.  The 
soil  is  productive,  but  the  surface  is  so  rolling  that  irrigation  is  imprac- 


o  Mapped  in  part  as  Alinyra  silt  loam  and  in  part  as  Miami  clay  loam.  The 
ti mix? red  part  of  the  latter  type  should  have  lx?en  separated  and  correlated 
with  the  Acadia  silt  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     81 

ticable,   and   rice   culture   is   therefore   impossible.     It    is   fairly   well 
adapted  to  cotton. 

1          '1         !5          4          .>         0          7 

Soil  (3) 1          1          1          2          7        70        IS 

Subsoil  (3) 1          1          0          1          -1        71        22 

Acres. 
Acadia  Parish,  La 37,0% 

Monroe  silt  loam.—  The  soil  is  a  fine  sandy  or  silty  loam  10  inches  in 
depth,  underlain  by  a  yellow  or  red  silty  clay  subsoil,  usually  mottled 
with  white  or  brown  below  2  feet.  The  type  occurs  as  low  terraces 
or  in  hills  of  little  elevation.  The  forest  growth  is  oak  and  pine. 
Very  little  of  the  type  has  been  cultivated,  and  that  with  very  poor 
success.  Cotton  can  hardly  be  made  to  yield  one-half  bale  per  acre, 
and  corn  proportionally  less. 

I        -2        :{       4        :> 

Soil  (4) 1          1          1        11        13 

Subsoil  (4i 0          1          1        11        13 

Acres. 

Ouachitu  Parish,  La 39,2«2 

Tungipahoa  Parish,  La l%,8i>4 

Crockett  clay  loam. — This  is  a  dark-brown  or  black  clay  loam  from 
12  to  18  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  mottled  drab  and  red,  and  some- 
times yellow,  clay  loam.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  a  small  pro- 
portion of  fine  smooth  gravel  or  iron  concretions  and,  at  a  depth  of 
several  feet,  occurs  a  brittle  gray  material  having  much  the  same 
texture  as  soft  soapstone  rock  and  being  sometimes  stratified.  The 
surface  of  the  type  is  gently  rolling  to  level  and  fairly  well  drained. 
This  soil  was  probably  formed  by  the  weathering  of  some  calca- 
reous material,  perhaps  an  impure  limestone.  It  is  best  suited  to 
col  ton,  corn,  grain,  and  grasses.  Alfalfa  also  should  do  well. 

I         •_'        :t        «        :> 

Soil  (I) I  2  1         12        20 

Subsoil  (it I        2        i       ii       i:> 

Acres. 
Houston  County.  Tex .1,312 

Lacasine  clay  loam.  The  soil  is  rv  heavy  brown  or  black  day  loam 
20  inches  deep,  grading  into  mottled  clay  subsoil.  The  subsoil  ion- 
tains  some  silt,  iron  nodules,  and  sometimes  lime  concretions.  The 
I  \  [»•  is  found  in  depressions  in  large  swamp  areas  free  from  hummocks. 

:5207.">— (X» «S 


82  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

The  soil  is  hoavy,  difficult  to  till,  and  poorly  drained,  but  with  lasting 
properties.     This  type  has  no  agricultural  importance. 

1284563 

Soil  (3) 0         0         1          7        1<>        54        18 

Subsoil  (3) 0          0          0          3        13        5ti        24 

Acres. 
Lake  Charles,  La 3,470 

San  Antonio  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brownish  or  chocolate-colored 
loam  or  clay  loam,  from  8  to  12  inches  deep.  As  a  rule,  there  is  no 
definite  line  of  demarcation  between  soil  and  subsoil,  either  as  to  tex- 
ture or  color.  Below  12  inches  and  extending  to  about  24  inches  the 
subsoil  becomes  lighter  in  color  and  usually  somewhat  heavier  in  tex- 
ture; thence  to  a  depth  of  36  inches  the  color  changes  to  reddish  and 
the  texture  becomes  lighter,  the  material  usually  grading  into  coarse 
limestone  gravel.  This  soil  is  derived  directly  from  a  limestone 
belonging  to  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  or  from  limestone  material 
reworked  by  ancient  floods.  The  greater  part  of  this  type  is  under 
cultivation.  It  is  very  productive.  Where  irrigated,  it  is  excellent 
for  such  fruit  as  is  suited  to  the  climate.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  cotton, 
corn,  and  hay,  while  sorghum  and  alfalfa  are  grown  with  a  fair  degree 

of  success. 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 0          1          1          9        17        45        27 

Subsoil  (3) 1          1          1         8        15        45        29 

Acres. 
San  Antonio  area,  Tex 28,608 

Alloway  clay.tt — The  soil  is  a  red  or  gray  clay  loam  6  inches  deep, 
containing  some  gravel,  underlain  by  a  mottled  yellow  and  gray  sticky 
clay  subsoil  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  The  type  occupies  rolling 
upland  or  bottoms,  and  is  derived  from  recent  sediments  of  Miocene 
or  Glacial  material.  It  is  a  good  grass  and  wheat  soil  and  produces 
fine  apples.  The  soil  is  difficult  to  till  and  is  generally  in  need  of  under- 
drainage. 

1234          5         0          7 

Soil  (3) 2          7          6          8          5        48        21 

Subsoil  (3) 1         5         5         7         8        40        32 

Acres 

Salem.  N.  J 10,580 

Trenton,  N.  J 11,904 

n  See  also  Dunkirk  clay,  p.  154. 


Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains.     83 

Mobile  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  a  yellow  loam,  with  an  average 
depth  of  8  inches,  resting  on  a  stiff,  plastic  yellow  clay  or  sandy  clay 
subsoil  extending  to  a  depth  of  3  or  more  feet.  The  soil  is  character- 
ized by  the  presence  of  many  iron  concretions,  and  is  usually  found 
overlying  the  materials  forming  the  Orangeburg  sandy  loam.  The 
surface  is  flat  and  marked  by  many  swampy,  pondlike  depressions 
covered  by  a  scrubby  growth  of  gum.  The  drainage  is  generally  poor. 
The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  grain  and  grass. 

1284567 

Soil  (2) 1          3          7        20        28        23        18 

Subsoil  (2) 0          3          6        17        23        27        26 

Acres. 
Mobile,  Ala 896 

Morse  clay. — This  type  consists  of  a  heavy  silt  or  clay  loam  6  to  8 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy  mottled  clay  subsoil,  both  soil  and 
subsoil  being  quite  calcareous.  The  type  occurs  along  stream  courses 
and  generally  has  good  drainage.  It  is  a  very  unimportant  soil,  dif- 
ficult to  till,  and  little  of  it  is  under  cultivation.  It  is  adapted  to  rice 
where  irrigation  is  possible,  and  in  the  well-drained  areas  is  fairly  well 
adapted  to  corn  and  cotton. 

5       6        7 
3        .53        41 
3         41         54 
Acres. 
.   J,664 

Suffield  clay. — The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a 
close-textured,  laminated  clay  sulwoil  The  type  owes  its  origin  to 
lacustrine  deposits.  It  occupies  very  poorly  drained,  level  areas  in 
the  Connecticut  Valley.  On  account  of  its  poorly  drained  condition 
and  close  structure  the  soil  is  not  adapted  at  present  to  any  agricul- 
tural purposes,  although  used  to  some  extent  for  pasturage. 

1884         .'»         «         7 

Soil  (i) i        :t        a      2i       is      :«»      24 

Subsoil  (1) 0          1  1          »          S        3.1        4.1 

Acred. 

Connecticut  Valley,  Conn,  and  Mass.  23,010 


Soil  (1)  

1 

..  1 

-         3 

1          1 

4 

? 

Subsoil  (1)  

..  1 

1          0 

1 

Acadia  Parish. 

La... 

84  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

SOILS  OF  TIIK  FLOOD  PLAINS  OF  TIIK  MISSISSIPPI  AM>  OTHKIt  KIVKUS. 

An  extensive  and  characteristic  group  of  soils,  usually  known  as 
"bottom  lands,"  is  found  in  the  flood  plains  of  numerous  streams  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley  and  Coastal  Plain.  The  largest,  development  of 
this  group  occurs  along  the  Mississippi  River,  where  the  bottoms  are 
often  many  miles  in  width. 

The  soils  have  been  formed  by  deposition  from  stream  waters  during 
periods  of  overflow.  The  texture  of  the  material  depends  upon  the 
velocity  of  the  current  at  the  time  of  deposition.  Where  the  cur- 
rent is  very  rapid,  large  stones  and  bowlders  are  borne  along  and  beds 
of  gravel  and  sand  are  formed.  Along  the  swift-flowing  streams  the 
texture  of  the  soil  changes  often  within  short  distances,  but  in  the  wide 
bottoms  large  areas  of  very  uniform  soils  are  often  formed.  The  soil 
material  has  usually  been  derived  from  various  kinds  of  rocks,  but  in 
some  instances  is  closely  related  to  the  surrounding  geological  forma- 
tion. The  red  soils  along  the  Red  and  other  rivers  in  the  Southwest 
have  been  formed  by  the  reworking  of  the  Permian  Red  Beds.  In 
general,  the  soils  along  the  streams  which  flow  through  the  prairie 
region  have  a  darker  color  than  those  along  the  streams  which  run 
only  through  the  timbered  sections  of  the  country. 

The  difference  in  the  origin,  drainage,  color,  and  organic  matter  con- 
tent has  given  rise  to  three  series  of  alluvial  soils  in  the  humid  portion 
of  the  United  States,  which  have  been  named  the  Wabash,  Waverly, 
and  Miller  series. 

WABASH    SERIES. 

The  Wabash  series  comprises  the  most  important  of  the  alluvial 
types  of  soil.  It  embraces  those  soils  having  a  dark-brown  to  black 
color  and  a  large  percentage  of  organic  matter.  These  soils  are  typical 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  but  there  is  no  sharp  distinction  between 
them  and  other  bottom  soils  found  ."long  the  rivers  of  the  Middle  West. 
They  are  among  the  strongest  and  most  productive  soils  in  the  country. 

Wabash  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  from  12  to  24  inches 
consists  of  a  dark-brown  to  reddish-brown  sandy  loam  of  rather  coarse 
texture,  becoming  lighter  in  color  with  depth.  This  is  underlain  by  a 
yellowish  coarse  sandy  loam,  coarse  sand,  or  stratified  gravel.  Gener- 
ally considerable  gravel  is  distributed  throughout  the  soil  profile.  The 
type  occupies  strips  along  river  and  stream  bottoms  and  is  generally 


Soils  of  the  Flood  Plains.  85 

subject  to  overflow.  It  is  usually  well  drained.  The  principal  crop  is 
corn.  The  soil  is  also  well  suited  to  melons,  sweet  potatoes,  cabbage, 
and  other  truck  crops. 

1         •_'         3          4         5          6  7 

Soil  (3) 2        13        21        27        17        12          7 

Subsoil  (2) 2        13        17        32        15        13          S 

Acres. 

Montgomery  County,  Ohio "4,000 

Tippecanoe  County,  Ind 2,  (124 

Wabash  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  light-brown  to  black 
fine  sandy  loam  about  12  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  varies  from  a  fine 
sandy  loam  to  a  fine  sand,  which  is  generally  dark  colored,  though 
sometimes  passing  into  a  yellow  material  at  about  24  inches.  Fre- 
quently considerable  fine  rounded  gravel  is  distributed  throughout  the 
subsoil.  The  type  is  alluvial,  and  occupies  flat  bottom  lands.  Some 
areas  produce  heavy  yields  of  wheat,  oats,  and  corn,  while  others  are 
better  suited  to  melons,  sugar  lx>ets,  Irish  potatoes,  and  alfalfa. 

1        -J        :J       4        :>        8        7 

Soil  (2) 0          1          8        38        22        21         10 

Subsoil  (2) 0          1          8        37        24        20        10 

Acres. 

Posey  County,  Ind a  3, 584 

Stanton,  Nobr 6  22, 144 

Tippecanoo County,  Ind 11.712 

Wabash  loam. — Owing  to  its  wide  distribution  and  its  alluvial  origin 
from  the  was!)  of  soils  of  different  texture,  the  local  characteristics  of 
this  type  show  considerable  variation.  It  is  generally  a  brown  loam 
alxHit  10  inches  deep,  often  containing  a  small  proportion  of  sand,  and 
in  local  areas  some  gravel.  The  subsoil  is  usually  a  heavy  brownish- 
yellow  loam  20  to  40  inches  deep,  overlying  a  gravelly  loam.  It  occurs 
as  first  lx>ttoms  along  rivers  and  small  streams,  and  much  of  it  is  sul>- 
ject  to  periodical  overflow.  It  is  a  first-class  corn  soil,  producing  from 
3")  to  60  bushels  per  acre.  More  extensive  use  should  be  made  of  this 
type  for  canning  crops,  such  as  sugar  corn,  green  |x-as,  tomatoes,  etc. 


"  M:I|>|M'.|  as  Mi. i  mi  sandy  loam. 

'•  Mitppfl  as  Arkansas  lini-  sandy  loam. 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Soil  (21) 

Subsoil  (30) . 


6         7 

44        17 
42        22 


Acres. 

Auburn,  N.  Y a  5, 696 

Bigflats.  N.  Y 6  5, 632 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 9,280 

Carrington,  N.  Dak 1.536 

Cleveland,  Ohio 14,080 

Columbus,  Ohio a  26, 880 

Coshocton,  Ohio a  17, 600 

Fargo,  N.  Dak all, 968 

Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak «  17, 728 

Lyons,  N.  Y a  5, 184 


Acres. 

Marshall,  Minn a  3, 968 

Montgomery  County,  Ohio. . .  «  14,000 

Pontiac,  Mich o  1, 152 

Portage  County,  Wis 2,944 

Syracuse,  N.  Y a  9, 728 

Tazewell  County,  111 c  29, 056 

Toledo,  Ohio a  5, 504 

Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 4, 352 

Viroqua,  Wis a  23,552 

Westerville,  Ohio a  17, 856 


Wabash  silt  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  dark-brown  to  black  silt 
loam  about  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy  silt  loam  of  lighter 
color.  Sometimes,  however,  the  dark  color  extends  to  a  depth  of  3 
feet  or  more.  The  type  is  of  alluvial  origin,  occupying  stream  bottoms 
subject  to  overflow,  and  is  often  poorly  drained.  When  well  drained 
it  is  a  good  soil,  producing  heavy  crops  of  corn  and  grass  and  fair 
yields  of  small  grain. 


1 

Soil  (41) 0 

Subsoil  (40) 0 

Acres. 

Brown  County,  Kans <*  29, 952 

Clarksville,  Tenn <  17,090 

Clinton  County,  111 /  24, 576 

Crawford  County,  Mo 42, 112 

Davidson  County,  Tenn « 12. 864 

Dubuque,  Iowa Q  22, 272 

Fort  Payne,  Ala «  4,992 

Ilowell  County,  Mo «  48, 512 

Knox  County,  111 /  29, 148 

Lauderdale  County,  Ala «  44,800 

Lawrence  County,  Tenn «  7,616 

Madison  County,  Ky 12, 672 

McLean  County,  111 /  20, 352 

Montgomery  County,  Tenn  . . .  <  17,090 
Newton  County,  Ind /  832 

a  Mapped  as  Miami  loam. 

b  Mapped  as  Elmirafine  sandy  loam. 

c  Mapped  as  Lintonia  loam.  Part  of 
this  should  have  been  mapped  as  Wa- 
bash silt  loam. 

d  Mapped  as  Yazoo  silt  loam. 


Acres. 

Pikeville,  Tenn «  1,280 

Posey  County,  Ind A  10, 384 

Russell,  Kans ;'  12, 864 

Saline  County,  Mo «  5, 440 

Sangamon  County,  111 /  40, 192 

Sarpy  County,  Mo 18, 496 

Scotland  County,  Mo 46, 016 

Stanton,  Ncbr »'  25, 152 

St.  Clair  County,  111 /  9, 664 

Tama  County,  Iowa /  70, 592 

Tippecanoe  County,  Ind 9, 408 

Union  County,  Ivy A  25, 216 

Warren  County,  Ky «7,552 

Webster  County,  Mo «  17, 600 

t  Mapped  as  Clarksville  loam. 
/  Mapped  as  Kaskaskia  loam. 
g  Mapped  as  Lintonia  loam. 
A  Mapped  as  Waverly  silt  loam, 
t  Mapped  as  Elkhorn  silt  loam. 
i  Mapped  as  Waldo  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Flood  Plains. 


87 


Wabash  clay. — The  soil  is  a  drab  to  black  heavy  clay  loam  6  inches 
deep,  containing  considerable  organic  matter.  The  soil  suncracks 
badly,  frequently  forming  small  aggregates  which  cause  a  close  resem- 
blance to  "buckshot  land."  The  subsoil  is  a  drab  or  gray  clay,  some- 
times resting  upon  fine  sand  at  a  depth  of  about  5  feet.  The  type 
occupies  low  areas  to  the  rear  of  front  lands  and  higher  ridges  in  open 
forest  lands  in  river  deltas.  It  would  usually  be  improved  by  drainage. 
In  the  northern  areas  the  soil  is  adapted  to  corn ;  in  the  southern  areas 
it  is  the  finest  cotton  soil,  yielding  about  1  \  bales  per  acre. 


Soil  (41)  

1 

0 

23456 

1          1          3          7        49 

7 

37 

Subsoil  (41)  

....  0 

0          1          3        18        48 

40 

Allen  County,  Kans 

Acres. 
"5.299 

Parsons,  Kans  . 

Acres. 
t31,808 

Anderson  County,  Tex 

6  47,  872 

Saline  County,  Mo 

6  28,  544 

Austin  Tex 

6  11,  840 

Sarpy  County,  Nebr 

3,648 

Brazoria,  Tex  

69,  152 

Scotland  County,  Mo  

4,672 

Carrington,  N.  Dak             ..   . 

3,328 

St.  Clair  County,  111  

...  626,994 

Clinton  County,  111 

6  5,  376 

Srnedes,  Miss  

6  37,  7(iO 

East  Baton  Rouge  Parish,  La 

613,824 

Tangipahoa  Parish,  La 

6  8,  896 

Houston  County,  Tex 

48,768 

Tazewell  County,  111 

613,696 

Johnson  County,  111 

61,664 

Waco,  Tex 

67,488 

Montgomery  County,  Ala  

6  50,  624 

Wooster,  Ohio  

...     61,216 

New  Orleans,  La  

618,368 

Yazoo,  Miss  '. 

.  645,080 

O'Fallon.  Mo  .. 

631.936 

Wabash  heavy  clay.  —  The  soil  is  a  dark-drab  to  black  heavy  clay, 
underlain  at  about  10  inches  by  a  slightly  lighter  colored  but  stiflVr 
and  more  tenacious  clay,  which  generally  becomes  heavier  with  depth. 
If  cultivated  too  wet  the  soil  clods  so  as  to  interfere  seriously  witli  cul- 
tivation. Areas  not  under  cultivation  often  bake  and  suncrack.  The 
surface  is  level,  with  occasional  swales  and  slight  depressions.  The 
type  is  alluvial  in  origin.  The  soil  is  very  productive,  giving  large 
yields  of  cotton,  corn,  oats,  and  forage  crops.  Spring  overflows  make 
wheat  rather  an  uncertain  crop. 


1 


4  41 

5  6 
4          9 

Acres. 
Waco,  Tex..  . .  d  13,248 


Soil  (2)  ....................  0 

Subsoil  (2)  ...  .  .  0 


0 


«  Mapped  in  part  as  Yazoo  clay  and  In  part  us  Sharkey  clay. 

''  Map|»od  as  Y  117.00  rlay. 

r  Mapped  as  Sharkey  clay. 

rf  Mapped  as  Yfl/.no  heavy  cluy. 


88  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

WAVERLY    SERIES. 

The  Waverly  scries  is  characterized  by  light-colored  surface  soils 
with  drab, 'gray,  and  mottled  yellow  or  white  subsoils.  The  soils  of 
this  series  occur  almost  entirely  along  the  streams  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  They  are  not  as  productive,  as  the  soils  of  the  Wabash  series. 

Waverly  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  15  inches  is  a 
light-brown  to  gray  fine  sandy  loam,  the  sand  content  being  usually 
large  and  of  the  finer  grades.  The  soil  becomes  heavier  as  (lie  depth 
increases,  and  at  from  15  to  20  inches  grades  into  a  brown  fine  sandy 
loam  with  a  larger  percentage  of  silt  and  clay.  The  sand  content, 
depth  of  soil,  and  size  of  the  sand  particles  often  vary  according  to  loca- 
tion. The  type  generally  occurs  as  a  sandy  ridge  along  streams.  Its 
elevation  above  the  stream  assures  good  drainage.  The  soil  is  alluvial 
in  origin,  is  productive  and  easily  cultivated,  and  in  seasons  of  average 
rainfall  the  crop  yields  are  large.  The  type  is  best  adapted  to  corn, 
melons,  early  vegetables,  and  alfalfa.  The  other  crops  successfully 
grown  are  wheat,  oats,  potatoes,  and  tobacco. 

12345          67 

Soil  (6) 0          0          2        28        31        27        11 

Subsoil  (0) 0          0          3        31        28        2.r>        12 


Acres. 

Boonville,  Ind 3,904 

Clay  County.  Ill 61,344 


Acres. 

Posey  County,  Ind a  3, 456 

U-nion  County,  Ky a  3, 072 


Crystalsprings.  Miss 3,840 

Waverly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  loam  about  10  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  a  brown  to  yellowish  clay  loam  or  a  clay.  The  type  occurs 
as  first-bottom  land  along  rivers  and  creeks.  The  surface  as  a  rule  is 
flat,  though  occasionally  it  may  be  slightly  rolling.  Open  ditches  are 
frequently  necessary  to  provide  adequate  drainage.  The  type  is  allu- 
vial in  origin.  The  original  timber  growth  consists  mainly  of  gum, 
sycamore,  water  oak,  beech,  and  willow.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  corn, 
wheat,  and  cotton,  as  well  as  to  forage  crops,  according  to  location, 
and  large  yields  are  secured  when  no  injury  is  sustained  by  overflows. 


1 

•_'        :{ 

4         5 

(i 

Soil  (.">) 

0 

2        :i 

13         Hi 

4.X 

Subsoil  (f>) 

0 

3          4 

12         14 

30 

Acres. 

Henderson  County 

Tonn  

.      47,  3(10 

Posev  Counti 

•   Ind 

<-S.320 

Sumter County,  Ala 100,2X8 


«  Mapped  as  Miami  fine  sandy  loam.  <•  Mapped  as  Ya/.oo  loam. 

'•  Mapped  as  Ya?oo  sandy  loam 


Soils  of  the  Flood  Plains.  89 

Waverly  silt  loam." — The  soil  is  a  light-brown  to  white  silty  loam 
about  10  inches  in  depth  and  is  underlain  by  a  grayish  or  yellowish 
siltv  loam  of  closer  structure.  The  type  occupies  bottom  lands  and 
marshy  depressions,  and  owes  its  origin  to  sediments  washed  from 
adjoining  siltv  uplands.  Corn  is  the  principal  crop  grown  on  this  soil. 

1884         5        (i         7 

Soil  (23) 0          1  1          3          8        71        16 

Subsoil  (23) 0          1          1          3          C        70        19 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Boonvillc,  Ind 17,280     McCrackon  County,  Ky 5,824 

Clay  County,  111 30,97(i     O'Falion.  Mo 57.088 

Clinton  County,  111  . .  . .  42, 112     St.  Clair  County,  111  . .  . .  25, 152 


Crystalsprings,  Miss 25, 088 

Johnson  County,  111  . .  ..  31.936 


Scott  County,  Ind 20.  NX) 


Waverly  clay  loam. — The  soil  to  a  deptli  of  about  6  inches  is  a  heavy 
light-brown  to  grayish  silt  loam,  often  containing  small  iron  concre- 
tions scattered  over  the  surface  and  through  the  soil.  The  soil  becomes 
heavier  with  depth  and  grades  into  a  very  heavy  silt  loam  containing  a 
large  percentage  of  clay.  At  a  deptli  of  from  12  to  20  inches  the  sub- 
soil is  a  sticky,  mottled  clay,  usually  containing  small  iron  concretions, 
becoming  stilFer  and  more  tenacious  as  the  depth  increases.  There  is 
apparently  little  organic  matter  in  the  soil  except  in  swampy  areas. 
The  compact  nature  of  the  soil,  together  with  its  level  topography  and 
low-lying  position,  often  makes  drainage  very  difficult.  This  type  is 
alluvial  in  origin,  having  l>een  formed  largely  by  the  reworking  by 
stream  action  of  the  loessial  material  from  the  uplands.  The  soil  seems 
l>e.st  adapted  to  clover,  timothy,  and  redtop.  The  other  crops  grown 
are  tobacco,  wheat,- and  corn,  the  yields  depending  on  thoroughness  of 
drainage  and  cultivation.  Where  no  drainage  is  practiced  the  land  is 
either  covered  with  a  growth  of  scrub  oak  or  used  exclusively  for 
for  pasture. 

l        >2        :t        4        :>       o        7 

Soil  (5) 1          2          1          3          (i        ;><;        M 

Subsoil  (5) 1  1  I          3          4        r»()        40 

Acres 

Boonville   I  ml 30.20S 

O  Kallon.  Mo 23. 424 

I'osev  County,  Ind  ..  .   M4,.V.»2 


«  See  also  Wiibasb  silt  lomii,  p.  ST.. 
'-  Mapped  as  Cutline  clay. 


90  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Waverly  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  a  light-brown  clay  loam  about 
10  inches  deep.  The  percentage  of  clay  and  silt  is  high,  and  the  soil 
rapidly  becomes  stifTer  and  more  tenacious  with  depth,  grading  into 
a  heavy,  tenacious  clay  subsoil  of  a  brown  or  drab  color  which  is  often 
mottled  in  the  lower  depressions.  A  few  small  iron  concretions  are 
frequently  seen,  both  in  the  soil  and  the  subsoil,  especially  in  the  more 
swampy  ureas.  The  type  occupies  low  bottom  lands,  is  alluvial  in 
origin,  and  subject  to  overflow.  The  occasional  addition  of  new  mate- 
rial to  the  soil  tends  to  maintain  its  productiveness.  This  soil  is  l>est 
adapted  to  corn,  and  when  well  drained  and  cultivated  it  yields  as 
much  as  60  bushels  per  acre.  Wheat,  when  not  damaged  or  destroyed 
by  floods,  does  well,  and  also  oats  and  tobacco.  Clover,  timothy,  and 

other  grasses  give  large  yields. 

1  '_'          :{          4         :>         6          7 

Soil  (9) 0  1          0          1          .5        58        35 

Subsoil  (9) 0  0  •        1          1          7        ">4        S<> 

Acres.  !  Acres. 

Boonvillo,  Ind 8, 320  Union  County,  Ky &  28, 480 

McCracken  County,  Ky 9, 530  Wooster,  Ohio L>5,  408 

Poscy  County,  Ind «30,720  j  Huntsvilln,  Ala fll,840 

MILLER    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  thr  Miller  series  are  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
Wabash  and  Waverly  scries  by  their  reddish  color.  They  occur 
along  the  Red  and  other  rivers  that  flow  through  the  Permian  Red 
Beds  and  represent  this  material  reworked  by  streams.  As  these 
streams  flow  away  from  the  areas  covered  by  the  red  beds,  material 
from  the  surrounding  country  is  added,  so  the  soils  gradually  lose 
their  red  color  and  change  to  the  Wabash  or  Waverly  series.  These 
are  productive  soils,  but  are  not  so  desirable  as  those  of  the  Wabash 
series. 

Miller  fine  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  a  loose,  loamy  gray  to  reddish- 
gray  fine  sand,  resting  on  a  loose  fine  sand  extending  to  a  depth  of 
several  feet.  It  is  a  river  valley  soil,  alluvial  in  origin  and  usually 
well  drained.  It  is  used  principally  for  corn  and  cotton,  and  fair 
yields  are  received.  The  higher  lying  areas  are  well  adapted  to  fruit, 
especially  peaches.  Vegetables  also  do  well,  but  are  grown  only  for 
home  consumption. 

«  Mapped  as  Yazoo  clay. 

t>  Mapped  in  part  as  Yazoo  clay  and  in  part  as  Sharkoy  clay. 

c  Mapped  as  Clarksvillc  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Flood  Plains.  91 

128456         7 

Soil  (4) 0  1  6  45  35  9  3 

Subsoil  (4) 0  1  3  28  53  11  4 

Acres. 

Miller  County,  Ark 34,088 

Paris,  Tex «  13, 312 

Waco,  Tex 1 , 408 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  brown  or  gravish- 
brown  fine  to  very  fine  sandy  loam  from  12  to  24  inches  deep,  under- 
lain by  a  heavy  fine  red  sandy  loam  or  sandy  clay.  In  local  areas  the 
soil  may  extend  to  a  depth  of  3  feet.  This  is  an  alluvial  type  formed 
by  the  reworking  of  the  Permian  Red  Beds  and  occurs  as  terraces  along 
streams.  The  higher  areas  are  seldom  if  ever  overflowed.  The  type 
is  well  drained,  except  in  small  local  areas.  It  is  a  good  soil  for  corn 
and  cotton  and  is  also  well  adapted  to  truck  and  fruits. 

1          L»          8         4          .")          (i          7 

Soil  (7) 1          1          '2        15        4(.        1>:{          '.» 

Subsoil  (4) 1          1          3        15        30        24        25 

Acres. 

Miller  County,  Ark 28,544 

Ouachita  Parish,  La &  86/272 

Waco.Tex 22,208 

Miller  silt  loam. — The  surface  soil  consists  of  a  brown,  red,  or  light- 
choeolate  colored  silty  loam,  varying  in  depth  from  6  to  20  inches. 
The  subsoil  is  a  heavy  red  silt  loam,  often  grading  into  a  lighter- 
colored  fine  sandy  loam  at  about  2  to  3  feet.  This  is  an  alluvial  soil 
occupying  level  or  slightly  rolling  areas  and  is  frequently  subject  to 
overflow.  It  is  a  friable,  productive,  and  easily  cultivated  soil,  and  is 
usually  naturally  well  drained.  It  is  adapted  to  cotton,  corn,  alfalfa, 
and  sugar  cane,  and  also  to  late  vegetable  and  truck  crops.  The  tim- 
Ix-r  growth  is  cotton  wood,  ash,  hickory,  red  oak,  and  sweet  gum. 

1  •_'        :i        4        :»        ti  7 

Soil  (7) 0  1  1  2         II         71  15 

Subsoil  (8) 0  0  1  .'i         13        04  19 

Acres.  [  Acres. 

l)e  Soto  Parish,  La 5,248  Vernon,  Tex ..    <*2,8NO 


Paris,  Tex <-H,512 


Waco,  Tex {Nil) 


a  Mapped  as  Vernon  flue  sand  lull  now  recognized  us  N-longing  in  the  Miller 
series. 

'•  Miip|>ed  us  Monroe  fine  sandy  loam. 

r Mapped  us  Orangrttnirg  silt  loam,  but  now  recognized  as  l>elonging  in  the 
Miller  series. 

d  Mapped  as  Vernon  silt  loam,  but  now  recognized  as  In-longing  in  the  Miller 
scries. 


92  Soil  Surrey  Field  Book. 

Miller  clay. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  10  inches  is  a  brownish-red  or 
chocolate-colored  clay,  underlain  by  a  stiff,  tenacious  brown  or  red  clay 
subsoil.  In  some  cases  a  yellow  fine  sandy  loam  is  found  at  a  depth  of 
3  feet,  while  in  depressed  areas  subject  to  frequent  and  long-continued 
overflows  a  drab  or  blue  clay  may  form  the  deeper  subsoil.  This  soil 
represents  the  finest  materials  brought  down  by  streams  from  the 
Permian  Red  Beds  and  deposited  during  overflows.  It  is  a  strong  soil 
for  corn,  cotton,  and  sugar  cane,  and  where  well  drained  large  yields 
are  secured.  The  timbered  areas  support  a  heavy  growth  of  oak, 
gum,  whitewood,  and  cypress,  with  a  dense  undergrowth  of  shrubs, 
vines,  and  briers. 


1          '2 

:{        4        5 

(i 

7 

Soil  (4)                                        0          1 

2          1           1 

33 

02 

Subsoil  (4)  0          1 

1           1           1 

33 

03 

Acres. 

De  Soto  Parish,  La  

9,152 

Waco.  Tex.. 

"4,008 

Miller  County,  Ark '>  110,1)56 

MISCELLANEOUS   SOILS    OF   THE    FLOOD    PLAINS   OF  THE   MISSISSIPPI 
AND  OTHER  ItlVKItS. 

Yazoo  sandy  loam.c — The  soil  is  a  gray  to  brown  fine  sandy  loam  6 
to  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  lighter  colored  fine  sandy  loam.  It 
has  been  deposited  by  streams,  usually  upon  a  clay  foundation,  which 
in  some  cases  comes  to  within  12  inches  of  the  surface.  The  type 
occupies  low  flat  ridges,  forming  front  lands  near  stream  courses  in 
river  bottoms.  The  chief  product  is  cotton,  but  the  soil  is  suited  to 
truck  and  market  garden  crops.  Corn  and  truck  do  well  in  the  north- 
ern areas. 

1284567 

Soil  (24) 0          2          2        10        27        49          9 

Subsoil  (25) 0         1          1          7        23       50        12 

Acres.  Acres. 


Anderson  County,  Tex 1,000 

Alien  County,  Kans 909 

Austin,  Tex 30,336 

Brazoria,  Tex 31,872 

Clinton  County,  111 2, 170 


New  Orleans,  La 41,000 

Posey  County,  Ind 2,752 

St.  Clair  County,  111 12,800 

Smedes,  Miss 8,512 

Tazewell  County,  111 128 

Yazoo,  Miss 20,670 


East  Baton  Rouge  Parish,  La  . .     1,536 
Houston  County.  Tex 2,088 

a  Mapped  as  Miller  heavy  clay.       c-See  also  Waverly  fine  sandy  loam,  p. ! 

i>  Mapped  as  Sharkey  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Flood  Plains.  93 

Austin  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brownish-yellow  or  reddish- 
gray  fine  sandy  loam.  There  is  no  marked  difference  between  the 
soil  and  subsoil,  and  the  latter  often  extends  to  a  depth  of  about  40 
feet  without  change.  From  the  surface  to  a  depth  of  about  3  feet  the 
color  gradually  becomes  lighter.  This  soil  is  of  sedimentary  origin, 
having  been  formed  by  the  overflow  of  the  streams  when  their  chan- 
nels stood  at  a  higher  level.  It  occurs  in  very  level  areas,  with  an 
elevation  of  from  40  to  60  feet  above  the  present  level  of  the  streams, 
is  well  drained,  and  is  inclined  to  be  somewhat  droughty.  It  is  adapted 
to  corn,  cotton,  fruit,  and  some  vegetables.  Considerable  sorghum 
fodder  is  grown  upon  the  first-bottom  areas,  and  alfalfa  would  also  do 
well  here. 

i       -•      a      4      5      <;       7 

Soil  (1) 0          1          2        3:5        24        2ti        14 

Subsoil  (1) 0          1          2        29        2:i        31         15 

Acres. 
San  Antonio  area,  Tex 21 , 440 

Chattooga  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  yellowish-brown  to  gray 
sandy  loam  grading  into  a  loam  at  about  10  inches.  A  heavier  phase 
of  the  type  occurs  in  the  low-lying  areas.  The  sand  varies  in  texture 
from  medium  to  fine.  The  subsoil  contains  sufficient  clay  to  make 
it  a  heavy  coherent  loam.  The  type  occurs  as  a  bottom  or  river 
terrace  soil,  and  is  subject  to  occasional  overflow.  The  soil  is  derived 
in  part  from  the  weathering  of  shale  and  in  part  as  alluvial  material 
from  the  same  source.  It  is  fairly  productive  for  corn. 

1        2        :t       4        :> 

'Soil  (2) 0          2          3        27        lit 

Subsoil  (2) 0          1          3        IS        II 

Acres. 

Fort  Payne,  A  In />,  <i% 

Congaree  loam.  —The  soil  is  a  brownish  fine*  sandy  loam  to  medium 
heavy  loam  from  4  to  8  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  gray  or  brown 
mottled  plastic  clay,  carrying  considerable  fine  sand.  Occasionally 
the  soil  in  small  areas  is  deeper  and  lighter  in  texture.  This  is  an 
alluvial  soil  occupying  flood  plains  of  creeks  and  smaller  streams, 
generally  containing  considerable  organic  matter,  and  is  subject  to 
overflow,  [t  is  a  good  cotton  ami  corn  soil  and  when  properly 
drained  is  adapted  to  a  wide  variety  of  crops. 


94  Soil  Survey  field  Book. 

1         •_>         S        4         6         67 

Soil  (2) 0          (i          8        54        13        12          7 

Subsoil  (2) 0          0          2        38        17        21        22 

Acres. 
Montgomery  County,  Ala 33, 856 

Jackson  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-brown  loam  with  an  average  depth 
of  14  inches,  and  grades  into  a  mottled  sandy  clay  or  clay  subsoil.  The 
type  occurs  as  second  bottom,  with  a  gently  rolling  surface,  and  is 
alluvial  in  origin.  The  soil  produces  about  15  bushels  of  wheat  and 
from  25  to  40  bushels  of  corn  per  acre.  Onions  give  large  yields. 
The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  light  farm  crops  and  to  truck,  wrapper 
tobacco,  and  peaches. 

1        •_'        :5        4        5        «        7 

Soil  (2) 0          1          0        12        20        49        12 

Subsoil  (2) 0          1          1         17        24        44        13 

Acres. 
Shelby  County,  Mo 2,304 

Lintonia  loam." — The  soil  consists  of  a  brown  silty  loam  b  10  inches 
deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellow  silt,  quite  uniform  in  color  and  texture, 
sometimes  underlain  by  clay  at  a  depth  of  from  3  to  4  feet.  The 
soil  lacks  plasticity,  and  has  rather  a  mealy  character.  The  type 
is  found  along  the  foot  of  bluffs  and  as  narrow  strips  in  stream  valleys, 
generally  adjacent  to  the  higher  lying  Memphis  silt  loam.  The  soil  is 
mainly  colluvial  in  origin,  representing  reworked  material  of  the 
Memphis  silt  loam.  It  is  rarely  inundated,  but  is  subject  to  addition 
of  material  from  uplands  during  winter  rains.  This  is  a  good  cotton 
soil  and  is  also  well  adapted  to  market  gardening  and  fruit  culture. 
In  the  northern  areas  it  produces  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  and  potatoes. 

1  -2  8  456  ' 

Soil  (0) 0  0  1  2          8        81  7 

Subsoil  (fi) 0  0  1  3        10       77  9 

Acres.  Acres 


Posey  County,  Ind c  9, 408 

Smedcs,  Miss 10.3C8 


Union  County,  Ky <•  17,984 

Yazoo,  Miss 3, 000 


St.  Clair  County,  111 5,696  | 

Sanders  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown,  reddish-brown,  or  gray 
loam.     The  subsoil  is  lighter  in  color  and  apparently  heavier  in  tex- 


"Sec  also  W abash  loam,  p.  85,  and  Wabash  silt  loam,  p.  86. 

b  This  soil  is  a  true  silt  loam  and  should  have  been  grouped  with  that  class. 

c  Mapped  as  Memphis  silt  loam. 


Soil*  of  the  Flood  PI  aim.  95 

ture.  The  type  occurs  as  narrow  strips  along  the  creeks,  extending 
up  the  edge  of  the  valleys,  and  frequently  has  Sharkey  clay  on  the 
stream  side,  which  interferes  with  proper  drainage.  It  is  considered 
a  very  good  corn  soil,  producing  a's  much  as  45  bushels  per  acre  where 
well  drained.  It  is  not  considered  so  good  for  cotton,  producing 
about  one-half  bale  per  acre.  The  soil  generally  is  in  need  of  drainage. 


] 

•_'        :t 

4          :> 

(i 

7 

Soil  (3)    . 

0 

i         i 

14         20 

44 

19 

Subsoil  (.S)  . 

0 

1          2 

22        35 

33 

18 

Acres. 

Paris  Tex 

.   10.112 

Yazoo  loam." — -The  soil  consists  of  a  yellow  or  brown  loam  or  silt 
loam  from  0  to  6  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  usually  a  silt  loam, 
but  in  local  areas  may  be  a  silty  clay  or  line  sandy  loam.  The  type 
occupies  low  ridges  in  river  l>ottoms,  and  represents  the  higher-lying 
areas  of  line  sediment  deposited  by  inundations.  It  is  a  strong 
cotton  soil,  producing  1  bale  per  acre.  In  northern  areas  the  soil  is 

adapted  to  corn  and  wheat. 

l  •_'  3  4  ;>  <;  7 

Soil(IO) 0  0  1  2  17  (15  15 

Subsoil  (15)...                     ..0  0  0  2  12  02  23 


Acres 
Allen  County   Kans 20,531 


Clay  County,  III 1,472 


Kast  Baton  Houge  I'arisli,  l,a. .     1,472 


Acres. 
Parsons,  Kans 2X,352 


Saline  County   Mo 15,080 


St  Clair  County,  III 4,100 


Sniedes,  Miss 20, 2SX 

Yazoo,  Miss lti,usO 


Houston  County.  Tex 25,2*0 

New  Orleans,  La 18,112 

O'Fallon.  Mo lf.,040  | 

Neosho  silt  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  S  inches  is  a  light-colored, 
somewhat  ashy  silt  loam  containing  small  and  varying  amounts  of 
line  and  very  fine  sand.  The  subsoil  from  S  to  2">  inches  is  a  drab 
verv  compact  and  impervious  silty  clay  locally  known  as  "hardpan." 
The  typt1  occurs  principally  upon  terraces  lying  from  ">  fo  1")  feet 
al>ove  the  level  of  the  river  bottom  Its  elevation  is  sufficient  to 
insure  it  against  overflows  and  to  afford  fair  surface  drainage.  Deep 
plowing  or  subsoihng  and  the  addition  of  organic  matter  would 
great  I  v  improve  its  moisture-holding  capacity  The  soil  is  largely 
an  old  alluvial  deposit,  greatly  influenced  by  wash  from  the  adjoining 


"Seonlso  \\avtTly  louin,  \\  SN 


96  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

uplands.     It  is  probably  test  adapted  to  wheat  and  grass,  but  corn 
and  oats  do  well  when  the  season  is  not  extremely  wet  or  dry. 

l        i        :$        4        r>        (>        7 

Soil  (5) 0          1          1          3        11        09        15 

Subsoil  (5) 0          1          -2         4         S        03        22 

AlTPS. 

Allen  County,  Kans 9,171 

Parsons,  Kans : "21,508 

Carrington  clay  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  10  inches  consists  of  a 
brownish-yellow  silty  clay,  and  is  underlain  by  a  subsoil  ranging  from 
material  of  the  same  texture  and  color  as  the  soil  to  a  stiff  tenacious 
dark-gray  clay.  At  a  depth  of  from  3  to  5  feet  a  stratum  of  reddish- 
yellow  sand  containing  varying  quantities  of  calcium  carbonate,  gypsum, 
and  iron  sulphate  is  frequently  encountered.  Where  the  areas  occur 
along  streams,  the  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  clay  loam,  and  the  sub- 
soil to  40  inches  is  a  yellowish-brown  silty  or  sandy  clay.  Beneath  this 
is  a  brownish-yellow  clay  with  occasional  thin  layers  of  sand.  The  soil 
when  wet  is  sticky  and  plastic  and  presents  all  the  objectionable  features 
of  "gumbo,"  making  it  a  difficult  soil  to  till.  The  upland  phase  occurs 
on  an  undulating  prairie.  The  type  is  glacial  in  origin,  except  along 
streams  and  sloughs,  where,  it  is  sedimentary.  It  is  more  or  less  affected 
by  alkali  salts,  though  not  sufficiently  so  to  interfere  seriously  with  the 
growth  of  native  grasses.  Only  in  local  spots  does  a  white  crust  form  on 
the  surface.  Artificial  drainage  is  essential  to  the  successful  cropping  of 
this  soil,  and  applications  of  barnyard  manure  prove  beneficial.  Only  a 
small  proportion  of  this  type  is  under  cultivation. 

1284567 

Soil  (3) 1          3          4        14        1")        31        31 

Subsoil  (3) 1          3         4        10        19        31        27 

Acres. 
Carrington,  N.  Duk 0, 272 

Sarpy  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  stiff  waxy  gray  to  black  clay  from  12 
to  24  inches  deep,  with  an  average  depth  of  about  20  inches.  The  sub- 
soil consists  of  gray  or  yellow  fine  silty  sand.  This  is  a  bottom  land  type 
occupying  depressed  areas  and  generally  requiring  artificial  drainage.  It 
is  of  recent  alluvial  formation  and  is  undergoing  some  change  at  the 
present  time.  When  drained  it  makes  excellent  corn  soil,  the  average 


"Mapped  as  Oswcgo  silt  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Flood  Plains.  97 

yield  per  acre  being  about  50  bushels.     It  is  used  to  some  extent  for 
alfalfa  where  not  overflowed,  and  excellent  yields  are  secured. 

1          '2         3         4         o          6         7 

Soil  (2) 0          0          0          3          9        51        37 

Subsoil  (2) 0          0          0          9        41        42          7 

Acres. 
Sarpy  County,  Nobr 2,810 

Congaree  clay. — The  type  consists  of  3  feet  or  more  of  light-brown  or 
chocolate-colored  clay,  containing  a  large  percentage  of  silt.  The  mate- 
rial from  8  to  36  inches  is  a  little  lighter  in  color  and  a  little  heavier  in 
texture  than  the  top  soil,  and  occasionally  a  thin  seam  of  very  fine  sand 
is  found.  The  terraces  contain  a  little  more  sand  than  the  low-lying 
areas,  and  often  small  particles  of  mica  brought  down  from  the  Piedmont 
are  scattered  through  the  soil.  This  soil  type  commonly  occurs  in  strips 
or  terraces  near  rivers  or  streams,  and  frequent  overflows  make  it  an 
uncertain  soil  for  crops.  It  is  adapted  to  Bermuda  grass,  and  good  yields 
of  corn  and  oats  are  secured  in  favorable  seasons.  The  original  timber 
growth  is  gum,  hickory,  cottonwood,  and  sycamore,  with  some  pine  and 

cypress. 

l        •_'        :{        4567 

Soil  (6) 0          0          2          5          9        48        30 

Subsoil  (0) 0          0          0          5          9        45        40 

Acres. 

Macon  County,  Ala «4,800 

Montgomery  County,  Ala 11,712 

Orangeburg.  S.  C 2,944 

Griffin  clay. — This  is  a  very  compact  soil,  composed  of  medium  to 
fine  gravel,  coarse  sand  rounded  by  water  action,  and  clay.  The  clay  is 
dark  brown  or  mottled  in  color,  very  stiff  and  waxy,  and  difficult  to  work. 
There  is  an  average  gravel  content  of  al>out  10  per  cent.  The  type  occu- 
pies the  broad,  level  floor  of  Black  River  Valley.  It  is  alluvial  in  origin, 
and  the  presence  of  so  much  gravel  may  IM-  due  to  the  reworking  of  glacial 
material.  A  large  proportion  of  the  type  is  covered  by  forest.  Corn  is 
the  chief  product,  but  considerable  areas  are  devoted  to  wheat  and  oats. 

1184          5         «         7 

Soil  (1) 2        12        19        13          4        2:>        2T> 

Subsoil  (1) I         !.->        21         13          :{        20        27 

Acrvs. 
I'ofw-y  County,  Irnl 1,000 


as  ( >rklnrk nil'  clay. 

32075— 0« 7 


98  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Neuse  clay. — This  is  a  dark,  tenacious,  mottled  gray  clay,  3  feet  or 
more  in  depth.  It  is  a  stream  deposit,  often  subject  to  overflow,  and 
occurring  along  stream  bottoms  in  the  Coastal  Plain  region  of  North 
Carolina.  The  soil  is  poorly  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes  on  account 
of  its  close,  sticky  nature  and  poor  drainage,  but  when  well  drained  it  is 

a  good  cotton  soil. 

1          2345          67 

Soil  (4) 0          2          3        13        15        37        23 

Subsoil  (1) 0          1          0          5        30        39        24 

Acres. 

Craven,  N.  C 1,792 

McNeill,  Miss 13, 120 

Raleigh  to  Newborn,  N.  C 3,040 

Ocklocknee  clay." — This  soil  consists  of  from  8  to  15  inches  of  loam 
of  variable  texture,  resting  on  a  stiff,  tenacious  clay  of  dark-yellow, 
mottled-red,  or  black  color.  The  subsoil  contains  a  noticeable  quantity 
of  finely  divided  quartz  rock.  The  type  lies  along  the  river,  is  subject 
to  overflow,  and  very  little  of  it  is  under  cultivation. 

1234         5          0         7 

Soil  (3) 1  2  4  20  13  29  30 

Subsoil  (3) 1  2  3  19  10  27  38 

Acres. 

Bainbridge,  Ga 832 

Dallas  County,  Ala 29,056 

Gadsden,  Fla ,°,712 

Sharkey  clay.& — The  soil  is  a  stiff,  waxy,  yellow  clay  8  inches  deep, 
containing  lime  and  iron  concretions.  The  subsoil  is  a  stiff,  impervious 
clay  similar  to  the  soil.  The  surface  suncracks  readily.  The  type  is 
locally  known  as  "  buckshot  land."  It  is  a  poorly  drained  soil  occupying 
the  lowest  portions  of  river  bottoms  and  is  subject  to  overflow  annually. 
When  diked  and  well  drained  it  is  a  strong  soil,  suited  to  corn,  sugar  cane, 

and  cotton. 

1234  5  0  7 

Soil  (21) 0          1          1          4  4  40  50 

Subsoil  (22) 0          1          0          2  3  38  50 


Acres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 133,056 

East  Baton  Rouge  Parish,  La  .     18, 432 

Houston  County,  Tex 3,008 

Lee  County,  Tex 28,096 


Acres. 

Ouachita  Parish,  La 67,264 

Paris,  Tex 19, 136 

Smedes,  Miss 149,440 

Yazoo,  Miss 184,380 


New  Orleans,  La 157,952 

a  See  also  Congaree  clay,  p.  97. 

t>  Soe  also  Miller  clay,  p.  92;  Wabash  clay,  p.  87,  and  Waverly  clay,  p.  90. 


Soils  of  tJie  Piedmont  Plateau.  99 

SOILS  OF  THE  PIEDMOXT  PLATEAU. 

Lying  between  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  and  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  and  extending  from  the  Hudson  River  to  East  Central 
Alabama  is  an  area  of  gently  rolling  to  hilly  country  known  as  the 
Piedmont  Plateau.  On  the  Atlantic  side  it  is  closely  defined  by  the 
"fall  line"  which  separates  it  from  the  Coastal  Plain,  but  on  the  north- 
western side  the  boundary  is  not  sharp,  although  in  the  main  distinct. 
In  its  northern  extension  the  Piedmont  Plateau  is  quite  narrow,  but 
broadens  toward  the  south,  attaining  its  greatest  width  in  North 
Carolina. 

The  surface  features  are  those  of  a  broad,  rolling  plain  that  has 
been  deeply  cut  by  an  intricate  system  of  small  streams,  whose  valley 
walls  are  rounded  and  covered  with  soil,  although  many  small  gorges 
and  rocky  areas  occur.  The  altitude  varies  from  about  300  feet  to 
more  than  1,000  feet  above  sea  level. 

The  extreme  northern  part  of  this  Piedmont  region,  in  New  Jersey, 
has  been  glaciated,  but  elsewhere  the  soils  are  purely  residual  in  origin, 
and  have  been  derived  almost  exclusively  from  the  weathering  of  igneous 
and  metamorphic  rocks.  The  chief  exception  is  the  detached  areas  of 
sandstones  and  shales  of  Triassic  age.  Marked  differences  in  the 
character  of  the  rock  and  in  the  method  of  formation  have  given  rise 
to  a  number  of  soil  types,  those  derived  from  crystalline  rocks  Ix'ing  the 
most  numerous  and  widely  distributed.  Among  these  the  soils  of  the 
Cecil  and  Chester  series  predominate.  The  principal  types  formed 
from  the  sandstones  and  shales  are  included  in  the  Penn  series. 

CECIL  SERIES. 

The  Cecil  series,  which  is  incomplete,  includes  the  most  important  and 
widely  distributed  soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  The  heavier  members 
are  known  as  the ''  red-clay  lands,"  and  are  characterized  by  red-clav  sul>- 
soils.with  gray  to  red  soils  ranging  in  texture  from  sand  today,  the  lighter 
colors  prevailing  with  the  sandy  members.  A  characteristic  of  the  sul>- 
soil  is  the  sharp  quartz  sand,  which  is  always  scattered  through  it,  and 
occasional  veins  of  quartz  or  flint  rock.  Particles  and  flakes  of  mica 
are  usually  present  in  the  subsoil.  The  types  are  of  residual  origin, 
derived  from  the  degradation  of  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks  which 
have  been  weathered  generally  to  great  depths,  so  that  outcrops  are 
rare.  Fragments  and  l>owlders  of  the  parent  rocks  are,  however,  found 


100  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

on  the  surface  in  varying  quantities.  The  topography  is  rolling  to  hilly, 
with  level  areas  existing  where  stream  erosion  has  not  been  too  great. 
The  soils  of  the  Cecil  series  produce  general  farm  crops  throughout  their 
extent,  and  in  the  south  cotton  is  also  an  important  crop.  Both 
heavy  export  and  bright  tobacco  are  generally  grown,  the  character  of 
the  leaf  produced  depending  on  the  depth  and  texture  of  the  soil. 

Cecil  stony  loam. — The  soil  varies  from  brown  sandy  loam  to  brown 
or  red  loam  with  an  average  depth  of  8  inches,  beneath  which  is  a  red 
clay  loam  or  clay.  From  30  to  60  per  cent  of  the  soil  and  subsoil  is 
composed  of  stones  and  bowlders.  This  is  a  residual  type  derived 
principally  through  the  weathering  of  intrusive  dikes  of  trap  rock, 
but  in  part  from  other  igneous  or  metamorphic  rocks.  The  surface  is 
usually  hilly  and  broken.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  general  farm  crops 

and  apples. 

1234607 

Soil  (7) 4          8          fi        13          9        38        21 

Subsoil  (7) ...  3          8          5        11          7        32        31 


Acres. 

Lebanon,  Pa &22.5CO 

Montgomery  County,  Pa 7, 808 

Trenton,  N.  .1 <a3,9f.J 


Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa 8,  (540 

Campobello,  S.  C 1, 805 

Cherokee  County,  S.  C 832 

Lancaster  County,  Pa «1, 400 

Cecil  stony  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  a  heavy  red  loam  or  clay  8 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  stiff  red  clay.  Upon  the  surface  and  scat- 
tered through  the  soil  and  subsoil  are  30  to  60  per  cent  of  rock  frag- 
ments and  bowlders.  The  type  occurs  on  small  mountains  and  hills 
in  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  It  is  of  residual  origin,  being  derived  from 
igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks.  It  is  generally  too  steep  and  stony 
for  cultivation  and  best  suited  to  pasturage  and  forestry. 

1          2          34          5          6.7 

Soil  (1) 0          2          2        23        13        18        42 

Subsoil  (1) 1          4         4        22        14        19        a"> 

Acres. 
York  County,  S.  Q 1,280 

Cecil  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown,  sandy  loam  about  7  inches 
deep,  carrying  varying  quantities  of  feldspathic  or  quartz  gravel 
ranging  in  size  from  very  small  particles  to  fragments  one-half  inch  in 

"Mapped  as  Hempfield  stony  loam. 
^Mapped  as  Cecil  clay  (stony  phase). 
"Mapped  as  Cecil  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  101 

diameter.  The  subsoil  is  a  heavy,  micaceous  red  loam  or  clay  loam 
containing  considerable  gravel.  Outcrops  of  granite  frequently  ap- 
pear. The  characterizing  feature  of  the  type  is  a  lack  of  tenacity  in 
both  soil  and  subsoil,  as  a  result  of  which  the  land  erodes  and  gullies  in 
a  serious  manner.  It  usually  occupies  high,  broken  uplands,  and  the 
drainage  is  good.  This  type  has  been  derived  from  the  breaking  down 
of  granites,  chiefly  of  a  coarse-grained  variety,  but  represents  a  less  com- 
plete weathering  of  the  rocks  than  some  of  the  other  types  of  the  Cecil 
series.  Cotton,  corn,  and  cowpeas  are  the  principal  crops  grown. 
Some  parts  of  the  type  are  suited  to  the  oroduction  of  small  fruits. 
The  characteristic  timber  growth  is  hickory,  shortleaf  pine,  and  some 

cedar. 

1284567 

Soil  (2) 25        15          7        I.')        12        13        13 

Subsoil  (2) 16        12          0        14          9        16        29 

Acres. 
Lancaster  County,  S.  C 23, 744 

Cecil  sand. — The  soil  is  a  coarse  to  medium  loamy  sand,  or  light 
sandy  loam  6  inches  deep,  underlain  with  material  of  the  same  kind 
but  of  lighter  color,  and  this  in  turn  is  underlain  at  from  18  to  22 
inches  by  a  yellow  sandy  clay.  This  is  a  residual  type  derived  from 
granite,  gneiss,  and  mica  schist.  Usually  from  10  to  30  per  cent  of 
quartz  and  rock  fragments  are  found  in  both  soil  and  subsoil.  The 
type  gives  low  yields  of  cotton  and  corn.  It  is  fairly  good  for  truck, 
especially  sweet  potatoes  and  watermelons,  and  has  been  used  to  a 
considerable  extent  for  bright  tobacco. 

I          '2         »         4          «          0         7 

Soil  (22) S        14        11        2,s        14        If.          7 

Subsoil  (19) 5          9          7        IS          9        17        u2 


Acres. 

Al>t>evillc,  S.  C « 27, 840 

Alamanct!  County,  N.  C "84,900 


Appomsttox,  Va (.N>O 

CampoU-llo,  S.  C i!,08ii 


Cary,  N.  C o 8,090 

Chcrokne,  S.  C 12, 73ti 


Acres. 

Hickory,  N.  C u7.::tO 

Louisa  County,  Va  . .  8, 192 


I'rinct-  Kdward,  Vu "20.710 

Kalcitfh  to  NYwIx-rn,  N.  C a 20.950 


Spaldlng  County,  On 448 

Statcsvillc.  N.  C a  10, aio 


Hanover  County,  Va 29,11%     York  County.  S.  C 25.210 

Cecil  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  of  a  brownish  or  yellowish 
color  alxmt  10  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  n  red  clay  containing 
coarse  sand,  both  soil  and  subsoil  carrying  fragments  of  quartz.  There 

o  Mapped  as  Durham  sandy  loam. 


102 


Soil  Survey  Field  Bool'. 


is  usually  considerable  quartz  on  the  surface.  The  type  occupies  high 
rolling  land  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau  and  is  derived  from  granite, 
gneiss,  and  other  metamorphosed  rocks.  This  is  the  best  corn  and 
cotton  soil  of  the  southern  Piedmont.  In  Virginia  it  is  used  for  both 
bright  and  dark  shipping  tobacco.  This  is  the  lightest  desirable  soil 
for  general  farming  purposes. 

l 

Soil  (34) 0 

Subsoil  (35) 4 

Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C 230,288 

Albemarle,  Va 47,808 

Appomattox  County,  Va 108, 708 

Bedford,  Va 33, 740 

Campobello,  S.  C 85,888 

Cary,  N.  C 20,090 

Cherokee  County,  S.  C 105, 024 

Cobb  County,  Ga 23, 170 

Covington,  Ga 27, 500 


1  lanover  County,  Va 

Hickory,  N.  C 

Lancaster  County,  S.  C 

Louisa  County,  Va 

Prince  Edward,  Va 

Raleigh  to  Newborn,  N.  C 

Spalding  County,  Ga 

Statesville,  N.  C 

York  County,  S.  C 


Acres. 
97,850 

355,908 
20, 072 

150,400 
91,710 
15,500 
54, 404 

148,910 
88,708 


Cecil  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  fine  sandy  loam, 
grading  into  a  pale  yellow  fine  sandy  loam  of  slightly  more  compact 
structure.  It  is  underlain  at  from  10  to  15  inches  by  a  stiff  red  clay, 
sometimes  yellowish  in  local  areas,  which  is  sometimes  underlain  at  a 
depth  of  more  than  3  feet  by  talc  schists  or  slates,  together  with  a 
small  proportion  of  other  altered  rocks.  Quartz  fragments  and  gravel 
usually  characterize  the  soil,  and  veins  and  fragments  of  the  same 
material  occur  in  the  subsoil.  This  type  usually  occupies  undulating 
to  rolling  uplands,  and  has  good  drainage.  It  has  been  formed  chiefly 
by  the  weathering  of  talcose  schists  and  slates,  though  some  other 
altered  rocks  enter  into  its  formation.  Cotton  and  corn  are  the  main 
crops  grown,  but  the  soil  is  also  adapted  to  stone  fruits  and  small 
grain.  It  produces  a  fine-textured  tobacco.  The  timber  growth  is 
hickory,  oak,  and  pine,  with  gums  in  the  swales  and  depressions. 


1 

Soil  (7) 1 

Subsoil  (7) 1 

Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C a  25, 850 

Cherokee  County,  S.  C 33, 792 

Lancaster  County,  S.  C 28, 090 


Acres. 

Louisa  County,  Va 20, 432 

York  County,  S.  C 35,136 


Mapped  as  Davie  clay  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  103 

Cecil  loam." — The  soil  consists  of  a  pale  yellow  to  brownish  friable 
loam  passing  at  from  5  to  8  inches  into  a  pale  yellow  clay  loam.  This 
is  underlain  at  12  inches  by  a  stiff  red  clay  which  sometimes  at  about 
24  inches  passes  into  soft,  partially  decomposed  rock.  Varying  quan- 
tities of  quartz  fragments  occur  scattered  over  the  surface  and  to  a  less 
extent  throughout  the  soil  section.  The  type  is  derived  from  talcose 
schist,  occupies  level  to  rolling  uplands,  and  is  generally  well  drained. 
While  it  produces  poor  yields  of  wheat,  oats,  corn,  and  tobacco,  the 
soil  is  easily  tilled  and  is  susceptible  of  improvement. 

1  2  «  4  o  0'  7 

Soil  (4) 1  3  3  11  15  4G  19 

Subsoil  (3) 1  2  2  5  6  29  54 

Louisa  County,  Va 108,992 

Statesville,  N.  C 63,370 

Cecil  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light  yellowish-gray  to  white  silt  loam 
8  inches  deep,  frequently  containing  from  10  to  30  per  cent  of  rock 
fragments.  The  subsoil  is  a  light-yellow  to  red  clay,  becoming  heavier 
with  depth.  The  type  occupies  high,  rolling  areas,  and  is  derived 
from  highly  metamorphosed  crystalline  rocks.  Drainage  is  generally 
good.  Areas  of  this  type  are  frequently  considerably  eroded.  The 
soil  is  fair  to  poor  for  cotton,  com,  and  wheat. 

i       2       a       4       r>       <;       i 

Soil  (8) 2          2          1          -1        11        in        17 

Subsoil  (9) 1          2          1          3          7        51        33 

Acres.  Acres. 

A lamance  County,  N.  C e7,8GO     Loesburg,  Va 4,928 

Cherokee  County,  8.  C 48, 384  j  York  County,  S.  C 37. 370 

Lancaster  County,  S.  C 74, 048  , 

Cecil  clay  loam. — The  surface  soil  is  a  reddish-yellow  or  light-brown 
heavy  loam  with  an  average  depth  of  10  inches.  The  subsoil  consists 
of  reddish-yellow  or  light-brown  heavy  loam  grading  into  clay  loam 
at  an  average  depth  of  30  inches,  sometimes  changing  to  clay  in  its 
lower  depths.  From  10  to  30  per  cent  of  stones  and  bowlder's,  princi- 
pally syenite,  are  commonly  present  in  both  soil  and  subsoil.  The 
surface  is  moderately  to  steeply  rolling,  with  occasional  small  level 


o  See  also  Cecil  stony  loam,  p.  100,  and  Chester  loam,  p.  109. 
6  Mapped  as  Da  vie  clay  loam. 
t  Mapped  as  Alamancc  silt  loam. 


104 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


areas.  Surface  drainage  is  rapid,  and  small  gullies  are  sometimes 
formed.  The  heavy  subsoil  is  retentive  of  moisture.  This  soil  has 
been  derived  chiefly  from  syenite,  but  in  small  local  areas  other  meta- 
morphic  rocks  have  entered  into  its  formation.  This  is  a  good  corn 
soil,  the  average  yield  being  30  bushels  per  acre.  It  also  produces 
good  crops  of  wheat,  oats,  and  hay. 


8 


Soil  (2) 1  4  2  4  f>  ">;)  34 

Subsoil  (2) 2  0  3  5  (i  i.7  41 

Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa 40,  OliO 

Montgomery  County,  Pa 4,  41ti 

Cecil  clay.'i — This  is  a  clav  loam  to  clay  soil  of  reddish  color  0  inches 
deep,  having  a  stiff ,  tenacious  clay  subsoil  of  red  color.  Both  soil  and  sub- 
soil contain  quartz  and  fragments  of  undccomposed  rocks.  Occasional 
rock  areas  and  isolated  bowlders  or  "niggerheads"  occur.  The  type 
occupies  high,  rolling  land  and  is  derived  from  gabbro  and  other  erup- 
tive rocks.  This  is  recognized  as  the  strongest  soil  of  the  Piedmont 
Plateau  for  general  farming.  It  is  adapted  to  grass,  wheat,  and  corn 
in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania;  export  tobacco  and  wheat  in  Virginia; 
and  to  corn,  wheat,  and  cotton  in  the  Carolines. 

1 

Soil  (36) 3 

Subsoil  (44) 2 

Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C 332,992 

Albcniarle,  Va 79,080 

Alamanco  County,  N.  C 101,370 

Appomattox  County,  Va 31,232 

Bedford,  Va 142, 730 

Campobello,  S.  C 187, 443 

Gary,  N.  C 2,960 

Cecil  County,  Md 12, 500 

Cherokee,  S.  C 22, 592 

Chester  County,  Pa 1,088 

Cobb  County,  Ga '. . . .   166, 130 

Covington,  Ga 99, 9:50 


a      4       5       c> 

6        IS        11        2fi 
4        10          0        25 


Acres. 

Hanover  County,  Va 7,  360 

Harford  County,  Md 39, 890 

Hickory,  N.  C  120, 704 

Lancaster  County,  S.  C  114,752 

Loesburg,  Va 32, 000 

Louisa  County,  Va 7, 1(18 

Prince  Edward,  Va 31,590 

llaleigh  to  Newborn,  N.  C 2,030 

Spalding  County,  Ga 66, 500 

Statesville,  N.  C 289, 590 

York  County,  S.  C 185, 152 


a  See  also  Cecil  stony  loam,  p.  100. 


Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  105 

PENN    SERIES. 

The  Penn  series  consists  of  Indian  or  purplish  red  soils  derived  from 
the  weathering  of  red  sandstones  and  shales  of  Triassic  age.  Detached 
areas  of  Triassic  rocks  occur  in  shallow  basins  in  the  Piedmont  from 
New  England  to  South  Carolina.  In  productiveness  and  crop  adap- 
tation the  Penn  series  may  be  considered  as  intermediate  between  the 
Hagerstown  and  Cecil  series.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  potatoes,  grass, 
apples,  and  peaches  are  produced  on  different  members  of  the  series  in 
the  more  northern  States.  Tobacco  is  grown  in  Virginia  and  tobacco 
and  cotton  in  the  Carolinas. 

Penn  stony  loam. — This  type  consists  of  very  stony  land,  hilly  to 
mountainous  in  character,  generally  covered  with  a  natural  forest  of 
chestnut  and  oak.  The  soil  consists  of  a  rather  heavy  Indian-red  loam, 
8  to  10  inches  deep,  containing  from  30  to  60  per  cent  of  red  or  brown 
sandstone  fragments.  The  subsoil  is  of  much  the  same  character  to  a 
great  depth.  This  type  is  derived  from  the  more  siliceous  or  hardened 
phase  of  the  Triassic  sandstone.  It  is  well  adapted  to  forestry  and 
orcharding,  and  the  more  level  areas,  when  the  stones  are  removed,  to 
general  farm  crops. 

1234567 

Soil  (7) 2         5         4         9        12        40       27 

Subsoil  (7) 2          5          4          9        12        37        30 


Acres. 

Chester  County,  Pa 3,520 

Connecticut     Valley.     Conn. 
and  Mass "  109, 116 


Acres. 

Lcesburg,  Va 1 , 280 

Lockhnven.  Pa 6,080 

Trenton,  N.  J 5,632 


Lebanon,  Pa 49,160 

Penn  shale  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark  Indian-red  loam  about  8  inches 
deep.  The  subsoil  consists  of  a  heavy  Indian-red  clay  loam  grading 
into  clay,  and  is  of  variable  depth,  always  resting  upon  the  shale  rock 
from  which  it  is  derived.  From  10  to  40  per  cent  of  shale  fragments 
cx-cur  in  the  surface  soil,  giving  it  the  local  name  of  "red  gravel  land," 
and  the  quantity  always  increases  in  the  subsoil.  The  drainage  fea- 
tures of  the  type  depend  upon  its  topography,  because  the  underlying 
lx>ds  of  shale  prevent  the  downward  percolation  of  water  to  any  great 
depth.  This  type  is  derived  from  the  beds  of  shale  which  underlie  it, 
excepting  only  the  lower  slopes  and  hollows,  where  the  soil  has  been 


«  Mapped  us  Trias.sir  stony  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter  out- 
Ude  the  Connecticut  Valley. 


106  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

augmented  in  varying  degrees  by  wash  from  higher  elevations.  It 
usually  occurs  as  broad,  rolling  valley  land  with  surface  features  some- 
times sharply  broken.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  wheat ,  oats,  corn,  and  hay. 

12          34667 

Soil  (3) G        12          3          7          5        30        DO 

Subsoil  (3) 9        11          4          C          5        24        41 

Acres. 
Adams  County,  Pa 100,032 

Penn  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-red  or  brown  sandy  loam 
about  8  inches  deep  containing  from  10  to  60  per  cent  of  small  rounded 
sandstone  gravel.  The  subsoil  is  a  dark  Indian-red  loam  or  clay  loam. 
The  type  occurs  as  high  rolling  upland  and  is  derived  generally  from 
the  Triassic  red  sandstone.  The  drainage  is  good,  but  the  soil  is  in- 
clined to  wash  badly.  It  produces  fair  yields  of  corn,  wheat,  vegeta- 
bles and  small  fruit. 

1884567 

Soil  (2) 2          7          7        19        18        27        20 

Subsoil  (2) 5          7          4          9        17        35        23 

Acres. 
Leesburg,  Va 704 

Penn  sandy  loam.a — The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  from  6  to  15  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  Indian-red  or  brown  loam  or  clay  loam.  Sandstone  frag- 
ments to  the  extent  of  from  5  to  20  per  cent  are  generally  present. 
The  type  is  derived  from  the  Triassic  red  sandstone.  The  surface 
varies  from  rolling  to  moderately  hilly.  The  soil  is  easily  tilled  and 
produces  crops  of  good  quality  but  light  yield. 

12          34          567 

Soil  (9) 2        12          9        21          9        28        17 

Subsoil  (8) 3        11          7        17          8        28        26 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Adams  County,  Pa 3,392     Lebanon,  Pa 40,590 

Albemarle,  Va 5,568  !  Trenton,  N.  J 10,816 

Penn  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark  Indian-red  loam  from  8  to  12  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  an  Indian-red  clay  loam.  Both  soil  and  subsoil 
occasionally  contain  from  5  to  20  per  cent  of  sandstone  fragments. 
The  surface  is  gently  rolling.  The  type  is  derived  from  fine-grained 
brown  or  red  Triassic  sandstone.  The  drainage  is  fair,  but  plowing  in 
beds  is  generally  practiced  to  assist  the  natural  drainage.  The  soil  is 
considered  almost  equal  to  associated  limestone  soils  in  fertility. 

a  See  also  Upshur  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  107 

1284567 

Soil  (11) 3          5          4          8        12        47        22 

Subsoil  (11) 3          0          3          8        11        43        2C 

Acres.  Acres. 

Adams  County,  1'a 54,592     Leesburg,  Va 18,880 

Chester  County,  I'a 28,072     Trenton,  N.  J 171,712 

Lebanon,  Pa 26,890  , 

Penn  silt  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  reddish  or  reddish-brown  silt 
loam  from  8  to  12  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  red  or  light-brown 
silt  loam  somewhat  heavier  than  the  soil  and  grading  usually  into  a 
red  silty  clay  loam  in  its  lower  depths.  Both  the  soil  and  subsoil  con- 
tain from  5  to  15  per  cent  of  shale  and  sandstone  fragments.  The 
surface  ranges  from  slightly  to  steeply  rolling.  The  drainage  on  most  of 
the  areas  is  very  good,  but  on  slopes  where  the  bed  rock  lies  near  the 
surface  seepy  tracts  are  often  encountered.  The  type  is  derived  from 
a  sandstone  of  Triassic  age.  It  is  best  adapted  to  the  general  farm 
crops.  The  average  yields  are,  corn  .50  bushels,  oats  30  bushels,  wheat 
20  bushels,  and  hay  \\  tons  per  acre. 

1         •_'        :5        4        r>      •«        7 

Soil  (4) 2          4          2          3          6        62        21 

Subsoil  (4) 1          3          2          3          5        60        26 

Acres. 
Montgomery  County,  Pa 61,824 

Penn  clay. a — -The  soil  is  a  dark  Indian-red  to  dark  reddish-Lrown 
clay  about  8  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  dark  Indian-red  clay  grading 
into  a  stiffer  clay.  The  typr  occurs  in  gently  rolling  upland  as  a  series 
of  low  ridges.  The  drainage  is  good.  The  type  is  of  residual  origin 
from  Triassic  red  sandstone  and  shale.  Wheat,  corn,  and  grass  are 

the  principal  crops. 

I        •_'        :i        4       :>        ft        7 

Soil  (.1) :•  3  2  7  14  36  36 

Suhst.ll  (4) 2  3  2  4  12  32  4,r> 

Acres. 

AlbemaKe.  Va 16,12* 

IxHisburg.  Va 11,776 


o  Sec  also  Upshur  clay,  p.  123. 


108  Soil  Surrey  Field  Book. 

CHESTER    SERIES 

The  Chester  series  occurs  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Piedmont,  hav- 
ing been  found  and  mapped  only  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Vir- 
ginia. This  series  differs  from  the  Cecil  series  in  having  yellow  or  only 
slightly  reddish  subsoils  and  gray  or  brown  surface  soils  which  are,  on 
the  whole,  lighter  and  more  friable  than  those  of  the  Cecil  series.  The 
members  of  this  series  are  also  much  more  micaceous  and  even  more 
subject  to  erosion  than  the  soils  of  the  Cecil  series.  Locally  they  are 
known  as  "  gray  lands ''  to  distinguish  them  from  the  "  red  lands  "  of  the 
Cecil  series.  The  topography  in  general  is  not  so  rough,  being  rolling 
to  moderately  hilly. 

The  soils  are  of  residual  origin,  derived  from  igneous  and  metamorphic 
rocks,  principally  mica  schists.  The  weathering  has  not  gone  on  so 
deeply  as  in  the  case  of  the  Cecil  series,  and  the  underlying  rock  is  often 
encountered  within  2  feet  of  the  surface  on  slopes  where  erosion  is  pro- 
nounced and  rarely  lie  more  than  10  to  15  feet  below  the  surface.  The 
soils  of  the  Chester  series  are  adapted  to  general  farm  crops,  especially 
corn,  and  also  to  fruit  and  canning  crops.  Of  the  latter  tomatoes  and 
sugar  corn  are  the  most  important.  The  soils  are  not  so  strong  as  those 
of  the  Cecil  series,  requiring  more  careful  treatment  to  keep  up  the 
yields. 

Chester  stony  loam. — The  surface  soil  has  an  average  depth  of  10 
inches,  and  consists  of  a  medium  to  heavy  brown  loam.  The  subsoil  is 
a  yellow  or  yellowish-red  clay  loam  that  usually  grades  into  stifT  clay 
at  depths  ranging  from  24  to  36  inches.  Stone  and  bowlders  are  scat- 
tered over  the  surface  and  mixed  with  both  soil  and  subsoil  in  quanti- 
ties varying  from  30  to  60  per  cent.  This  type  occurs  in  small  irregular 
areas  associated  with  the  Chester  loam.  The  topography  varies  from 
moderately  rolling  to  hilly,  and  the  type  forms  steep  slopes  and  the 
summits  of  hills  and  ridges.  The  drainage  is  good.  The  type  is  derived 
from  the  weathering  of  gneisses  and  schists.  A  few  areas  are  derived 
from  granite.  Much  of  this  type  is  used  as  permanent  pasture,  though 
where  the  slopes  are  not  too  steep  good  crops  are  secured.  In  good 
seasons  corn  yields  50  bushels,  oats  35  bushels,  wheat  20  bushels, 
potatoes  120  bushels,  and  hay  \\  tons  per  acre. 

1          2          :$          4          o         0          7 

Soil  (2) 4          7          3          0          5        52        23 

Subsoil  (2) 4          0350        45        31 

Acres. 
Chester  County,  Pa 20, 804 


Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  109 

Chester  fine  sandy  loam.  —  The  soil  consists  of  a  brown  or  yellow  fine 
sandy  loam  10  inches  deep,  generally  quite  sandy  on  the  lower  slopes. 
The  subsoil  is  a  yellow  fine  sandy  loam  to  fine  sand.  It  often  contains 
considerable  rock  fragments  and  occasionally  is  distinctly  micaceous. 
The  type  is  derived  from  a  fine-grained  sandstone  and  schist.  The  type 
occupies  moderately  to  steeply  rolling  country  and  generally  has  good 
surface  and  underdrainage.  Where  the  topography  is  suitable,  this 
soil  is  adapted  to  the  production  of  early  garden  crops  and  potatoes. 

12345 
Soil  (2)  ....................   1          0          7        24        17 

Subsoil  (2)  ................  2          S          8        20        15 

Acres. 
Chester  County,  Pa  .............  1,472 

Montgomery  Bounty.  l':l  .....  .-••  4,608 


Chester  mica  loam.  —  The  soil  consists  of  a  loose  loam  or  yellowish 
loam  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  heavier  loam  or  light  elav  loam  of 
yellowish  or  reddish-yellow  color.  Usually  at  a  depth  of  30  inches  or 
more  it  grades  into  the  decomposed  rock.  This  soil  is  closely  related 
to  the  Chester  loam,  its  distinguishing  feature  being  the  greater  quan- 
tity of  micaceous  particles,  giving  the  soil  a  loose  consistency  and  a  soft, 
rather  greasy  f.-cl.  It  is  derived  from  a  very  micaceous  series  of  meta- 
morphic  and  igneous  rocks.  The  topography  is  rolling  to  hilly.  The 
soil  is  devoted  to  the  same  crops  as  the  Chester  loam  and  is  its  equal  in 
productivity.  It  erodes  even  more  readily  than  the  Chester  loam. 

1          •_'          »         4          :>          6          7 
Soil  (8)  ....................  4         7         0        18        10       30        IS 

Subsoil  (8)...  ..  :>          7          5        22         14        29         17 


Ac  res. 

Cecil  County,  Md «  10, 000 

llarfonl  County,  Md a 39, 930 


I^ancastor  County,  I'a «  10,000 


Acres. 

Leesburg,  Va «  4,008 

Montgomery  County,  I'a (140 


Prince  George  County.  Md  ... 


Chester  loam.  The  soil  consists  of  a  brown  or  yellowish  loam,  some- 
times slightly  sandy,  containing  some  mica.  This  is  underlain  by  a 
heavy  yellow  loam  subsoil  grading  into  elav  loam  which  in  lower  depths 
becomes  somewhat  lighter  in  texture  and  more  micaceous.  The  color 
is  sometimes  reddish  yellow  or  red.  Fragments  of  quartz  and  other 
rooks  are  usually  found  on  the  surface  and  throughout  the  soil  section. 
It  is  a  residual  soil  derived  largely  from  gneiss  and  mica  schist ,  but  other 


Mapped  as  Cecil  mica  loam. 


110  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

metamorphic  and  igneous  rocks  may  also  enter  into  its  composition. 
The  surface  is  rolling  to  hilly  and  drainage  is  good.  The  soil  is  good 
for  general  farming  purposes,  but  requires  careful  treatment  on  slop:  s 

where  it  washes  badlv. 

1  :>  3  4  5  6  7 

Soil  (14) 4  0  4  10  10  41  2f> 

Subsoil  (14) 4  0  4  10  9  37  28 


Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa "8,448 

Albemarle,  Va «94,592 

Appomattox  County,  Va  . ..       o  1,408 
Cecil  County,  Md "52,600 


Acres. 

Chester  County,  Pa 202,308 

Harford  County,  Md «  110,220 

Loesburg,  Va «  89, 000 

Montgomery  County.  Pa 40,040 


MISCELLANEOUS  SOILS  OF  THE  PIEDMONT  PLATEAU. 

Manor  stony  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  from  8  to  10  inches  con- 
sists of  a  clay  loam  or  heavy  loam  about  8  inches  deep  containing  large 
quantities  of  small  rock  fragments.  The  subsoil  is  a  light-yellow  or 
slightly  grayish  loam  to  clay  loam.  The  subsoil  always  contains  a 
high  percentage  of  small  schist  fragments  and  sometimes  is  a  mass  of 
these  with  the  interstitial  spaces  filled  with  soil.  The  surface  is  hilly  to 
mountainous.  The  type  is  derived  principally  from  mica  schists. 
Where  cultivation  is  possible,  the  soil  produces  fair  yields  of  the  staple 

crops.     It  is  largely  forested. 

1234          5          6          7 

Soil  (5) 4          5          2          8        14        44        22 

Subsoil  (5) 5         7         3        11        17        30       20 

Acres. 

Chester  County,  Pa 33, 408 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 3,500 

Montgomery  County,  Pa 2,048 

Conowingo  barrens. — This  type  represents  a  condition  rather  than  a 
distinct  soil.  The  soil  covering  is  usually  very  shallow,  seldom  exceed- 
ing 3  feet,  and  in  many  places  the  surface  material  consists  of  broken 
rock  fragments,  with  little  or  no  interstitial  material.  The  soil  varies 
in  texture  from  a  coarse  sandy  loam  to  a  loam  or  silty  loam,  the 
heavier  classes  predominating.  The  material  occupies  rolling  to  hilly 
and  broken  uplands  and  is  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  serpen- 
tine or  rocks  of  similar  nature.  It  is  generally  unproductive  and 
worthless  for  agricultural  purposes,  owing  to  the  slight  depth  of  the 
soil  and  its  stony,  leachy  character.  The  types  support  a  stunted 
growth  of  trees. 

a  Mapped  as  Cecil  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  Ill 

1          2         3          4         5         «          7 

Soil  (2) 3         3         2         6        10       50       23 

Subsoil  (2) 1          2         2         5         9        53       23 

Acres,  j  Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 6,976     Chester  County,  Pa 2,944 

Cecil  County,  Md 2,000  ;  Harford  County,  Md 3,280 

Cardiff  slate  loam. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  yellowish-brown  loam  having  a 
depth  of  about  8  inches,  underlain  by  heavy  yellow  silty  clay  to  a 
depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  from  15  to  40 
per  cent  of  partially  decomposed  slate  fragments.  The  type  occurs  on 
prominent  narrow  ridges  and  is  derived  from  the  decomposition  and 
breaking  up  of  fine-grained  slate.  The  presence  of  the  slate  fragments 
in  the  soil  makes  quite  friable  what  would  otherwise  be  a  refractor}- 
clay.  Much  of  the  type  is  forested  with  oak,  chestnut,  and  other 
trees.  The  soil  produces  fair  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  grass. 

1234507 

Soil  (2) 1          2          1          2          9        49        33 

Subsoil  (2) 2          2          2          3          7        46        37 

Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa 768 

Harford  County,  Md 1,690 

Loudoun  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  brown  or  gray  sandy 
loam  about  8  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy  yellow  or  red  loam  or 
clay  loam.  There  is  a  considerable  variation  in  the  subsoil,  coarse 
sand  often  forming  so  large  a  proportion  as  to  give  it  almost  the  texture 
of  th?  soil.  The  surface  material  is  not  a  loose  sandy  loam,  but  has 
the  properties  of  a  loam,  containing,  however,  considerable  quantities 
of  coarse  quartz  fragments.  The  soil  resembles  in  some  respects  the 
Cecil  sandy  loam  and  Chester  loam  with  which  it  is  associated.  The 
type  occurs  in  rolling  and  somewhat  hilly  areas,  generally  well  drained, 
and  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  a  coarse-textured  schist  and  an 
eruptive  crystalline  granite,  the  original  rock  containing  a  large 
amount  of  feldspar.  This  is  a  good  soil  for  corn,  yielding  from  40  to  50 
bushels  per  acre.  It  is  too  little  retentive  of  moisture  for  wheat, 
which  produces  only  from  10  to  15  bushels,  but  is  a  fairly  good  soil  for 

grass  and  clover. 

1        •_'        :t        4         5       tt         7 

Soil  (3) 6        16        10        \.r>          8        24        20 

Subsoil  (3) 5        12         9        10         7        25       29 

Acres. 
Lnesburg,  Va 27,968 


112  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Worsham  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  sandy  loam,  generally  of 
fine  texture  and  of  soft  whitish  appearance,  having  an  average  depth 
of  12  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellowish,  stick v  sandv  loam  or  loam  to 
a  stiff  plastic  yellow  clay  mottled  with  white.  The  type  is  of  residual 
origin,  being  derived  from  granites,  gneisses,  and  schists,  and  was 
originally  post-oak  land.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  clover,  grasses,  hay, 
and  pasturage. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 3          8          9        23        20        29          7 

Subsoil  (2) 3         fi         5        16        11        24       32 

Acros. 
Prince  Edward,  Va 8,520 

Brandywine  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  brown  loam  about  8  inches 
deep  containing  a  small  quantity  of  finely  divided  mica.  The  subsoil 
is  a  light-brown  to  yellowish  light  loam  to  heavy  fine  sandy  loam, 
usually  with  a  somewhat  greasy  feel,  on  account  of  the  presence  of  mica 
particles.  The  mica  content  is  so  high  in  places  as  to  give  the  subsoil  a 
flaky  characteristic.  The  type  occupies  irregularly  rolling  and  hilly 
country  having  excellent  drainage.  It  sometimes  erodes  so  badly 
that  cultivation  other  than  to  grass  is  unprofitable.  The  type  is  resid- 
ual, being  derived  from  mica  gneiss,  pegmatite,  and  sometimes  mica 
schist.  The.  soil  is  moderately  productive  and  is  adapted  to  general 
farming. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 3          6          3        12        13        42        21 

Subsoil  (2) 3         9         4       20        13        33        18 

Acros. 
Chester  County,  Pa 24,000 

Manor  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  yellow  or  yellowish  brown  heavy 
loam  8  inches  d:>ep.  The  subsoil  consists  of  a  yellow  or  reddish- 
yellow  heavy  loam  which  grades  into  a  clay  loam  at  a  lower  depth. 
Mica  schist  fragments  sometimes  occur  throughout  the  soil  profile, 
while  occasionally  the  lower  portion  of  the  subsoil  consists  largely  of 
small  mica  particles,  which  render  it  feathery  and  fluffy.  The  topo- 
graphic feature  of  the  type  ranges  from  gently  to  moderately  rolling, 
with  occasional  hilly  areas.  It  is  well  drained  and  washes  in  the 
steeply  rolling  areas.  It  is  derived  from  hydromica  schists.  This  soil 
produces  fair  yields  of  general  farm  crops. 


Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  113 

1          •_'          3          4         5          6          7 

Soil  (4) 3          3          1          0        11        54        22 

Subsoil  (4) 3          5          2          0        10        49        25 

Acres. 

Chester  County,  1'a 75.840 

Montgomery  County,  1'a 8% 

Lansdale  silt  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  brown  or  slate-colored 
medium  to  heavy  silt  loam  from  10  to  14  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  to 
a  depth  of  30  inches  or  more  consists  of  a  silty  clay  loam  or  heavy  silty 
loam,  grading  into  silty  clay  loam  at  an  average  depth  of  20  inches. 
The  subsoil  ranges  from  pale  yellow  to  yellowish  gray  in  color  and  is 
generally  lighter  than  the  surface  soil.  The  surface  ranges  from 
gently  to  moderately  rolling  and  the  drainage  is  adequate.  This  type 
is  derived  from  fine-grained  sandstone  and  shale  of  Mesozoic  ago. 
It  is  adapted  to  the  production  of  general  farm  crops.  Corn  gives  an 
average  yield  of  50  bushels,  oats  35  bushels,  wheat  20  bushels,  rye  25 
bushels,  hay  \\  tons,  and  pota'o  s  135  buslvls  per  acre. 

1         •-'         3         4         5        «         7 

Soil  (3) 0  1  1  5  5  08  19 

8ubsoil'(3) 0114  5  00  23 

Acres. 

Chester  County,  I 'a 5, 248 

Montgomery  County.  1'a 93,888 

Iredell  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  loam  about  S  inches 
d  %ep,  containing  small  rounded  iron  concretions  on  the  surface.  The 
subsoil  is  a  stiff,  impervious  yellow  clay,  underlain  by  soft  decom- 
posed rock.  The  type  occupies  level  or  slightly  rolling  areas  and  is  of 
n-sidual  origin,  being  derived  from  diorite  and  similar  intrusive  rocks. 
It  is  locally  known  as  "black  jack"  or  "beeswax"  land,  the  latter 
t'.Tin  being  suggestive  of  the  character  of  the  subsoil.  Level  areas  are 
inclin  -d  to  be  swampy  on  account  of  the  impervious  nature  of  the 
clav  subsoil.  This  is  considered  a  fair  cotton,  corn,  ami  wheat  soil. 

1        •-'        :i       4        :,        (t        7 

Soil  (15) 9          8          4        10        17        32        12 

Subsoil  ( 10) 2          2          2          it          8        2X        45 

Acres.  Acres. 

•.  8.  C I4.K4X      Louisa  County.  Va 10,304 

1'rince  Kihvurel,  Va 103,070 

Statosville    N.  C 22,340 

York  County,  S.  C 40,040 


Alamanco  County,  N.  (' 18,7tiO 

Appoiimltox  County.  Va 9,004 

Cherokee  County.  8.  C 1,344 

Lecsburg,  Va 18,048 

32075-06 8 


114  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Conowingo  clay. — The  soil  is  a  yellow  to  brown  or  reddish-brown 
loam  about  8  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  yellowish-red  to  red  clay  or 
clay  loam.  In  the  subsoil  decomposed  fragments  of  steatite  give  a 
greasy  feel.  Occasionally  rock  fragments  occur  on  the  surface,  but  not 
to  exceed  25  per  cent.  The  type  is  derived  from  the  decomposition  of 
serpentine,  steatite,  talc  schist,  and  similar  rocks,  and  occupies  rolling 
lands  in  the  Piedmont  Plateau.  The  soil  is  fairly  productive  for  gen- 
eral agriculture,  comparing  favorably  with  the  Cecil  clay  and  Cecil 
loam.  It  is  known  in  Maryland  as  productive  "serpentine  land." 

1  2  3  4  5  6  7 

Soil  (7) 5  8  5  13  12  35  21 

Subsoil  (6) 5  7  4  9  7  30  36 

Acres.  Acres. 


Albemarle,  Va -  6,272 

Cecil  County,  Md 3,000 


Ilarf ord  County,  Md 6, 510 

Hickory,  N.  C 20,952 


Chester  County,  Pa. : 4, 160 

SOILS  OF  THE  APPALACHIAN  MOUNTAINS  AND  ALLEGHENY   PLATEAUS. 

The  Appalachian  Mountains  are  made  up  of  a  number  of  parallel 
ranges  and  intervening  valleys  which  extend  in  a  general  northeast  and* 
southwest  direction  from  southern  New  York  to  northern  Alabama. 
The  elevation  ranges  from  about  1,500  to  nearly  7,000  feet  above  sea 
level,  the  highest  point  being  attained  in  western  North  Carolina. 

Immediately  west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  usually  sepa- 
rated from  them  by  a  valley  is  a  wide  stretch  of  country  known  as  the 
Allegheny  Plateaus.  In  a  broad  way  these  plateaus  are  carved  out  of 
a  great  block  of  sedimentary  rocks  tilted  to  the  northwest  from  the 
mountains.  The  plateaus  are  crossed  by  numerous  streams.  As  they 
run  in  deep  channels  (all  the  larger  ones  being  from  200  to  1,000  feet 
in  depth)  the  dissection  of  the  plateau  block  is  often  minute,  and  thus 
many  plateaus  have  been  formed. 

The  rocks  of  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  are 
igneous  or  metamorphic  in  origin,  while  the  western  ranges,  as  well  as 
the  Allegheny  Plateaus,  are  made  up  of  sedimentary  rocks.  Different 
series  of  soils  have,  therefore,  been  formed  in  different  parts  of  these 
mountains  and  plateaus.  The  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks  give 
rise  to  the  soils  of  the  Porters  series,  while  the  Dekalb  and  Upshur  series 
are  formed  from  the  weathering  of  the  sandstones  and  shales  of  sedi- 
mentary origin. 


Soils  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains.         115 

The  character  of  the  topography  in  the  mountain  and  much  of  the 
plateau  region  is  such  that  general  farming  is  not  practicable.  These 
areas  are,  however,  well  suited  to  grazing  and  fruit  growing  and  these 
are  very  important  industries. 

PORTERS    SERIES. 

The  Porters  series  includes  the  residual  soils  of  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  derived  from  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks.  The  soils  are 
analogous  to  those  of  the  Cecil  series,  but  are  classed  separately  on 
account  of  the  difference  in  topographic  position.  The  mountainous 
character  of  the  country  in  which  the  Porters  soils  are  found  renders 
them  difficult  of  cultivation.  They  occur  at  high  elevations  and  so  are 
influenced  more  or  less  by  different  climatic,  and  drainage  conditions. 
On  the  more  level  and  less  elevated  areas  wheat,  corn,  rye,  and  barley, 
and  some  fruit,  particularly  apples,  are  produced.  At  a  medium  eleva- 
tion and  under  suitable  conditions  of  slope  and  exposure  fruit  is  the 
principal  crop.  Cattle  raising  is  one  of  the  most  important  industries. 
The  soils  seem  eminently  adapted  to  fruit  culture,  and  this  industry  is 
rapidly  extending  and  is  destined  to  take  on  much  larger  proportions. 

Porters  stony  loam. — The  soil  is  a  grayish-yellow  sandy  loam  about 
10  inches  deep,  mixed  with  fragments  of  sandstone  and  other  rocks. 
The  subsoil  grades  from  a  reddish-brown  clay  loam  to  a  stiff  red  clay 
in  lower  depths,  and  contains  some  coarse  sand  and  a  large  percentage 
of  sandstone  fragments.  The  type  occupies  rolling  valley  lands  and 
gentle  slopes  of  mountains.  The  soil  is  colluvial,  derived  from  wash 
from  the  rnountuins,*hut  the  subsoil  is  derived  from  the  decomposition 
of  underlying  rocks.  The  soil  produces  good  crops  of  wheat ,  corn,  grass, 
tobacco,  rye,  and  apples. 

i       •-'       :;       :       r.       <;       7 
Soil  <<») y      ID        c.       r.       10      :vj       it; 

Subsoil  (7) 0          7          .1        14          9        31        2.r> 

Acres.  Arrvs. 

Admits  County,  I'll 41,472     Hickory,  N.  C '.'.I,  l.r>2 

Aliuniinrc  County,  N.  C a  15,970     Statosvillo,  N.  C as,  130 

Cot>!>  County.  tin <>L',020 

Porters  sand.  —The  soil  is  a  grayish-yellow  coarse  sand  about  10 
inches  in  depth,  overlying  coarse  sand  and  masses  of  broken  rock. 
Fragments  of  nx-k  and  huge  l>owlders  an-  scattered  on  the  surface.  The 


as  l|i-rii'l»ii  stony  louin. 


116  Soil  Survey  Field  Book, 

type  occupies  mountain  slopes  and  is  derived  through  weathering 
from  granite,  gneiss,  and  similar  rocks.  Where  slopes  are  not  steep  the 
soil  is  used  to  some  extent  for  general  farming.  Formerly  bright 
tobacco  was  grown.  It  is  adapted  to  peach  and  grape  culture. 

1  •->          »          4          r>          C          7 

Soil  (14) 11  IS        11        22        11        15        11 

Subsoil  (14) 12  20        13        22        10        14          9 

Acres.  Acres. 

Albeinarle,  Y;i 115, 130  Hickory,  N.  C 11,136 

Ashcvillo,  N.  C 13,050  Mount  Mitchell,  N.  C 42,810 

Campobcllo,  S.  C 15,238  ; 

Porters  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  grayish-yellow  sandy 
loam  from  G  to  15  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  tenacious  red  clay. 
Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  fragments  of  quartz  and  other  rocks. 
The  type  occupies  mountain  or  high  rolling  lands  and  is  of  residual 
origin,  being  derived  from  igneous  rocks.  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  rye,  pota- 
toes, and  fruit  arc  the  principal  crops. 

1234567 

Soil  (14) 7        14        10       23        13        19        13 

Subsoil  (14) G        12          7        18        13        20        24 

Acres.  Acres. 

Ashoville,  N.  C 41,792     Mount  Mitchell,  N.  C 70,480 


Bedford,  Va a  40, 150 


Hickory,  N.  C 49,920 


Campobello,  S.  C 13, 207 

Porters  black  loam. — The  soil  is  a  rich,  dark  loam  about  15  inches 
deep,  mixed  with  rounded  and  angular  fragments  of  rock  often  several 
feet  in  diameter.  The  subsoil  is  iv  yellowish-brown  or  reddish  clay  loam 
containing  a  large  percentage  of  rock.  The  type  occupies  the  steep 
slopes  of  the  higher  mountains  and  is  of  residual  origin,  being  derived 
from  granite,  gneiss,  and  similar  rocks.  The  soil  is  productive,  but 
the  slopes  are  too  steep  and  stony  to  admit  of  extensive  cultivation  for 
general  farm  crops.  It  is  especially  adapted  to  apples,  particularly 
the  Albemarle  pippin.  For  this  apple  the  small  coves  on  the  east  side 
of  the  mountains  are  considered  most  desirable.  Where  exposed  on 
the  top  of  the  mountains  it  has  little  value  for  fruit  and  is  used  only 
for  grazing. 

a  It  is  now  recognized  that  a  part  of  this  should  have  been  mapped  as  Dckalb 
stony  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains.         117 

1234567 

Soil  (15) 6  9          7        16        10        26        23 

Subsoil  (12) 5  9          6        15          9        26        26 

Acres.  Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 68,736  \  Hickory,  N.  C 512 

Asheville,  N.  C 24,064  I  Mount  Mitchell,  N.C 87,808 

Bedford,  Va 8,270  | 

Porters  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  dark-red  or  gray  loam  from  6  to 
15  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  tenacious  red  clay.  Both  soil  and 
subsoil  contain  fragments  of  quartz  and  other  rocks.  The  type  occu- 
pies mountain  or  high,  rolling  lands,  and  is  derived  from  igneous  rocks. 
Wheat,  corn,  oats,  rye,  potatoes,  and  fruit  are  the  principal  crops. 

12          3          45          ft         7 

Soil  (3) 4        10          8        18        11        24        25 

Subsoil  (3) 3          7          6        13          7        20        44 

Acres. 
Asheville,  N.  C 180,416 

Porters  clay. — The  soil  is  a  reddish-brown  clay  loam  about  6  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  a  stifT,  tenacious  red  clay  to  a  depth  of  20  inches  or 
more.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  a  large  percentage  of  stone.  The 
type  occupies  mountain  slopes.  This  is  a  residual  soil  derived  from 
granite  and  other  crystalline  rocks.  When  not  too  stony  and  rough  it 
produces  good  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  and  grass.  It  is  one  of  the  important 
apple  soils  of  the  mountains,  particularly  for  Winesap  and  similar  va- 
rieties. 

1234          5 

Soil  (14) 3        7          6          12          9 

Subsoil  (14) 3        6          4          10          8 


Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa 27,264 

AllM'marle,  Va 32,512 

Asheville,  N.  C...  .     49,152 


Bedford.  Va «  28, 240 


Acres. 

Campol>ello,  S.  C 13.005 

Hickory,  N.C 7, .'52 

Lecshiirg,  Va 2. 752 


Mount  Mitchell,  N.  C 98, (124 


DKKALIl    SERIES. 


The  Dokalb  series  is  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  sandstones 
and  shales,  from  Silurian  to  Carboniferous  in  age.  The  surface  soils  are 
gray  to  brown  in  color,  while  the  subsoils  are  commonly  some  shade  of 
yellow.  The  surface  features  consist  of  gently  rolling  table-lands,  hills, 

«  Mapped  as  Porters  red  clay. 


118  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

and  mountains.  The  soils  are  generally  not  very  productive.  The 
stony  and  sandy  members  of  the  series  are  well  adapted  to  orchard 
fruits,  while  the  heavier  soils  make  good  hay  and  pastures. 

Dekalb  stony  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  to  yellowish  sandy  loam  from 
6  to  10  inches  deep,  grading  into  a  subsoil  of  slightly  heavier  texture  and 
yellower  color.  In  some  places  the  subsoil  approaches  more  nearly 
a  true  clay.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  a  large  quantity  of  sand- 
stone, conglomerate,  and  sandy  calcareous  shale  fragments.  The  soil 
frequently  rests  directly  upon  a  broken  mass  of  rock.  The  topography 
is  very  rough  and  broken.  Owing  to  the  character  of  the  surface  and 
its  very  stony  nature,  the  soil  is  not  very  productive,  although  where 
the  clay  subsoil  prevails  and  a  part  of  the  stones  are  removed  fair  crops 
are  produced.  With  proper  location  and  elevation  the  sandy  and  sandy 
loam  phases  are  well  adapted  to  peaches.  Where  wheat  is  grown  the 
soil  produces  a  small  yield  of  bright,  heavy  grain.  The  native  growth 
consists  mainly  of  chestnut  and  white  oak,  with  some  hickory,  black 

gum,  and  red  oak. 

1         '.'         34         56         7 

Soil  (21) 3          7          7        10        14        XI        18 

Subsoil  (21) 4          S          7        IS        i:j        20        23 

Acres.  !  Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa 4,224  |  Lebanon,  Pa o20,300 

Albemarle,  Va a  134,656  !  Leesburg,  Va 19,072 

Chester  County,  Pa 14,528  j  Lockhaven,  Pa 111,872 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 37,120     Montgomery  County,  Pa 1,472 

Greeneville,  Tenn 99,072     Pikevillc,  Tenn 32,128 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 013,000,  Upshur  County,  W.  Va 82,500 

Dekalb  shale  loam. — The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  8  inches  con- 
sists of  a  brown  to  yellowish  loam  or  clay  loam,  underlain  by  yellowish 
or  sometimes  slightly  reddish  clay  loam  increasing  in  clay  con- 
tent with  depth,  grading  into  stiff  clay  resting  upon  a  mass  of  broken 
shale  fragments  at  depths  rarely  exceeding  24  inches.  On  the  surface 
and  throughout  the  soil  and  subsoil  are  scattered  varying  quantities  of 
weathered  shale  fragments,  the  content  usually  increasing  with  depth. 
The  surface  features  consist  of  smooth  rounded  knobs  and  ridges,  with 
narrow  intervening  valleys.  The  type  is  of  residual  origin  and  is 
derived  from  sandy  to  argillaceous  and  more  or  less  calcareous  shales. 
The  soil  is  heavy  and  droughty  and  is  best  adapted  to  grain  and  grass 
crops. 

o  Mapped  as  Edgemont  stony  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains.         119 

1-234567 

Soil  (15) 8          6          3          6          7        39        30 

Subsoil  (9) 5          6          3          7          7        33        38 

Acres.  I  Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va <»  75, 328     Lebanon,  1'a o  142, 210 


Bedford,  Va «  25, 370 

Chester  County,  Pa 1, 408 

Greeneville,  Tenn 64,896 

Lancaster  County,  Pa <»  15. 000 


Leesburg,  Va a  8, 000 

Lockhaven,  Pa o  25, 728 

Madison  County,  Ky 18,880 

Montgomery  County,  Pa f>8, 992 


Dekalb  gravelly  loam. — This  type  is  composed  of  a  surface  soil  of 
brown  loam  or  heavy  sandy  loam  with  a  depth  of  8  to  12  inches,  resting 
upon  a  subsoil  of  light-yellow  loam.  From  5  to  30  per  cent  of  fine 
quartz  gravel  occurs  in  the  soil  and  the  content  of  this  material  increases 
with  depth.  The  type  occupies  ridges  and  hills  and  sometimes  the 
intervening  depressions.  It  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  the 
Potsdam  conglomerate.  The  drainage  is  well  established,  and  crops 
are  liable  to  suffer  in  dry  seasons  from  lack  of  moisture.  The  type  is 
fairly  well  adapted  to  general  farm  crops. 

1234507 

Soil  (1) 5       24        11        12        11        27        10 

Subsoil  (1) 5        28        12        10          8        20        17 

Acres. 
Montgomery  County,  Pa 4,800 

Dekalb  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  gray  to  brown  sandy 
loam  of  medium  to  fine  texture  from  9  to  12  inches  deep,  resting  on  a 
yellowish-brown,  slightly  sticky  sandy  loam.  The  type  is  residual  in 
origin,  derived  from  sandstone  rock,  and  occurs  in  rather  level  areas. 
Occasionally  broken  sandstone  lies  directly  under  the  surface  soil.  This 
is  an  easily  cultivated  type  and  responds  readily  to  fertilizers,  but  is  not 
very  productive.  Some  wheat  is  grown,  but  the  average  yield  is  not 
more  than  7  bushels  per  acre.  The  yield  of  corn  rarely  exceeds  15  to  20 
bushels,  while  cotton  gives  from  200  to  350  pounds  of  lint  per  acre. 
This  soil  is  adapted  to  vegetables  and  very  well  adapted  to  apples  and 
peaches. 

1234          5        0         7 

Soil  (4) 1          ft        IS        27          S        25        r. 

Subsoil  (!>) 1          4        12        29          9        24        21 

Acres.    '  Acres. 

mount  County.  Ala 168,512  j  Lebanon,  Pa «•  11,220 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 182,656'  Pikevillo,  Tenn 1(13.392 

»  Mapped  as  liagcrslown  shale  loam. 
'•  M,i|i|>'-'l  us  Dauphin  sundy  loam. 


120  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Dekalb  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  fine  compact  sandy  loam  from 
8  to  12  inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  subsoil  of  similar  material,  becoming 
more  loamy  as  the  depth  increases.  The  type  is  derived  from  sand- 
stone. The  soil  is  naturally  not  productive,  and  small  crops  are 
obtained  unless  heavily  fertilized.  With  proper  cultivation  it  is  fairly 
well  adapted  to  fruit  and  truck.  The  principal  timber  is  chestnut  and 
oak. 

1234  5         0         7 

Soil  (2) 1          1          C        45          6        28        10 

Subsoil  (2) ...  f 1          1          5        36          6        34        17 


Acres. 

Blount  County,  Ala 93,504 

Chester  County,  Pa 5, 032 


Acres. 

Madison  County,  Ky 8o2 

Webster  County,  Mo 3, 584 


Iluntsville,  Ala 2, 240  | 

Dekalb  loam. — The  soil  is  a  fine-textured  loam  of  light-brown  or 
yellowish  color  and  from  10  to  15  inches  deep.  The  texture  becomes 
heavier  as  the  depth  increases,  and  the  material  grades  finally  into  a 
light-yellow  silty  clay  or  clay  subsoil, often  mottled  with  gray  or  drab, 
which  extends  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  The  subsoil  rests  upon  a 
mass  of  freshly  disintegrated  sandstone,  beneath  which  is  found  bed 
rock.  Sandstone  fragments  are  usually  scattered  over  the  surface  and 
some  iron,  concretions  also  occur.  The  type  occupies  ridges  varying 
from  deeply  dissected  to  broad  and  gently  rolling  topography.  It  is 
well  drained,  and  in  some  situations  is  subject  to  erosion.  This  is  a 
residual  soil  derived  from  a  very  fine-grained  sandstone.  This  is  an 
excellent  type  for  general  farming,  potatoes,  and  other  vegetables, 
melons,  small  fruits,  and  tobacco.  Corn  yields  from  35  to  60  bushels, 
hay  from  1  to  1£  tons,  oats  from  35  to  50  bushels,  and  wheat  about  15 
bushels  per  acre. 

1234507 

Soil  (5) 3          8          4          8          7        49        22 

Subsoil  (5) 2          7          4          7          0        45        27 

Acres. 

Madison  County,  Ky 20,800 

Chester  County,  Pa 11,456 

Upshur  County,  W.  Va 14,912 

Dekalb  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  mellow  loam  or  silt  loam  of  a  gray, 
brown,  or  yellow  color,  from  8  to  20  inches  deep,  with  an  average  depth 
of  14  inches.  The  sand  constituent  is  of  the  finer  grades,  and  this, 
with  the  large  silt  content,  gives  the  soil  the  character  of  a  mellow 


Soils  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains.         121 

silty  loam.  The  line  between  soil  and  subsoil  is  nowhere  sharply 
drawn.  The  subsoil  is  a  silty  clay  loam,  not  plastic  nor  tenacious.  It 
has  a  characteristic  yellow  color,  but  lighter  than  that  of  the  soil 
because  of  the  lack  of  organic  matter.  Unweathered  rock  is  often  en- 
countered at  a  depth  of  less  than  3  feet,  and  nearly  everywhere  frag- 
ments of  shale  or  shaly  sandstone  are  scattered  through  the  soil  and 
over  the  surface.  The  type  covers  hilly  uplands  with  a  more  broken 
surface  near  the  streams.  Away  from  the  streams  the  surface  is  roll- 
ing, and  this  is  the  character  of  the  greater  part  of  the  type.  Its 
topography  admits  of  easy  drainage.  The  soil  is  not  retentive  of  mois- 
ture, though  with  the  rainfall  usual  in  the  regions  where  it  occurs 
crops  seldom  suffer  seriously  from  drought.  The  tendency  to  wash 
and  gully  is  not  so  great  as  in  many  soils  of  similar  topography.  The 
steep  hillsides,  however,  should  not  be  planted  to  cultivated  crops.  It 
is  a  residual  soil;  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  the  shales,  sandstones, 
sandy  shales,  and  limestones  of  the  Carboniferous  period.  The  original 
rocks  contained  some  iron,  and  this  is  manifested  in  the  soil  by  occa- 
sional iron  concretions.  Corn,  wheat,  and  timothy  are  the  most  im- 
portant cultivated  crops.  Much  of  the  hilly  and  stony  land  is  unfit  for 
cultivation,  but  is  well  adapted  to  grasses.  In  the  extremely  rough 
portions  the  land  is  still  in  forests  of  hardwood. 

1  2          3          4         5         6          7 

Soil  (7). 1  2         3         4         7        01        21 

Subsoil  (5) , 1  2         3         7        10        46       29 

Acres.  !  Acres. 

Coshooton  County,  Ohio 320,064     Scott  County,  Ind 22,080 

Orwneville,  Tonn 10, .560     Warren  County,  Ky 89,40X 

Madison  County,  Ky 31 , 424 

Dekalb  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  about  8  inches  of  grayish-brown 
loam  or  clay  loam,  often  containing  much  silt,  underlain  to  a  depth  of 
'.V)  inches  or  more  bv  a  yellowish-brown  to  reddish-yellow  clay.  Both 
soil  and  sul>soil  usually  contain  from  10  to  -40  per  cent  of  small  shale 
fragments.  The  usual  topography  of  the  type  is  hilly,  and  the  natural 
drainage  is  good.  The  soil  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  shales 
Ix-longing  to  the  Coal  Measures.  It  supports  a  timber  growth  consist- 
ing mostly  of  oak,  hickory,  Iwch,  and  pine.  When  cleared  and  cul- 
tivated fair  yields  of  cotton,  corn,  vegetables,  sorghum,  and  forage 
crops  are  secured.  The  higher  ridges  are  suited  to  peaches  and  other 
orchard  fruits. 


122  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1884687 

Soil  (4) 5          5          2          7        10        35        30 

Subsoil  (4) 1          4          1          4          6        31        53 

Acres.  :  Acres. 

Blount  County,  Ala 54,144     Upshur  County,  W.  Va 40,708 

Cleveland,  Ohio 9,728     Westfleld,  N.  Y o  21, 860 

UPSHUR    SERIES. 

The  Upshur  series  is  closely  associated  with  the  Dekalb  series,  but 
is  much  less  extensively  developed.  It  is  characterized  and  distin- 
guished from  the  Dekalb  series  by  the  brown  and  red  surface  soils  and 
the  red  subsoils.  The  series  has  been  formed  by  the  weathering  of  red 
sandstones  and  shales  of  Paleozoic  age.  The  surface  is  rolling  to  moun- 
tainous, and  drainage  is  well  established.  The  soils  of  this  series  are 
generally  more  productive  than  the  corresponding  members  of  the 
Dekalb  series. 

Upshur  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  about  10  inches  consists 
of  gray  to  reddish  gray  medium  to  fine  sandy  loam,  underlain  by  a 
deep-brown  to  red  sandy  clay  subsoil.  The  surface  of  the  type  varies 
from  gently  rolling  to  hilly  and  rugged,  and  sometimes  on  the  steeper 
slopes  rock  fragments  occur.  The  natural  drainage  is  good.  The  soil 
is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  a  brown  to  red  sandstone  which 
forms  a  part  of  the  Coal  Measures.  The  original  timber  growth  is  oak, 
hickory,  and  pine.  When  well  cultivated  good  crops  of  cotton,  corn, 
and  wheat  are  produced.  It  is  suited  also  to  vegetables,  orchard 
fruits,  and  small  fruits. 

1          2          8         4          5          «          7 

Soil  (2) 1          2          9        45        17        14        12 

Subsoil  (2) 0         4        14       30         S       20       25 

Acres. 

Blount  County,  Ala : 8, 320 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 6576 

Upshur  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  about  8  inches  of  loam,  varying 
from  brown  to  dark  Indian-red  in  color.  The  subsoil  is  a  clay  loam 
to  a  heavy  clay,  usually  of  a  red-brown  to  a  deep  Indian-red  color. 
The  surface  varies  from  flat  to  gently  rolling  or  occasionally  hilly. 
The  type  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  a  fine-grained  red  shaly 

"  Mapped  as  Dunkirk  shale  loam. 
&  Mapped  as  I'enn  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Limestone  Valleys  and  Uplands.     123 

sandstone.and  is  naturally  well  drained.  The  soil  is  productive  and  is 
well  adapted  to  cotton,  corn,  and  forage  crops.  Vegetables,  orchard 
fruits,  and  small  fruits  do  well  on  the  lighter  and  higher  lying  areas 

of  the  type. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 1          5          5        16        15        33        25 

Subsoil  (2) 1          4          2          9        11        35        38 

Acres. 
Blount  County,  Ala 14, 720 

Upshur  clay. — The  soil  is  a  stiff  dark-red  clay  about  7  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  a  lighter-colored  red  clay  of  nearly  the  same  texture. 
The  type  occupies  steep  hillsides,  occasionally  extending  down  into 
valleys,  and  suffers  much  from  erosion.  Exposed  areas  are  inclined 
to  bake  and  crack  in  dry  weather.  The  type  is  the  direct  product  of 
the  weathering  of  shales.  The  soil  is  mainly  used  for  pasturage,  but 
the  more  gently  rolling  areas,  susceptible  of  thorough  cultivation,  pro- 
duce good  crops  of  wheat,  corn,  and  grass. 

1884         •">        6          7 

Soil  (4) 2          4          3          7          8        28        48 

Subsoil  (4) 1         6         4         8         6       25       50 

Acres. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y a  3, 840 

Upshur  County,  W.  Va 13,504 

SOILS  OK  THK  LIMKSTOXE  VALLEYS  AM>  II'LAXWS. 

The  limestone  soils  are  among  the  most  extensively  developed  of  any 
in  the  United  States  and  occur  in  both  broad  upland  and  inclosed  nar- 
row valley  areas.  The  greatest  upland  development  is  seen  upon  the 
Cumberland  Plateau  in  eastern  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  and  upon  the 
Carboniferous  formation  in  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  northern 
Alabama  and  Georgia,  and  in  Missouri.  The  valley  soils  are  found 
principally  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  and  in  the  moun- 
tain section  of  eastern  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  and  northern  Alabama 
and  Georgia.  The  topography  of  the  plateau  soils  varies  considerably. 
In  the  Cumberland  Plateau  and  Highland  Rim  the  surface  is  undulating; 
in  the  region  of  the  O'/.ark  uplift  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  it  is  quite  rough 
and  hilly,  and  where  there  is  an  elevation  of  the  surface,  or  where  the 
plateau  is  deeply  dissected  by  erosion,  it  presents  a  quite  mountainous 

"  Ma|>[»'<l  us  I'ciiii  clay. 


124  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool\ 

topography.  The  valley  soils  of  the  Appalachian  region  also  show 
considerable  topographic  relief,  sometimes  exhibiting  mountainous 
surface  features. 

The  limestone  soils  are  residual  in  origin,  l>eing  derived  from  the 
weathering  in  place  of  limestone  of  differing  age  and  composition. 
This  is  accomplished  by  the  removal  through  solution  of  the  calcium 
carbonate  of  the  limestone,  leaving  -behind  the  more  resistant  siliceous 
minerals.  These  soils  are  remarkable  for  the  fact  that  they  constitute 
but  a  very  small  percentage  of  the  original  limestone  rock,  the  larger 
part  having  gone  into  solution.  It  has  thus  required  the  solution  of 
many  feet  of  rock  to  form  1  foot  of  soil. 

The  naturally  heavy  character  of  the  limestone  soils  fit  them  for 
grain,  grass,  and  general  farming  lands  rather  than  for  such  early  truck 
crops  as  are  grown  upon  the  lighter,  coarser  soils  of  the  Atlantic  Coastal 
Plain:  They  have  found  a  special  usefulness,  however,  particularly 
in  certain  sections  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  in  the  production  of  a 
heavy  tobacco  for  export  use. 

Thus  far  the  limestone  soils  east  of  Kansas  and  Texas  and  north  of 
central  Alabama  and  Georgia  have  been  grouped  in  two  important 
series,  known  as  the  Hagerstown  and  Clarksville. 

HAGERSTOWN    SERIES. 

The  Hagerstown  series  is  formed  mainly  from  the  solution  and  sub- 
sequent filtration  of  pure  massive  limestone  of  Cambro-Silurian  age. 
The  soils  of  this  series,  as  a  rule,  occur  in  valleys  bordered  by  areas  of 
the  more  resistant  sandstones  and  shales.  The  series  is  most  typically 
developed  in  the  limestone  valleys  of  the  Allegheny  Mountain  region 
and  in  the  central  basins  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  but  smaller 
areas  are  found  as  marginal  deposits  in  the  adjoining  Piedmont  section 
and  in  the  deep  valleys  of  the  Appalachian  Plateau,  where  the  under- 
lying limestones  have  been  exposed  to  weathering  by  previous  deep 
erosion.  The  most  productive  valley  phase  occurs  in  the  large  valley 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Allegheny  Mountains. 

Hagerstown  stony  loam. — The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  8  inches 
consists  of  a  silty  or  fine  sandy  loam,  usually  brown  in  color  but  vary- 
ing from  light  gray  to  yellowish.  The  subsoil  consists  of  a  yellow  or 
yellowish-red  clay  loam  grading  at  an  average  depth  of  24  inches  into 
a  stiff  red  clay  which  extends  to  unknown  depths.  Upon  the  surface 
and  occupying  a  large  part  of  the  soil  and  the  first  few  inches  of  the 


Soils  of  the  Limestone  Valleys  and  Uplands.     125 

subsoil  occurs  a  high  percentage  of  angular  chert  fragments.  The  type 
is  residual  and  is  derived  from  the  solution  of  impure  limestone  con- 
taining cherty  layers,  the  insoluble  materials  being  concentrated  on 
the  surface.  The  type  occupies  high  ridges  in  the  limestone  valleys. 
The  natural  drainage  is  thorough,  but  with  its  close  subsoil  the  type  is 
retentive  of  moisture  and  fertilizers.  The  soil  is  particularly  well 
adapted  to  fruit  growing.  Of  the  field  crops,  corn  succeeds  best. 

l        -2       :$       4       :>        «        7 

Soil  (4) 2  4          3          6        11        ~>2        22 

Subsoil  (4) 2  3          2          4          7        38        44 

Acres.  Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa 1,408     Huntsvillo,  Ala 41,984 

Albemarle,  Va 59,130     Lockhaven,  Pa 22,016 

Bedford,  Va o  11,9.50     Pikeville,  Tenn 27,392 

Hagerstown  stony  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  about  8  inches  of  brown 
to  yellow  clay  loam,  or  clay  underlain  by  yellow  sticky  clay.  Usually 
limestone  fragments  are  abundant  in  both  soil  and  subsoil,  and  mas- 
sive outcrops  of  hard,  bluish-gray  crystalline  limestone  frequently 
break  the  surface.  The  surface  is  usually  rough,  stony,  and  hilly,  con- 
sisting of  ridges  and  valley  slopes.  The  type  owes  its  origin  to  the  weath- 
ering of  limestones  and  shales  of  Silurian  age.  The  soil  is  naturally 
quite  productive,  but  owing  to  the  large  quantity  of  rock  fragments 
and  rock  outcrop  very  little  of  it  is  under  cultivation.  Fair  yields  of 
corn,  wheat,  cotton,  and  forage  crops  are  secured  on  the  less  stony 
areas. 

l        •_'       :t       4        5       ft        7 

Soil  (2) 1  5  5  10  .r>  29  4"> 

Subsoil  (2) 1  2  2  5  4  28  58 

Acres. 

Blount  County,  Ala C>,848 

Madison  County,  Ky 33,792 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  fine  sandy  loam  about  12 
inches  deep,  of  a  gray  to  yellowish  or  light-brown  color.  Thr  subsoil 
is  a  yellowish-red  clay  grading  into  a  stiff  red  clay.  The  type  occupies 
some  of  the  higher  ridges  of  the  valley  and  has  good  drainage.  It  is 
of  residual  and  colluvial  origin,  l>cing  derived  from  limestone.  Wheat, 
corn,  and  grass  are  grown.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  fruit,  particularly 
peaches. 

"  Map|N>d  as  Murrill  stony  loam. 


126  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

i       a       a      4       r>       «       7 

Soil  (10) 1          6          8        24        15        32        13 

Subsoil  (10) 0         3         4        14         9       31        38 

Acres,  j  Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 45,504  ,  Leesburg,  Va 1,216 

Bedford,  Va oil, 910  i  Pikeville,  Term 5,760 

Huntsville,  Ala 8,064  | 

Hagerstown  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  or  yellow  loam  12  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  a  yellow  clay  loam  to  a  depth  of  24  inches,  this  in 
turn  being  underlain  by  a  still",  yellowish-red  clay.  The  type  occupies 
rolling  valley  land  and  uplands,  and  is  derived  from  the  weathering 
of  pure  massive  limestone.  This  is  the  typical  corn  land  of  central 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  the  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virginia.  It 
is  one  of  the  best  types  of  general  farming  lands  in  the  Eastern  States 
and  produces  corn,  tobacco,  wheat,  and  grass. 

1  2         «         46         fi         1 

Soil  (19) 5  3          3          7        10        46        28 

Subsoil  (19) 2  3          2          6          8        38        39 

Acres.  [  Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa: 10,064  i  Lauderdale  County,  Ala d 60, 992 

Albemarle,  Va 30,784  !  Lawrence  County,  Tenn d  10, 880 

Bedford,  Va 40,520  Lebanon,  Pa 93,110 

Chester  County,  Pa 19,456  (  Leesburg,  Va 4,864 

Davidson  County,  Tenn b 163, 200'  Madison  County,  Ky 107,072 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 21,632'  Montgomery  County,  Pa 11,840 

GreeneviHe,  Tenn <-83,520  ]  Mason  County,  Ky 24,384 

Huntsville,  Ala 138,944'  Pikeville,  Tenn 20,a52 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 45,000  Scott  County,  Ky 76,800 

Hagerstown  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  reddish  loam  or  silty 
loam  24  inches  deep,  overlying  stiff,  tenacious  red  clay.  The,  type 
occupies  rolling  valley  land  and  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  pure 
massive  limestone.  This  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  strongest  soils  for 
general  agricultural  purposes  and  is  well  known  for  its  large  crops  of 

wheat  and  corn. 

1          234507 

Soil  (2)...  i 1          3          2          5          9        64        16 

Subsoil  (3) 3          2          2          4        10        51        28 

Acres. 
Lancaster  County,  Pa 21,000 


"Mapped  as  Murnll  sandy  loam. 
*  Mapped  in  part  as  Davidson  loam. 
c Mapped  as  Fort  Payne  loam. 
<*  Mapped  as  Clarksville  clay  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Limestone  Valleys  and  Uplands.     127 

Hagerstown  clay. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  brown  to  reddish-brown 
loam  or  clay  12  inches  deep,  un'derlain  by  a  stiff,  tenacious  reddish- 
yellow  or  red  clay.  The  type  occupies  rolling  valley  land  and  is  de- 
rived from  weathering  of  pure  massive  limestone.  This  is  recognized 
as  a  very  strong  soil  for  general  agriculture. 

1  •_'         «          4          5         0          7 

Soil  (8) 1  2          2          9          8        41        38 

Subsoil  (9) 0  1          1          fi          5        29        56 

Acres.  Acres. 

Alhemarlc,  Va 25,920  \  Lancaster  County,  Pa 2,000 

Bedford,  Va 19,210     Loesburg,  Va 4,224 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 3,9(i8  :  Madison  County,  Ky 43,392 


Groenoville,  Tenn a21,5f>8 

Huntsville,  Ala 9,024 


Mason  County,  Ky 115, 048 

Scott  County,  Ky 102,528 


CL.ARKSVII,LE    SERIES. 

The  Clarksvillc  series  is  derived  largely  from  cherty  and  fossilifer- 
ous  limestone  of  the  St.  Louis  group  of  the  Subcarboniferous  forma- 
tion. These  soils  occur  on  both  the  level  and  undulating  uplands 
and  in  rough,  hilly  country  with  steep  valley;:.  When  the  latter 
surface  features  predominate  the  soils  are  generally  unproductive  and 
very  stony,  but  in  some  sections  are  adapted  to  fruit,  especially 
apples.  The  soils  formed  from  beds  of  purer  limestone  occupying 
level  and  gently  rolling  areas  are  as  a  rule  very  productive,  and  are 
adapted  to  wheat,  corn,  and  tobacco. 

Clarksville  stony  loam.b — The  soil  is  a  gray  or  light-yellow  to  brown 
silty  loam  6  inches -in  depth,  overlying  yellowish-red  to  red  silty  clav 
or  clay  3  feet  or  more  in  depth.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  20  to  .50 
per  cent  of  angular  fragments  of  chert  and  siliceous  limestone.  The 
type  occupies  rough,  broken  country  with  deep-cut,  narrow  vallevs. 
It  is  a  residual  soil,  derived  from  cherty  siliceous  limestones  and  is 
thin  and  stony  and  of  little  agricultural  value,  and  at  present  is  largely 
covered  with  a  thick  second  growth  of  oak  timlx>r.  It  is  adapted  to 
apples  and  peaches. 


"  M.I  |>|»-<1  as  Dccutiir  clay. 

'•  See  also  Rough  stony  land,  p.  2(18. 


128  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1234567 

Soil  (18) 2  3205        58        22 

Subsoil  (19) .....2  3         2         5      •    4        49       39 

Acres.  Acres. 

Blount  County,  Ala 044, 992     Lawrence  County,  Term 203, 290 

Crawford  County,  Mo 324, 008     Laudcrdale  County,  Ala 235, 712 

Davidson  County,  Tenn 99,840  Montgomery  County,  Tenn. ..     06,150 

Fort  Payne,  Ala oos,804  ,  Saline  County,  Mo 7,290 

Groeneville,  Tenn 004, 386     Webster  County,  Mo 212, 992 

Howell  County,  Mo 499, 204 

Clarksville  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil,  varying  in  depth  from  6  to 
15  inches,  is  a  gray  or  light-orange  fine  sandy  loam  of  loose  texture. 
The  subsoil,  to  a  depth  of  more  than  3  feet,  is  a  red  sandy  clay,  being 
more  sandy  in  the  upper  portion.  The  surface  features  are  not  very 
uniform,  varying  from  low,  rolling  hills  to  narrow  ridges.  The  type 
has  been  formed  largely  from  remnants  of  sandy  layers  of  the  Lafav- 
ette  formation,  mixed  to  a  certain  extent  with  the  clays  of  the  under- 
lying limestone.  Surface  drainage  is  complete,  but  the  subsoil  is 
capable  of  retaining  a  large  quantity  of  moisture.  The  soil  should  be 
excellent  for  peaches  and,  where  well  drained,  for  cotton  and  some 
other  general  farm  crops. 

1         2        »         4         5         6          7 

Soil  (1) 1          3        10        43        11        25          8 

Subsoil  (1) 0         3         8       29         7        23       30 

Acres. 
Lauderdale  County,  Ala 1,850 

Clarksville  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  silt  loam  8  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  a  yellowish  compact  silt  loam,  gradually  changing  to 
silty  clay  with  depth.  The  color  of  the  lower  subsoil  often  changes  to 
reddish-yellow  or  red.  The  type  is  of  a  residual  origin,  being  derived 
from  fossiliferous  siliceous  limestones.  The  surface  is  level  to  gently 
rolling.  The  larger  and  more  level  areas  are  generally  poorly  drained. 
The  type  is  known  locally  as  "Barrens"  or  "Flatwoods"  and  is  largely 
forested  with  oaks.  It  is  droughty  and  not  considered  strong,  but 
with  good  treatment  fair  yields  of  the  staple  crops  can  be  produced. 
In  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  this  soil  produces  an  excellent  grade  of 
export  tobacco.  Special  crops,  such  as  strawberries  and  cantaloupes 
and  some  vegetables,  are  grown  successfully. 


oMapped  as  Fort  Payne  stony  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Limestone  Valleys  and  Uplands.  129 

1234507 

Soil  (17) 1          1         1         5         6       68        17  » 

Subsoil  (17) 11          1         5         4       59       28 

Acres.  Acres. 

Crawford  County,  Mo 109, 700  I  Montgomery  County,  Tenn  . . .  233, 410 

llowell  County,  Mo 40, 384  i  Saline  County,  Mo (>7,.V.>0 


Warren  County,  Ky 2.32,  S32 

Webster  County,  Mo 147,712 


Huntsville,  Ala » 59,. 120 

Laudcrdale  County,  Ala 104,320 

Lawrence  County,  Tenn 113,f>f>4 

Clarksville  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  to  reddish-brown  silty 
loam  8  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy  red  silty  clay  loam  to  deptli  of 
3  feet  or  more,  the  clay  content  increasing  at  lower  depths.  The  type 
occupies  gently  undulating  country  and  is  usually  well  drained.  It  is 
a  deep  residual  soil  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  limestone.  It 
is  a  strong,  fertile  soil  and  is  considered  the  best  general  farm  land  of 
the  localities  where  it  occurs.  Tobacco  of  the  export  variety  produces 
a  heavy  yield,  but  not  a  superior  quality  of  leaf. 

1        •-'        :5        \        567 

Soil  (3) 1          1          1          5          3        68        21 

Subsoil  (3) L         1         1         4         2       54       30 

Acres. 

Montgomery  County,  Tenn 27, 400 

Warren  County,  Ky 9,408 

.MIS(KLLAXKOIS   SOILS   OF   THK    UMKSTOXK    VALLKYS   AM)   l'PLAM)S. 

Fort  Payne  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  6  inches 
consists  of  a  brown,  light,  very  sandy  loam,  usually  mixed  with  gravel 
and  small  fragments  of  stone.  The  subsoil  is  a  sandy  loam  of  lighter 
color,  filled  with  rock  fragments  that  have  resisted  weathering,  and 
passing  finally  into  partly  decomposed  rock.  The  depth  of  the  soil 
is  quite  variable,  in  some  places  being  5  or  0  feet  deep,  while  in  others 
the  unweathered  rock  comes  to  the  surface.  The  type  is  the  result  of 
the  weathering  of  the  sandy  dolomite,  which  is  characteristic  of  the 
calciferous  group  of  the  Silurian.  In  some  places  glacial  drift  has  en- 
tered to  some  extent  into  the  composition  of  the  soil.  The  topography 
of  the  type  is  usually  hilly  or  rolling.  The  soil  is  productive  and  is 
suited  to  a  variety  of  crops.  Potatoes  give  large  yields,  and  are  of  a 
superior  quality.  Besides  the  general  farm  crops  the  soil  is  adapted 
to  sugar  Ix-et.s  and  other  special  crops. 

"  .Mii|>|x'<l  us  HapTstown  silt  liutm. 
:{l!07r>— fH» !» 


130  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

123456          7 

f  Soil  (31 1          0        11        30        22        10          6 

Subsoil  (3). 1          8          5        35        27        15          7 

Acres. 
Munising  area,  Mich 7,93f> 

Cumberland  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  rather  mellow  loam  or 
slightly  sandy  loam  6  to  1/5  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  brown  to 
reddish-brown  clay  loam  subsoil.  Some  rounded  gravel  occurs  in 
both  soil  and  subsoil.  The  type  occupies  second  bottoms  or  high  ter- 
races along  streams,  occurring  mainly  in  the  horseshoe  bends.  The 
surface  is  generally  rolling  and  the  drainage  excellent.  This  is  a  sedi- 
mentary soil  made  up  of  materials  washed  from  the  adjacent  uplands, 
intermingled  with  materials  brought  from  a  greater  distance  by  the 
river.  It  is  well  suited  to  general  farm  crops  and  is  also  used  for  truck 
crops,  small  fruits,  and  orchards. 

1234         5        (i         7 

Soil  (4) 1          3          5        17        21        41         12 

Subsoil  (4) 0         2         4        13        18        41        22 

Acres. 

Davidson  County,  Tenn. 44,992 

Madison  County,  Ky 4, 288 

Grceneville,  Tenn.  .• 7,040 

Conestoga  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  loam  about  12  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  a  light  clay  loam  to  a  depth  of  30  inches,  grading  into 
decomposed  schist.  The  type  occupies  rolling  valley  land,  and  is 
derived  from  the  decomposition  of  schistose  limestone.  It  has  a  greasy 
or  soapy  feel  when  rubbed  between  the  fingers.  This  is  recognized  as 
an  excellent  soil  for  general  agriculture. 

1234507 

Soil  (2) 2          2          2          8        22        50        11 

Subsoil  (2) 1          3          2          9        2(1        45        13 

Acres. 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 51,000 

Montgomery  County ,  Pa 1 , 344 

Gasconade  silt  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  from  8  to  12  inches  of  dark- 
gray  to  black  silt  loam.  The  subsoil  is  a  heavy  mottled  silt  loam, 
grading  below  36  inches  into  a  gray  and  red  mottled  silty  clay.  The 
subsoil  rests  in  some  places  upon  unweathered  limestone  at  a  depth  of 
4  to  6  feet.  The  type  is  found  upon  gently  rolling  prairie  uplands  and 
has  excellent  drainage.  It  is  a  residual  type  derived  from  limestone. 


Soils  of  the  Limestone  Valleys  and  Uplands.     131 

The  soil  is  productive  and  is  nearly  all  under  cultivation.     Corn  yields 
from  20  to  45  bushels  per  acre,  and  wheat,  timothy,  and  clover  do  well. 

1-234          5         C          7 

Soil  (1) 0          2133        07        24 

Subsoil  (1) 3         223          1        5S       35 

Acres. 
Crawford  County,  Mo 1,000 

Fort  Payne  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  compact  loam  to  silty  loam 
with  an  average  depth  of  10  inches  and  an  ash}'  appearance  and  feel. 
The  color  ranges  from  gray  to  light  yellow.  The  subsoil  is  a  heavy 
yellow  clay  loam,  grading  quickly  into  stiff,  sticky,  impervious  yellow 
clay,  which  in  the  lower  depths  is  often  mottled  with  red.  The  type 
occupies  high  hilly  to  gently  rolling  areas.  It  is  a  residual  type,  de- 
rived from  the  weathering  of  a  series  of  rocks  consisting  of  sandy  to 
argillaceous  calcareous  shales,  shaly  limestone,  and  impure  lime- 
stones. The  soil  is  difficult  to  work  and  when  dry  is  very  hard.  It 
is  probably  best  suited  to  grasses  and  pasturage. 

1-284         5         6         7 

Soil  (2) 0          5          2          0        10        53        18 

Subsoil  (2) 1          1          1          3          4        34        50 

Acres. 
Greenville  area,  Tenn 9,530 

Lickdale  clay  loam. — This  is  a  clay  loam  6  to  10  inches  deep,  under- 
lain by  a  mottled  yellow  clay.  It  occurs  in  small  areas  at  the  foot  of 
the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  and  is  derived  from  the  wash  of  the  moun- 
tains and  the  adjacent  shale  formations.  Sometimes  fragments  of 
gray  sandstones  are  present  to  the  extent  of  from  5  to  20  per  cent.  It 
is  a  low-lying,  flat  land,  and  is  poorly  drained.  Naturally  it  is  very 
refractory,  and  is  suited  only  to  grass  and  pasture,  but  when  artificially 
drained  it  becomes  mellow  and  produces  quite  a  wide  range  of  crops. 

i        2       :{        4        r>       «        7 

Soil  (.r>) 0          3          5          fi          8        48        29 

Subsoil  (5) 2          2          5          5          fi        38        42 

Acres,  j  Acres. 

Chester  County,  Pa 832     Montgomery  County,  Pa 2,240 

Ix>banon    Pa .     3,920     Pikeville,  Tenn o  17,024 

Loekhavcn,  Pa 1.9H4  j 

Murrill  clay  loam.  -The  soil  is  a  yellowish-brown  clay  loam  10  inches 
deep,  overlying  a  yellow  clay  loam,  which  increases  in  clav  content 

«  Mapped  as  Ivkall)  clay  loam. 


132  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

in  lower  depths.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  often  contain  small  fragments  of 
shale  and  chert.  The  type  is  derived  from  weathering  of  shales  and 
cherty  limestone,  and  occupies  rolling  valley  lands.  The  soil  pro- 
duces good  crops  of  wheat,  corn,  grass,  dark  manufacturing  tobacco, 

and  apples. 

1234         5        «         7 

Soil  (3) 3          6          4          9          7        43        28 

Subsoil  (3) 3          5          4          8          5        30        44 

Acres. 
Bedford,  Va 15,720 

Conestoga  clay. — This  type  consists  of  a  yellowish  to  dark-brown 
clay  loam  about  7  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  yellow  to  reddish-yellow 
tenacious  clay,  usually  not  exceeding  a  depth  of  24  inches.  On  ridges 
bed  rock  is  usually  found  at  an  average  depth  of  10  inches.  The  type 
occupies  the  lower  and  gently  rolling  portions  of  the  valleys.  The 
higher  areas  are  well  drained.  This  is  a  residual  soil  derived  from 
schistose  limestone.  Wheat  and  grass  are  the  principal  crops  grown. 

1234567 

Soil  (4) 3          4          2          3          4        43        41 

Subsoil  (3) 1         3         2         3         2       37       51 

Acres. 

Albemarle.  Va 16,960 

Greeneville,  Tenn <»4ff,168 

Guthrie  clay.& — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  or  grayish-white  fine  silt 
loam,  having  a  depth  of  7  inches,  underlain  by  a  heavy  silty  clay, 
plastic  and  impervious.  The  subsoil  varies  in  color  from  gray  to  drab, 
mottled  with  yellowish  iron  stains.  The  type  occupies  low,  flat  areas 
on  the  uplands.  The  soil  is  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  lime- 
stone. On  account  of  its  low,  wet  situation  it  is  of  little  agricultural 
value  unless  artificially  drained.  In  favorable  seasons  some  corn  and 
tobacco  are  grown.  The  type  is  largely  covered  by  hickory,  sweet 
gum,  and  oak,  and  the  land  is  generally  referred  to  as  "crawfishy." 

1234567 

Soil  (6) 0          1          1          4         6        68       20 

Subsoil  (6) 0         1          1         4         4       56        33 


Acres. 

Huntsville,  Ala 10,048 

Lauderdale  County,  Ala 5, 376 


Acres. 

Madison  County,  Ky 4,480 

Stuttgart,  Ark 27,904 


Montgomery  County ,  Tenn 5, 800 

«  Mapped  as  Fort  Payne  clay. 

6  See  also  Waverly  clay  loam,  p.  89. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  Regions.     133 

SOILS  OF    Mil    GLACIAL  A>D  LOESSIAL  KK<U<»S. 

The  soils  of  the  glacial  part  of  the  country  constitute  one  of  the  most 
important  groups  of  soils  found  in  the  United  States.  This  group  in- 
cludes all  soils  derived  directly  from  till  or  loess.  The  soils  formed 
from  the  till  are  confined  to  that  part  of  the  country  lying  north  of  the 
southern  limit  of  glacial  action,  hut  the  loess  soils  occur  also  south  of 
this  line,  especially  along  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers,  and  in  Kan- 
sas and  Nebraska.  The  line  of  the  southern  extension  of  the  ice  sheet 
touches  the  Atlantic  coast  about  New  York  City,  passes  through  north- 
ern New  Jersey,  southern  New  York,  and  northwestern  Pennsylvania, 
swings  southwestward  through  Ohio  to  Cincinnati,  crosses  the  Missis- 
sippi River  at  St.  Louis,  and  follows  the  south  side  of  the  Missouri 
River  into  Montana,  where  it  crosses  the  Canadian  boundary  line, 
then  dips  southward  into  Idaho  as  a  long  lobe  in  the  mountainous  non- 
agricultural  region,  and  crosses  the  northwestern  part  of  Washington, 
including  the  Puget  Sound  region. 

Practically  all  of  the  United  States  north  of  this  line  was  covered 
in  recent  geological  time  by  a  great  continental  glacier,  many  hundreds, 
and  even  thousands,  of  feet  in  thickness.  This  great  ice  sheet,  moving 
in  a  southern  direction,  filled  up  valleys,  planed  off  the  tops  of  hills 
and  mountains,  ground  up  the  underlying  rocks,  carried  the  derived 
material  both  within  and  upon  the  ice,  and  finally  deposited  the  gravel, 
sand,  silt,  and  clay  as  a  mantle,  varying  in  thickness  from  a  few  feet  to 
more  than  3(X)  feet.  Often  this  material  has  been  transported  hundreds 
of  miles,  and  is  wholly  unrelated  to  the  underlying  rocks,  but  in  some 
places  the  movement  has  been  slight  and  the  drift  consists  very  largely 
of  the  ground-up  underlying  rock.  Over  a  large  proportion  of  the  area 
covered  by  the  drift  and  also  along  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  and 
in  Kansas  and  Nebraska  the  surface  material  consists  of  a  fine  silly 
deposit,  known  geologically  as  "loess"  and  "plains  marl."  In  the 
classification  of  the  glacial  soils  three  important  series —Miami,  Mar- 
shall, and  Volusia — having  distinct  characteristics  have  been  rccog- 
ni/ed,  and,  in  addition,  quite  a  Dumber  of  local  soils  which  can  not  l>e 
put  in  any  series. 

MIAMI    SKRIES. 

The  Miami  series  is  one  of  the  most  important,  widely  distributed, 
and  complete  soil  series  that  lias  l>een  established.  The  scries  is 
characterized  by  the  light  color  of  the  surface  soils,  bv  derivation  from 


134  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

glacial  material,  and  by  being  timbered  either  now  or  originally. 
The  heavier  members  of  the  series  are  better  adapted  to  wheat  than  the 
corresponding  members  of  the  Marshall  series,  but  they  do  not  pro- 
duce as  large  yields  of  corn. 

Miami  stony  sand. — The  soil  is  a  loose  yellow  or  brown  sand  or  light 
sandy  loam  8  inches  deep,  underlain  by  yellow  sand  of  varying  texture 
to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  Stones  and  large  bowlders,  constituting 
from  20  to  70  per  cent  of  the  total  mass,  are  scattered  on  the  surface 
and  mixed  with  the  soil  and  subsoil.  The  type  is  derived  from 
morainic  material  and  occupies  large,  rounded  hills  and  ridges.  Corn, 
rye,  and  buckwheat  are  grown  to  some  extent,  but  the  yields  are  low. 

128          4          5        «        7 

Soil  (4) 12        24        17        18          8        13        8 

Subsoil  (3) 10       21        15        26         9        13       6 

Acres,   j  Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich a  4, 150     Pontiac,  Mich o  1, 472 

Island  County,  Wash 71,744  |  Portage  County,  Wis 17,536 

Long  Island,  N.  Y o  5, 376  I 

Miami  stony  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  or  brown  sandy  or  fine 
sandy  loam  from  6  to  10  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  brown  or  yellow 
sandy  loam  or  heavy  sandy  loam.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain 
from  20  to  70  per  cent  of  stones  and  gravel,  consisting  of  granite, 
sandstone,  and  limestone.  The  type  is  derived  from  the  weather- 
ing of  glacial  material,  occupies  the  rolling  and  level  uplands,  and  is 
usually  well  drained.  The  soil  is  not  very  productive.  Beans,  corn, 
wheat  and  oats,  and  grasses  are  the  main  products.  Truck  and 

fruit  do  fairly  well. 

12  34567 

Soil  (11) 4        11  8        19        20        25        13 

Subsoil  (11) 5        10  8        20        19        25        13 


Acres. 

Island  County,  Wash 25,792 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 6  100, 008 


Lyons,  N.  Y 6 38,208 


Acres. 

Rhode  Island *  69, 952 

Svracuse,  N.  Y . . .  .     &  3, 712 


Vergennes,  Vt.-N.  Y &  29, 0.56 


Miami  stony  loam. — The  s6il  consists  of  a  gray  to  brown  loam  about 
10  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  yellow  loam  or  heavy  sandy  loam, 
which  is  in  turn  underlain  locally  by  beds  of  consolidated  gravel  or 
bed  rock.  There  is  from  20  to  60  per  cent  of  rounded  and  angular 

a  Mapped  as  Plainwell  stony  loam. 
6  Mapped  as  Alton  stony  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  Regions.     135 

stones  on  the  surface  and  mixed  with  both  the  soil  and  subsoil.  The 
stones  vary  from  1  to  8  inches  in  diameter.  The  type  generally 
occupies  large,  rounded  hills  and  table-lands  and  gently  rolling  lands 
at  lower  levels.  It  is  chiefly  derived  from  morainic  material.  The 
soil  is  very  productive,  and  produces  good  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  grass, 
oats,  and  fruit,  particularly  apples.  The  type  also  afTords  excellent 
pasture. 

1234567 

Soil  (18) 2          4          4        10        16        47        17 

Subsoil  (17)...  ..2          4          4        11        16        43        20 


Acres. 

Allogan  County,  Mich a  76, 790 

Auburn,  N.  Y 114,624 

Carlton,  Minn....  .    50,560 


Acres. 

Lyons,  N.  Y 158, 400 

Portage  County,  Wis 5, 032 

Rhode  Island  ..  .    149,952 


Cleveland,  Ohio 8,000     Syracuse,  N.  Y 78,464 

Everett,  Wash 23, 488  :  Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 7, 488 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 52,032     Wooster,  Ohio 52,096 

Miami  gravel. — The  soil  is  a  medium  grade  sandy  loam  about  12 
inches  deep,  containing  .50  per  cent  of  gravel  from  one-half  inch  to  2 
inches  in  diameter.  The  subsoil  consists  of  cross-bedded  sand  and 
gravel,  the  latter  often  coated  with  calcium  carbonate.  The  type 
occurs  only  in  small  areas  and  is  the  outcrop  of  reworked  glacial 
gravels  in  river  din's.  For  the  most  part,  it  is  uncultivated  and  is  of 
little  value  for  farming. 

Acres. 

Janesville,  Wis &9.024 

Tazewell  County,  111 i>  1 , 088 

Winnebago  County,  111 5, 184 

Miami  gravelly  sand. — The  soil  is  a  brown  gravelly  sand  of  medium 
to  coarse  texture,  9  to  12  inches  deep,  grading  through  a  lighter  brown 
gravelly  sand  into  a  mixture  of  coarse  sand  and  fine  gravel  at  a  deptli 
of  about  3  feet.  In  some  places  the  underlying  gravel  comes  within 
a  few  inches  of  the  surface.  The  type  represents  mainly  old  beach 
lines,  and  is  formed  by  material  deposited  by  wave  or  stream  action. 
Its  usually  rolling  or  ridgy  topography  insures  good  drainage.  The 
ty|M-  is  best  suited  to  truck  and  fruit  crops. 


«  MnpiK'd  as  Alli'Knn  stony  loam. 
'•  M.ipi*"!  us  Mackinaw  gravel. 


136 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


•2         It          4          56  'I 

20        24        30          6        10          5 
24        25        29          5          7          5 

Acres. 

Oxford,  Mich 3, 9<i8 

Pontiac,  Mich 6 15, 104 

Suginaw,  Mich 14, 17ii 


Soil  (1) 5 

Subsoil  (1) 5 

Acres. 

Allogan,  Mich «  4, 810 

Alma,  Mich 5, 504 

Island  County,  Wash 33, 000 

Owosso,  Mich 14,080 

Miami  gravelly  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  8  inches  is  goner- 
ally  a  light-brown  sandy  loam  containing  a  high  percentage  of  gravel 
and  frequently  small  stones.  The  subsoil  varies  from  a  sticky  sandy 
loam  to  a  gravelly  sand,  and  is  often  underlain  at  a  depth  of  2  to  3 
feet  by  a  bed  of  gravel.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  the  type  often 
occurs  as  rounded  knolls  or  hills,  generally  composed  of  stratified  and 
unstratified  sands,  clays,  and  gravel.  It  is  of  glacial  origin,  and  often 
represents  morainic  material.  Where  cultivated,  the  crop  yields  are 
only  fair.  It  is  not  adapted'  to  general  farming,  though  fairly  well 
adapted  to  light  farming  and  the  production  of  small  fruits.  In 
favorable  localities  peaches  do  well  on  this  soil. 

1284567 

Soil  (2) 4  14  14  23  11  24  10 

Subsoil  (2) 6  18  15  26  T  16  12 

Acres. 

Carlton,  Minn 5, 184 

Everett,  Wash 23, 360 

Marshall  County,  Ind 1,216 


Acres. 

Oxford,  Mich 9, 472 

Pontiac,  Mich a  6,912 

Tippecanoe  County,  Ind 1,024 


Miami  gravelly  loam,  c — The  soil  is  a  brown  or  reddish  loam  12  inches 
deep,  containing  15  to  30  per  cent  of  rounded  gravel.  The  soil  is 
underlain  to  a  depth  of  24  inches  by  a  stiff  tenacious  clay  loam,  which 
is  in  turn  underlain  by  gravel.  The  type  occupies  level  or  gently 
rolling  river  terraces,  and  is  composed  of  original  glacial  material 
worked  over  by  the  streams.  This  is  recognized  as  a  fine  soil  for  gen- 
eral farm  purposes. 


1 

Soil  (9) 5 

Subsoil  (14) 5 

Acres. 

Columbus,  Ohio 18,944 

Coshocton  County,  Ohio 15,104 

Montgomery  County,  Ohio 24,000 

a  Mapped  as  Allegim  gravelly  lonm. 
6  Mapped  as  Marshall  gravel. 


234567 

11          8        10          7        44        20 
11          8        11        11        31        22 

Acres. 

Pontiac,  Mich 1,088 

Westerville,  Ohio 3, 136 

Wooster,  Ohio 8,384 

<•  See  also  Dunkirk  gravelly  loam,  p.  151. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  Regions.     137 


Miami  sand. — The  soil  is  a  coarse  to  medium  loose,  incoherent  sand, 
underlain  by  yellow  or'  reddish  sand  of  about  the  same  texture.  This 
is  the  prototype  of  the  Norfolk  sand  of  the  Atlantic  coast  and  Fresno 
sand  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  is  a  typical  truck  soil.  The  type  may 
be  either  of  glacial  or  alluvial  origin,  modified  by  wind  action,  and 
has  a  level  or  rolling  topography. 


1         '2         3         4 

5         0 

7 

Soil  (32)  

2        13        24        42 

8         6 

4 

Subsoil  (30)  

2        14        27        42 

6          5 

4 

Acres.  ; 

Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich  

...  nll7,480     Portage  County, 

Wis  

.  .     14<»,  (124 

Alma,  Mich  

33,472     Posey  County,  Ind  

7,(>80 

Carlton,  Minn  

...       17,408 

Saginaw,  Mich.. 

..       52,  000 

(•rand  Island,  Nebr  

...       29,  440 

Superior,  Wis  

4,(i()8 

Marshall  County,  Ind  ... 

...       27,840 

Toledo,  Ohio.  .  .  . 

..       3(>,<>72 

Munising,  Mich  

...     Kifi,4(i4 

Viroqua,  Wis... 

..       28,288 

Oxford,  Mich  

5,504 

Wichita,  Kans.. 

19,392 

O  wosso,  Mich  

3,712 

Wooster,  Ohio.. 

2,  432 

Pontiac,  Mich  

...       30,592 

Miami  fine  sand. — The  soil  is  a  line  yellow  or  light-brown  sand  0  to 
12  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  consists  of  a  fine*  orange  or  yellow  sand. 
The  type  is  free  from  stones  and  often  occurs  as  dunes.  It  has  good 
natural  drainage  and  is  easily  tilled.  The  principal  crops  are  corn, 
potatoes,  lx«rries,  and,  of  less  importance,  wheat,  oats,  grasses,  and 
cabbage.  The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  truck,  potatoes,  and  small  fruit. 


1 

Soil  (3»i) 0 

Subsoil  (30) 0 

Acres. 

Allogan  County,  Mich ''13,2tiO 

Auburn,  N.  V 1,920 

Curlton.  Minn...  1,920 


Acres. 

Saginaw,  Mich 3li,  (108 

Sangamon  County,  111 1,024 

Stanton,  Nebr 5»i,57(i 


Dubuque,  Iowa 2,r>24     Syracuse,  N.  Y 14,528 


Janes vllle,  Wis <•!(>, 25»i 

Lyons.  N.  Y 14,ti5»i 

Newton  County,  I  n<  1 32, 704 

O'Kallon,  Mo 1,728 

Owosso,  Mich 7,808  , 

n  Mapped  us  Allegun  sand. 

''  M:ip|«"l  iis   UlriMM  line  siindy  loam, 
as  Clyde  fine  sand. 

•  \l;i|']-M  as  Aflon  fine  sanny  loam. 


Tama  County,  Iowa 3,9<>8 

Ta/eweli  County,  III 22,976 

Tippecimoo  County.  Ind 2,81(i 

Wichita.  Kans 15,744 

Winnelmgo  County,  111 8,832 

Part  of  this  should  Imvnliecii  mapped 


188 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Miami  sandy  loam.o — The  soil  is  light-gray  to  brown  sandy  loam 
8  to  14  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  sandy  loam  or  sand,  sometimes 
containing  fine  gravel.  The  type  is  of  glacial  origin  and  occupies 
level  or  gently  rolling  areas,  and  sometimes  rounded  hills  with  kettle- 
like  intervening  depressions.  In  some  areas  the  soil  is  adapted  to 
corn,  wheat,  grass,  rye,  and  oats;  in.  others  mainly  to  fruits,  small 
fruits,  and  truck  crops. 


Acres 

Pontiac,  Mich 34,368 

Portage  County,  Wis 65, 536 

Superior,  Wis 103, 536 

Toledo,  Ohio 30,528 

Viroqua,  Wis...! 16,064 

Wooster,  Ohio 11,712 


Soil  (22) 2 

Subsoil  (22) 2 

Acres . 

Allegan  County,  Mich 660,020 

Carlton,  Minn 54,784 

Duluique,  Iowa 15,040 

Everett,  Wash 184,320 

Janesville,  Wis ell, 648 

M tinising,  Mich 39, 552 

Oxford,  Mich 35,584  , 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam/' — The  soil  consists  of  a  loose,  loamy  brown 
sand  or  sandy  loam  from  10  to  30  inches  deep,  the  sand  being  from 
medium  to  fine  in  texture.  The  subsoil  is  a  clay  loam  or  sticky  sandy 
loam.  This  type  differs  from  the  Miami  sandy  loam  in  having  the 
heavy  subsoil  within  3  feet  of  the  surface.  The  type  is  of  glacial  origin, 
occupies  rolling  country,  often  occurring  as  rounded  hills  and  ridges, 
and  has  good  drainage.  The  Miami  fine  sandy  loam  is  a  good  corn 
soil.  Wheat  yields  from  15  to  30  bushels,  oats  from  35  to  75  bushels, 
rye  from  15  to  30  bushels,  and  hay  1^  to  2  tons  per  acre.  The  soil  is 
used  for  general  agriculture,  but  is  especially  adapted  to  medium  and 
late  truck  crops  and  fruit. 


Soil  (9) 2 

Subsoil  (9) 2 

Acres. 

Alma,  Mich 34,432 

Owosso,  Mich 2,624 

Oxford,  Mich 44,224 


Acres. 

Pontiac,  Mich «  25, 984 

Saginaw,  Mich 10,048 

Tippecanoe  County,  Ind 4,608 


a  See  also  Clyde  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  157,  Wabash  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  85,  and 
Wabash  sandy  loam,  p.  84. 

b  Mapped  as  Allegan  sandy  loam. 

c  Mapped  as  Hanover  sand. 

<*See  also  Dunkirk  flne  sandy  loam,  p.  152,  Memphis  silt  loam  p.  175,  Norfolk 
fine  sandy  loam.  p.  51,  and  Waverly  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  88. 

t  Mapped  as  Oakland  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  Regions.     139 

Miami  loam." — The  soil  consists  of  a  light-brown  to  dark-gray 
rather  mellow  loam  about  12  inches' deep,  sometimes  becoming  lighter 
in  color  with  depth.  The  subsoil  is  a  compact  yellow  sandy  clay, 
frequently  carrying  stones  and  gravel.  Often  at  a  depth  of  from  14 
to  25  inches  gravelly  material  is  encountered.  A  few  bowlders  and 
pebbles  usually  are  found  on  the  surface.  The  type  occupies  level  to 
rolling  upland,  and  is  fairly  well  drained  except  in  some  of  the  level 
areas.  The  soil  is  especially  suited  to  corn  and  potatoes,  while  small 
grain  and  grass  are  grown  with  a  fair  degree  of  success.  Small 
fruits,  such  as  strawberries  and  raspberries,  do  well. 


ft          7 

44        14 
30        20 


Soil  (5) 2        12 

Subsoil  (5) 2        13 

Acres,  i  Acres. 

Portage  County,  Wis 44,544     Tippecanoe  County,  Ind 1,920 

Miami  silt  loam.'' — This  is  a  light-brown  or  yellow  to  almost  white 
silt  loam  from  8  to  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  compact  silt  loam 
or  silt  clay  of  a  yellowish  color.  The  type  occupies  rolling  to  hilly 
areas  and  was  originally  timbered.  Its  origin  is  due  to  the  deposition 
of  loess  over  glacial  till.  The  soil  is  not  as  productive  as  the  Marshall 
silt  loam,  but  produces  good  yields  of  wheat,  corn,  clover,  and  timothy 
hay. 

Soil  (41) 0 

Subsoil  (40) 0 

Acres. 

Boonville,  Ind 8«,(i5(> 

Clinton  County,  111 r9,920 

Dilbuqiie    Iowa d  17(1,89(1 

Janesville,  Wis  ..  .     <•  81, 21(1 


Knox  County.  Ill i:«,.V>2 

Mcl-ean  County,  111 58, aw 

<)'  Kallon.  Mo 54,K5(> 

Posey  County,  Ind 149,37(1 

Rhode  Island  ..  4,928 


Acres. 

Saline  County,  Mo 43, 771) 

Sangamnn  County,  111 92,41(1 

Sarpy  County,  Nebr (19, (i% 

Tama  County,  Iowa...  7(1,224 


Tiizewoll  County,  111 '  224. 9dO 

Tippecanoe  County,  Ind 44.2S8 

I'nioii  County,  Ky l.r>4, 17(1 

Yiroqiia.  Wis 201,4(),s 

Winnebatfo  County,  111 (12,4(14 


a  See  also  Sioux  loam,  p.  161,  Sioux  sandy  loam.  p.  Ifio.aiid  Walrnsh  loam,  p  85 
'•  Sfc  also  Dunkirk  silt  loam,  pane  i.vi,  and  Marshall  silt  lomn.  page  lit. 
<•  Mapped  as  Kdgerton  silt  loam. 
«*  Part  of  this  should  have  been  mapped  as  Marshall  silt  loam.     At  the  time 


the  difference!  between  the  si 
''dark  loam"  did  not  appear  i 
but  with  wiiler  experience  in  s 
should  have  IXMMI  mapped  as  M 
'  Mapped  as  Ta/ewell  silt  loi 


ils  locally  known  as  the  ''clay  land"  and  the 
itlicient  to  justify  a  separation  into  two  types, 
>ils  of  this  class,  it  ap|>cars  that  the  latter  soil 
irshall  silt  loam, 
m.     This  soil  should  have  l««en  map|>ed  in  part 


as  Miami  silt  loam  and  in  part  as  Marshall  silt  loam. 


140  Soil  Survey  Field  Hook. 

Miami  black  clay  loam. — (For  description  see  under  Marshall  series, 
page  145.) 

Miami  clay  loam.i — The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  10  inches  con- 
sists of  a  yellowish-gray  to  light-brown  somewhat  silty  loam,  underlain 
by  light-brown  to  yellow,  sometimes  mottled,  stiff  silty  clay  loam  or 
clay,  which  is  in  turn  underlain  by  bowlder  clay  at  depths  varying 
from  5  to  10  feet.  Stones  and  erratic  bowlders  are  found  on  the  sur- 
face, but  in  no  great  quantity  except  in  small  areas.  The  type  occu- 
pies uplands  and  the  surface  is  level  to  gently  rolling,  except  near 
streams,  where  it  becomes  hilly  and  broken.  The  flat  interstream 
areas  generally  require  artificial  drainage.  The  soil  is  fairly  good 
for  general  farming,  and  is  especially  adapted  to  small  grains  and 
grass  crops. 

1284         5        (i         7 
Soil  (31) 2          4          5        14        10        44        21 

Subsoil  (33)...  ..1          3          4        11         10        38        33 

t 

Acres.     '  Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich 6  107, 850  \  O wosso,  Mich (12, 464 

Alma,  Mich 6, 144  '  Oxford,  Mich 12, 160 

Cleveland,  Ohio 243,456     Pontiac,  Mich 56,384 

Columbus,  Ohio 222,336     Saginaw,  Mich 26,240 

Island  County,  Wash 2,240  !  Story  County,  Towa 13,376 

Madison  County,  Ind 232,640  '  Westerville,  Ohio 267,264 


Marshall  County,  I  ml 3, 392 


Wooster,  Ohio 116,160 


Montgomery  County,  Ohio  ..     240,000 

MARSHALL    SERIES. 

The  Marshall  series  includes  the  dark-colored  upland  glacial  and 
loessial  soils,  which  cover  almost  all  of  the  great  prairie  region  of  the 
Central  West.  The  soils  of  this  series  are  characterized  and  distin- 
guished from  those  of  the  Miami  series  by  the  greater  quantity  of 
organic  matter  in  the  surface  soils,  which  gives  them  a  dark-brown 
to  black  color.  The  topography  is  level  to  rolling,  and  artificial  drain- 
age is  usually  necessary  to  secure  the  best  results.  The  soils  of  this 
series  are  very  productive  and  constitute  the  great  corn  soils  of  the 
country. 

Marshall  stony  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  loam  or 
sandy  loam  8  inches  deep,  containing  considerable  gravel  and  small 
stones,  underlain  by  a  yellow  clay  loam  mixed  with  gravel  and  sand. 

a  See  also  Dunkirk  clay  loam,  page  153;  Crowley  silt  loam,  page  79. 
b  Mapped  as  Allegan  clay,  which  name  will  not  lx>  used  hereafter. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  and^Loessial  Regions.     1-il 

Very  little  of  the  type  is  under  cultivation.     It  is  used  mainly  for 
grazing,  to  which  it  is  well  adapted. 

1234567 

Soil  (7) 3          7          7        19        16        34        14 

Subsoil  (5) 4          7          7        16        12        31        22 

Acres. 

Brookings,  S.  Dak 8,256 

Carrington,  N.  Dak 23,936 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 30,208 

Marshall  gravel. a — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  sandy  loam, 
containing  a  high  percentage  of  fine  gravel.  At  15  to  24  inches  it 
grades  into  a  bed  of  gravel  and  coarse  sand.  With  the  exception  of 
some  pasturage  afforded  early  in  the  season  it  has  little  agricultural 
value,  the  crops  being  small  and  easily  affected  by  drought. 

1          -2          3          4          567 

Soil  (2) 8        20        14        17          5        26        10 

Subsoil  (2) 13       28        17        13         4        15        11 

Acres. 

Cando,  N.  Dak 1,344 

Marshall,  Minn 1,216 

Marshall  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  about  12  inches  of 
heavy  black  sandy  loam,  underlain  by  2  feet  of  coarse  gravel  usually 
resting  on  a  coarse  sand  extending  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more.  The 
gravel  is  limestone,  crystalline  rock  fragments,  or  shale.  This  is  a 
glacial  soil,  usually  representing  beaches  along  old  glacial  lakes. 
This  type  usually  occurs  in  narrow  bands.  Except  in  very  wet  seasons 
the  crop  yields  are  very  light. 


1 

2         !J          4 

5         6 

7 

Soil  (9) 

r( 

10          7        14 

1  2        32 

20 

Subso',1  (10) 

.  .              7 

14        10        18 

10        23 

18 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Brown  County,  Kans  .... 

.   ..      10,176 

(irand  Forks,  N 

Dak 

>>'}{   136 

Carrington,  N.  Dak  

1,920 

Marshall.  Minn  . 

960 

Fargo,  N.  Dak  

2,  688 

Tort  age.  County 

Wis  

...      24,064 

Marshall  sand.  -The  i>oil  consists  of  a  dark-brown  to  black  sand, 
coarse  to  medium  in  texture,  with  an  average  depth  of  10  to  12  inches. 
It  is  underlain  by  a  coarse  to  medium  sandy  subsoil,  lighter  colored 
than  the  soil.  The  soil  j>ossesses  quite  a  marked  loamy  texture, 

"See  also  Miumi  gravelly  sand,  page  13.1. 
6  Mapped  as  Fargo  gravelly  loam. 


142  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

particularly  in  depressions,  owing  in  part  to  the  admixture  of  fine 
silt  and  clay  particles,  but  chiefly  because  of  the  presence  of  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  organic  matter.  The  type  occupies  narrow 
ridges,  and  is  characterized  by  a  somewhat  hummocky  topography. 
•  The  soil  material  is  of  glacial  origin,  modified  by  wind  action.  Crop 
yields  are  uncertain,  but  are  larger  in  wet  seasons  than  in  dry.  The 
soil  is  well  adapted  to  vegetables  and  melons  where  moisture  con- 
ditions are  favorable  or  can  be  controlled. 

1         •-'          »          4          5         «          7 
Soil  (3)  ....................  2        12        26        42          5          6          7 

Subsoil  (3)  ................  1        11        25        46         4         ti         6 

Acres. 
Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa  .....     1,024 

Marshall  County.  Ind  ..........  20,672 

Portage  County,  Wis  ..........  31,040 

Marshall  fine  sand.  —  The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  rather  inco- 
herent sand  of  fine  texture,  10  to  12  inches  deep,  resting  on  a 
lighter  colored  sand  of  about  the  same  texture.  The  type  occupies 
low  bluffs  and  hills.  The  surface  is  broken  and  rolling,  and  the 
drainage  is  apt  to  be  excessive,  especially  where  the  sandy  subsoil  is 
deep.  The  origin  of  the  type  is  primarily  glacial.  The  crop  value 
varies  greatly,  depending  mainly  upon  the  condition  as  regards 
moisture.  The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  early  truck  crops  and  melons. 
It  also  produces,  with  the  aid  of  liberal  manuring,  very  good  yields 
of  Irish  potatoes. 


1 

*> 

3 

4 

6 

6 

7 

Soil  (7) 

1 

3 

9 

52 

20 

9 

7 

Subsoil  (7) 

n 

9 

9 

56 

20 

7 

6 

Acres.  : 

Acres. 

Carrington.  N. 

Dak  

4 

,090 

Newton  County. 

Ind. 

9,792 

Kearney,  Nebr 

..  21 

,440 

Storv  County, 

Iowa  .  . 

3.072 

Marshall  sandy  loam.  —  The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  compact 
sandy  loam,  about  10  inches  in  depth,  resting  on  6  inches  of  yellowish 
loam,  only  less  sandy  than  the  surface  soil,  which  is  in  turn  underlain 
at  from  16  to  36  inches  below  the  surface  by  yellowish  clay  containing 
a  high  percentage  of  coarse  sand  and  gravel.  Rounded  pebbles  and 
bowlders  occur  on  the  surface,  while  in  the  subsoil  partly  decomposed 
calcareous  nodules  are  found.  The  type  occupies  gently  rolling 
prairie  ridges  and  intervening  depressions  and  is  mainly  of  glacial 
origin.  This  is  a  good  general  farming  soil,  although  in  some  local 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  Regions.     14.3 

areas  it  is  inclined  to  be  droughty.  Wheat  yields  from  12  to  20  bushels 
oats  from  20  to  35  bushels,  flax  from  12  to  15  bushels,  and  potatoes 
from  100  to  125  bushels  per  acre. 

1234507 

Soil  (12) 2  10        14        28        11        24        11 

Subsoil  (14) 2  9        14        23        14        23        18 

Acres.  Acres. 

Brookings,  S.  Dak 93,376     Marshall,  Minn 04,480 

Brown  County,  Kans 2,240     Winncbago  County,  111 684,1(10 

Marshall  County,  Ind 77, 184 

Marshall  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  dark-brown  to  black 
medium  to  fine  sandy  loam,  with  an  average  depth  "of  14  inches.  It 
contains  a  high  percentage  of  organic  matter,  but  this  decreases  with 
depth,  as  does  also  the  dark  color.  The  subsoil  is  somewhat  variable, 
but  typically  consists  of  a  yellow  medium  to  fine  sandy  loam  con- 
taining considerable  clay,  which  gradually  becomes  heavier  with 
depth,  grading  into  a  mottled  yellow,  sticky  sandy  clay,  which  in  turn 
is  underlain  by  bowlder  clay  at  a  depth  of  3  or  4  feet.  Occasionally 
layers  of  sand  are  encountered  in  the  subsoil.  The  type  is  derived 
from  glacial  till.  Its  surface  is  undulating  or  rolling  and  generally 
affords  sufficient  drainage.  The  soil  is  very  productive  and  has  a 

wide  crop  adaptation. 

1  2         8          4          5          « 

Soil  (4) 1  0        10        34        15        22 

Subsoil  (5) 1  5        1.1        37        12        l< 

Acres. 

Carrington,  N.  Dak 21,69<i  Newton  County,  I  ml 42,.Mio 

Kearney,  Nebr 15,424  i  Tippocanoc  County,  Ind 11,584 

Marshall  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  loam,  10  to  12 
inches  deep,  resting  on  a  lighter  colored  loam  or  heavy  loam.  The 
deep  sulwoil  consists  of  clay,  sand,  gravel,  and  bowlders  mingled 
together  in  a  disorderly  mass.  The  type  is  derived  from  unstratified 
glacial  drift.  Glacial  bowlders  are  found  here  and  there  on  the  surface, 
in  some  areas  so  plentiful  as  to  interfere  with  cultivation.  The  type 
occupies  gently  undulating  to  rolling  country  and  covers  wide  areas 
in  the  prairies  of  the  Northwest.  While  extensive  areas  are  well 
drained  and  well  suited  to  farming,  there  are  areas  of  obstructed 
drainage,  resulting  in  l>ogs,  jxmds,  and  swampy  depressions,  which 


<i  Miipjx'd  in  part  as  Kairvirw  sandy  I< 

'•  M:i|i|»-'l  as  \ViimcbtiK<>  .sandy  loam. 


144 


Survey  Field  Book. 


Acres. 

Marshall  County,  Ind 121,216 

Marshall,  Minn 108,352 

McLean  County,  111 &  17,984 

Newton  County,  Ind 81,856 

Story  County,  Iowa 303,808 

Tama  County,  Iowa 1,728 

Tippecanoo  County,  Ind 72, 320 


are  unfit  for  cultivation  without  artificial  drainage,  often  a  difficult 
problem.  The  soil  is  excellent  for  general  farming  purposes.  Wheat, 
oats,  corn,  barley,  and  flax  are  the  principal  crops. 

1  •-'  :{  4507 

Soil  (21) 1  5  C  18  11  38  20 

Subsoil  (23) 1  5  0  17  11  35  24 

Acres. 

Brookings,  S.  Dak 135, 808 

Cando,  N.  Dak 79,936 

Carrington,  N.  Dak 114,560 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa  . . .    242, 112 

Fargo,  N.  Dak 7,168 

Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak a  12,352 

Jamestown  N.  Dak 206,97(1 

Kearney,  Nebr 45, 568  1 

Marshall  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  silt  loam,  15 
inches  deep,  resting  usually  on  a  light-colored,  sometimes  mottled, 
silty  loam  or  silty  clay.  Lime  concretions  frequently  occur.  The 
type  varies  in  topography  from  level  to  rolling  and  hilly,  and  is 
derived  from  loessial  deposits.  Drainage  is  generally  good  but  not 
excessive,  the  subsoil  retaining  moisture  well  and  crops  resisting 
drought  to  a  marked  degree.  This  is  a  fine  soil  for  the  production 
of  wheat,  corn,  oats,  alfalfa,  tobacco,  and  sugar  beets  where  climatic 

conditions  are  favorable. 

1          '->          3          4          o         6          7 

Soil  (42) 0          1          1          2          9        70        17 

Subsoil  (40) 0          1          0          2          7        71         19 

Acres. 

Brown  County,  Kans 307, 264 

Carrington,  N.  Dak 240, 128 

Clinton  County,  111 <•  57, 472 

East  Baton  Rouge  Parish, La.      16,640 

Garden  City,  Kans 77,120 

Grand  Island,  Nebr 137,984 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 41,280 


Acres. 

McLean  County,  111 574,720 

Russell  County,  Kans / 91, 648 

Saline  County,  Mo 306,816 

Sangamon  County,  111 332,224 

Sarpy  County,  Nebr 39, 232 

Stanton,  Nebr 102,720 

St.  Clair  County,  111 <•  106, 432 

Tama  County,  Iowa 308,288 

Kearney,  Nebr 322,688  ,  Tippecanoe  County,  Ind 140, 166 

Knox  County.  Ill 289,088  |  Virooua,  Wis 20,864 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo. «  236,288  i  Winnebago  County,  111 90,624 

a  Mapped  as  Fargo  loam.  <*  Mapped  as  Janesville  silt  loam. 

6  Mapped  as  McLean  silt  loam.  «  Mapped  as  Fresno  line  sandy  loam. 

c  Mapped  as  Miami  silt  loam.  /  Mapped  as  Scdgwick  clay  loam. 


Janesville,  Wis d  81, 344 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  Regions.     145 

Marshall  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  clay  loam, 
underlain  by  a  dark-brown  clay  loam  which  becomes  a  very  stiff  yellow 
clay  at  about  24  inches  below  the  surface.  When  moist,  the  soil  is 
plastic,  and  feels  smooth  when  rubbed  between  the  fingers;  when  dry, 
it  becomes  mellow  and  friable.  This  type  occupies  level  or  gently  roll- 
ing prairie  uplands.  The  drainage  is  generally  good.  In  adaptation 
this  soil  is  a  general  farming  type,  corn,  oats,  and  grass  being  the  lead- 
ing products.  It  is  an  ideal  corn  and  hay  soil,  the  yields  per  acre  vary- 
ing from  25  to  60  bushels  of  the  former  and  from  1  to  4  tons  of  the  latter. 
Bluegrass  makes  a  luxuriant  pasture,  the  sod  being  very  permanent. 
Fruit  and  vegetables  also  produce  well. 

1          234         5         «         7 

Soil  (5) 1          4          5        10          9        41        30 

Subsoil  (5) 1          5          5        10        II        39        30 

Acres. 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa 67,456 

Story  County,  Iowa 8, 384 

Miami  black  clay  loam.« — The  soil  is  a  black  clay  loam  b  10  to  12 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  tenacious  drab  clay.  The  type  is  of  glacial 
origin,  is  generally  level,  and  the  natural  drainage  is  poor.  When  thor- 
oughly drained  this  soil  is  very  productive,  particularly  for  corn.  It  is 
also  well  adapted  to  grass  and  wheat. 

l        2       :{        4       :>       is        7 

Soil  (37) 0          349        10        51        22 

Subsoil  (41) 0          2268        55        26 

Acres.  Acres. 


II  rooking*.  S.  Dak 43, 456 

Cerro  Oordo  County,  Iowa 4,032 

Columbus.  Ohio  ..  ..  33.792 


Fargo,  N.  Oak 74,880 


Orand  Forks,  N.  Dak 44,352 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 5, 120 

Janosvillo.  \\'is 1,85(1 


Marshall,  Minn 29. 760 

Montgomery  County.  Ohio 18,000 

Newton  County,  hid  ..  .     1,792 


Oxford.  Mich 1,216 


Pont  inc.  M  ion II,  S40 

Sangainon  County.  Ill XX,  128 

Story  County.  Iowa 21,952 


Knox  County,  111 4,928  :  Tii/owoll  County.  Ill 61,1X4 

Mel/nan  County.  Ill 70,144  |  Tippeoanoo  County,  I  ml 3,S40 

Madison  County,  I  ml 31,360  i  \Vestervill<-,  Ohio 16,128 

Marshall  County,  Iml 1,536 

a.Seo  also  Clyde  clay,  p.  158,  and  Clyde  loam.  p.  157. 

frThis  soil  bo.longs  to  the  Marshall  series  mid  should  have  l>eeii  on  lied  the  Mar- 
shall black  clay  loam,  but  owing  to  theextensive  use  of  the  name  the  term  Miami 
black  cluy  loam  will  still  l>c  used  in  all  a  rras. 

32075—06 10 


146  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Marshall  clay. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  black  clay  loam  18  to  24  inches 
deep,  resting  on  a  grayish-brown  clay  extending  to  a  depth  of  more 
than  3  feet.  The  subsoil  when  exposed  to  the  air  breaks  up  into  thin 
flakes  resembling  shale  or  slate.  The  type  occupies  large  areas  in  the 
valley  of  the  Red  River.  The  soil  is  a  lacustrine  deposit,  modified  by 
the  addition  of  river  sediments.  The  drainage  is  not  naturally  very 
good,  but  has  been  assisted  by  the  construction  of  road  ditches.  This 
is  a  very  strong  soil,  well  adapted  to  wheat,  oats,  barley,  flax,  and  corn. 

1          2          »•        4567 

Soil  (31 0          4          5        10        10        41        30 

Subsoil  (3) 0         0023        44       51 

Acres. 
Fargo,  N.  Dak 7<i,SOO 

VOI.USIA    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Volusia  series  are  derived  from  the  feeble  glaciation 
of  the  shales  and  sandstones  of  the  Devonian  and  the  Upper  Carbonif- 
erous rocks  of  eastern  Ohio,  southern  New  York,  and  northern  Pennsyl- 
vania. In  all  cases  the  underlying  shales  and  sandstones  have  given 
rise  to  a  large  proportion  of  the  soil  material,  and  this  has  been  modified 
to  a  varying  degree  by  glacial  material  brought  in  from  other  regions. 

Topographically  the  soils  of  the  Volusia  series  occupy  the  upland 
portion  of  the  plateau  country  which  slopes  north  and  west  from  the 
Allegheny  Mountains.  In  the  higher,  more  easterly  portions  of  the  gla- 
ciated section  of  the  plateau  deep  preglaeial  erosion  has  cut  the  upland 
into  blocky  rounded  or  flat-topped  hills  separated  by  deep,  steep-sided 
gorges.  Farther  west,  where  the  elevations  are  less,  this  topographic 
feature  is  not  so  pronounced  and  the  series  occupies  rolling  hills  divided 
by  deep  valleys.  Under  cultivation  all  of  the  soils  of  the  series  are  well 
adapted  to  the  production  of  timothy  and  small  grains,  particularly 
oats  and  buckwheat.  At  lower  elevations  wheat  and  corn  give  good 
yields. 

Volusia  stony  loam. — The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  9  inches  is  a 
dark-brown,  rather  heavy  loam.  The  subsoil  to  a  depth  of  about  3 
feet  consists  of  a  yellow  or  mottled  yellow  and  gray  loam,  which  becomes 
more  sandy  with  increasing  depth.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  are  filled 
with  flat  shale  and  sandstone  fragments.  The  type  is  derived  from  the 
wash  of  higher  lying  areas  of  Volusia  loam  or  Volusia  silt  loam  carried 
down  and  deposited  over  moraine  belts  bordering  the  higher  uplands. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loesxial  Regions. 

It  is  a  good  general-purpose  farming  soil,  and  where  well  drained  is 
adapted  to  apple  orcharding. 

1284        5         (i         7 

Soil(l) 3337        12        48        24 

Subsoil  (1) 4         5         4         9        15        4<i        17 

Acres. 
Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 12, 3.r>2 

Volusia  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  G  inches 
consists  of  a  light-brown  to  ash-colored  loam,  containing  a  large  quan- 
tity of  broken  shale  and  sandstone  fragments  and  a  considerable 
proportion  of  small  shale  chips,  besides  some  round  gravel  and  cob- 
ble-stones. The  sul)soil  varies  from  a  yellow  loam  to  a  yellow  or 
gray  sand v  loam.  The  type  is  derived  froui  small  moraines  scattered 
throughout  the  Volusia  loam  or  Volusia  silt  loam  areas  and  occurring 
in  the  high  valleys  in  the  region  in  which  the  Volusia  series  is  found. 

Acres. 
Tompkins  County,  N.  V. 4,(i08 

Volusia  loam. --To  a  depth  of  about  8  inches  the  soil  of  the  Volusia 
loam  is  a  deep  brown  loam  containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  flat 
shale  and  sandstone  fragments  and  a  large  quantity  of  finely  divided 
shale  chips,  popularly  called  "shale  gravel"  or  "black  gravel."  The 
sultsoil  is  a  yellow  or  mottled  yellow  or  gray  slightly  silty  loam.  The 
till  may  rest  either  upon  the  underlying  rock  or  upon  deposits  of  sand 
or  broken  shale.  Both  soil  and  suksoil  contain  a  large  percentage  of 
shale  and  sandstone  fragments.  The  type  is  derived  through  the  feeble 
glaciation  of  the  underlying  shales  and  sandstones.  The  surface  is 
generally  less  rolling  than  that  of  a  greater  part  of  the  Volusia  silt, 
loam,  and  for  the  most  part  the  surface  drainage  is  adequate.  The 
soil  is  very  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  grass,  oats,  buckwheat, 
and  corn  in  the  less  elevated  portions.  Apples  are  grown  to  advantage 
on  t  his  type  throughout  a  considerable  part  of  its  extent . 

i        •_•       :i       4        ;>       <•        7 

Soil  (12) 2          4          3          8         12         44        27 

Subsoil  (12) S          »>  4         10         12         41         24 

Acres.    |  Acres. 

Ashtiilxila,  Ohio 173,440     Tompkins  Comity.  N.  V 91.328 

Aiiliiirn.  N.  Y 70. 720     \\  est  ticlil,  N.  V a  79,970 

a  Of  tills  ii'.i.'iM)  :n-rr-  wns  111:1  P|NM|  us  Voluxiii  suixly  loam. 


148  Soil  Surrey  Field  Book. 

Volusia  silt  loam. — The  soil  of  the  Volusia  silt  loam,  to  an  average 
depth  of  8  inches,  is  a  gray  to  l>rown  silty  loam.  The  subsoil,  to  a  depth 
of  about  2  feet,  is  a  light-yellow  silty  loam,  and  below  2  feet  it  usually 
becomes  mottled  with  gray  or  drab.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  a 
high  percentage  of  flat  fragments  of  shale  and  sandstone  from  6  inches 
to  one  or  more  feet  in  breadth.  In  addition  a  considerable  quantity  of 
finely  divided  shale  fragments  are  found  in  both  soil  and  subsoil.  The 
subsoil  usually  rests  at  a  depth  of  from  18  inches  to  3  or  4  feet  upon 
shale  or  sandstone  rock.  The  type  is  derived  from  the  weathered  prod- 
ucts of  the  shale  and  sandstone,  reworked  by  glaciation  and  to  a  small 
degree  modified  by  material  brought  in  through  glacial  action.  The 
type  occupies  rolling  and  hilly  land  and  is  frequently  interrupted  or 
bordered  by  steep  slopes  not  suited  to  agricultural  purposes.  The 
Volusia  silt  loam  where  properly  cultivated  is  a  good  soil  for  timothy 
and  small  grains.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  region  where  it  occurs  it 
lies  at  too  high  an  elevation  to  be  well  adapted  to  corn.  In  this  locality 
buckwheat  and  potatoes  are  grown  to  advantage. 

1         2         84         5         6         7 

Soil  (10) 2          4          1          2        10        59        22 

Subsoil  (10)...  3          4          2          3        10        55        23 


Acres. 

mnghamton,  N.  Y 118,976 

BigHats,  N.  Y "108,800 


Acres. 

Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 78,912 

Wooster,  Ohio 78,4<>4 


Soott  County,  Ind 4«,912 

Volusia  clay  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  about  8  inches  is  a  dark- 
yellow  or  brown  heavy  loam  or  clay  loam.  The  subsoil  is  a  pale-yellow 
or  drab  clay  loam.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  shale  and  sandstone  chips  and  sometimes  larger  pieces  of  stone. 
Some  large  erratic  bowlders  occur  but  are  not  abundant.  The  deep 
subsoil  is  locally  called  "  blue  clay."  The  surface  is  rolling  and  irregu- 
lar, and  sometimes  morainal  in  character.  The  type  is  well  adapted  to 
general  farming,  but  is  in  need  of  drainage. 

Acres. 
Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 5,952 


"Mapped  as  Ilagerstown  shale  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Terraces.      149 

SOILS  OF    I  111    I.I  U  I  M    LAKKS  AM>  TKRKAIKS. 

Another  important  group  of  soils  occurs  in  the  glacial  region,  princi- 
pally as  terraces  around  lakes,  or  along  streams,  or  as  deposits  in  areas 
which  were  formerly  covered  by  water.  At  the  close  of  the  Glacial 
Epoch  the  lakes  in  this  part  of  the  United  States  were  not  only  more 
numerous,  but  the  waters  of  those  which  remain  reached  a  higher  level 
and  covered  areas  that  are  now  far  above  their  present  shore  lines.  In 
some  cases  several  distinct  terraces,  each  one  marked  by  an  old  shore 
line,  are  easily  discernible  and  represent  successive  stages  in  the  lower- 
ing of  the  water  level.  Their  elevation  above  the  lake  varies  from  a 
few  feet  to  more  than  2(X)  feet.  The  surface  of  each  terrace  is  usually 
rolling  to  level,  with  a  gradual  slope  toward  the  lake,  but  sometimes 
areas  of  a  rough  and  broken  character  occur.  The  streams  which  cross 
these  terraces  have  frequently,  by  their  cutting,  produced  deep,  steep- 
sided  valleys,  especially  near  the  lakes. 

The  soils  of  this  group  vary  from  typical  beach  gravels  to  offshore 
deposits  of  heavy  clays.  The  material  from  which  they  are  derived  con- 
sists of  glacial  ddbris  reworked  and  redeposited  in  the  lakes  or  along 
streams  when  their  waters  stood  at  a  higher  level.  While  this  glacial 
material  is  made  up  of  rocks  of  widely  varying  origin,  a  large  propor- 
tion of  it  often  consists  of  the  country  rock.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Great  Lake  region  the  percentage  of  sandstone  and  shale  fragments  is 
usually  very  high,  while  in  the  western  part  more  of  the  igneous  rocks 
are  present.  This  fact,  together  with  differences  in  drainage  conditions, 
has  given  rise  to  four  series  of  soils:  The  Dunkirk,  Clyde,  Yergennes, 
and  Superior.  While  all  of  these  series,  except  the  Vergennes,  are 
typically  developed  around  the  Great  Lakes,  they  also  occur  around 
smaller  ones,  in  areas  which  were  formerly  lake  beds,  or  along  streams 
in  the  glacial  region. 

IH'NKIKK    SKItlES. 

The  Dunkirk  series  is  an  important  mcmlx-r  of  the  Glacial  Terrace 
group  of  soils.  The  soils  have  Iwen  formed  by  the  reworking  of  glacial 
material  derived  principally  from  sandstone  and  shale.  This  series 
embraces  the  light-colored  surfnce  soils  with  drab,  gray,  and  mottled 
yellow  subsoils  and  occurs  principally  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Great  Lakes  region.  The  soils  are  not  as  productive  as  those  of  the 
Clyde  .series,  hut  some  of  them  are  well  adapted  to  special  crops. 


150  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Dunkirk  stony  clay. — The  soil,  to  an  average  depth  of  8  inches,  is  a 
compact  yellow  silty  clay  loam  containing  from  10  to  20  per  cent  of  small 
rounded  or  angular  stones.  The  subsoil  is  a  brown,  yellowish-brown  or 
mottled  stifT  clay,  which  becomes  very  sticky  and  plastic  when  wet. 
The  stone  content  of  the  subsoil  is  greater  than  that  of  the  soil.  The 
type  occurs  in  steeply  to  gently  sloping  areas  characterized  by  a  series 
of  parallel  ridges  and  gullies.  At  the  maximum  elevation  the  surface; 
is  rather  flat  and  the  soil  deeper.  Though  there  is  usually  sufficient 
surface  drainage,  the  underdrainage  is  retarded  by  the  very  compact 
nature  of  the  subsoil,  so  that  ditching  and  tiling  are  necessary.  The 
type  is  probably  derived  from  an  old  lake  sediment.  The  soil  is  excel- 
lently adapted  to  grapes,  producing  about  4  tons  to  the  acre,  and  pears 
and  apples  also  do  well.  Wheat  and  grass  are  profitably  grown,  the 
former  averaging  20  or  more  bushels  to  the  acre  and  the  latter  from  1  \ 

to  3  tons  of  hay. 

1          '2         8         4          o          6         7 

Soil  (1) 2          5          3        10        14        42        25 

Subsoil  (1) 3         5         3         8        10       35       35 

Acres. 

Auburn.N.Y 4,096 

Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 30, 976 

Dunkirk  shale  loam. a — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  loam  10  or  more 
inches  in  depth,  containing  considerable  silt  and  fine  sand.  The  sub- 
soil, from  10  to  24  inches  below  the  surface,  is  of  the  same  texture  as 
the  soil,  but  lighter  in  color,  and  contains  large  quantities  of  angular 
shale  fragments  or  bowlders.  All  general  farm  crops  are  grown,  but  to 
obtain  the  best  results  a  liberal  application  of  manure  is  required. 

1          •_>         8         4         5          «          7 

Soil  (6) 5,         6          2          6        19        44        18 

Subsoil  (3) 11         12          4        10        16        31        16 

Acres. 

IMgflats,  N.  Y 6  8, 512 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 1 , 8.56 

Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 1. 221 

Dunkirk  gravel. — This  is  a  very  gravelly  soil  of  old  lake  beaches, 
occurring  in  narrow  bands  between  the  lake  and  uplands.  The  soil  is 
composed  of  watcrworn  fragments  of  shale  and  is  6  feet  or  more  deep. 


"See  also  Dekalb  clay,  p.  121. 
(>Mappe'l  as  Elmira  shale  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Terraces.      151 

At  present  the  soil  is  used  extensively  for  grape  culture,  but  the  grapes 
do  not  keep  so  well  or  bear  shipment  so  well  as  those  grown  on  Dunkirk 
clay.  The  soil  is  quite  drought}7  r.nd  not  well  suited  to  other  crops. 

1234567 

Soil  (4) 30        17          7          6          5        20        13 

Subsoil  (2) 28       33        16         9         3         6         5 

Acres. 

Ashtabtila,  Ohio 2, 880 

Westfield,  N.  Y 4, 840 

Dunkirk  gravelly  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  containing 
from  40  to  60  per  cent' of  small  gravel  consisting  principally  of  water- 
worn  shale  fragments.  The  soil  is  underlain  at  about  3  feet  by  shale 
fragments  or  sand.  The  type  represents  reworked  glacial  material 
deposited  in  water  along  the  foot  of  low  ridges  on  lake  forelands  and 
also  as  terraces  in  stream  valleys.  It  is  well  drained  and  early,  and 
is  adapted  to  market-garden  and  truck  crops.  It  is  not  well  suited 
for  most  general  farming  crops,  but  is  a  good  corn  soil.  Grapes  are 
successfully  grown. 

1          234567 

Soil  (4) 14        18        13        13          6        21        11 

Subsoil  (4) 14        22        17        15          6        16          8 

Acres.  |  Acres. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio <»6,528  .  Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 12,032 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 5, 312  :  Westfield,  N.  Y a  7, 260 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam,  b — The  soil  varies  from  a  light-brown  to 
brown  loam,  averaging  10  inches  in  depth,  containing  from  20  to  50 
per  cent  of  rounded  waterworn  gravel,  principally  shale.  The  subsoil 
is  a  yellowish  to  brown  loam  usually  heavier  than  the  soil,  with  a 
somewhat  higher  gravi  1  content  which  increases  with  depth.  The  type 
is  composed  of  a  reworked  glacial  de|M>sit  (K-curring  as  stream  and  hike 
terracvs.  Its  position  and  the  porous  nature  of  the  subsoil  affords 
thorough  drainage.  The  soil  is  mellow  and  easily  tilled,  the  stones 
s-ldom  Ix-ing  large  or  numerous  enough  to  offer  much  resistance  to 
cultivation.  Most  of  the  ordinary  farm  crops  d<>  well  on  this  soil,  par- 
ticularly corn  and  oats.  Fruits  also  do  well. 

n  Mii|ipii|  MM  Dunkirk  ^rnvclly  loiirn. 

&  Sec  also  Dunkirk  gravelly  Mainly  loam,  p.  1.11. 


-152  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1          2          «        4  5          (i          7 

Soil  (8) 5        10          6        12        13        36        18 

Subsoil  (8) 3          8          7        13        16        37        17 

Acres.  |  Acres. 

Auburn,  N.  Y 640  ;  Cleveland,  Ohio 8, 38-1 

Bigflats,  N.  Y « 15, 680  I  Syracuse,  N.  Y "39,424 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 4,864  ;  Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 14,.r>28 

Dunkirk  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  or  light-brown  fine 
sandy  loam  about  10  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  yellowish  fine  sandy 
loam  or  fine  sand.  It  occurs  on  lake  forelands  and  extends  up  streams 
as  terraces.  The  surface  is  gently  rolling  to  hummocky.  Parts  of 
the  type  have  been  influenced  by  wind  action.  The  soil  is  adapted 
to  grapes  and  is  also  fair  grass  land. 

1  L>          3        4          5         (i          7 

Soil  (10) 1  2          3        22        3.5        27        10 

Subsoil  (7) 0  2         4        29       37     .20         7 

Acres.  |  Acres. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 6  14, 720  ,  Syracuse,  N.  Y <•  19, 968 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 832  !  Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 1,600 

Cleveland,  Ohio 27, 328     Westfield,  N.  Y *  22, 090 

Lyons,  N.  Y <•  29, 824  ! 

Dunkirk  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light  or  dark-brown  loam  10  inches 
deep,  generally  containing  considerable  sand,  which  renders  it  easy  to 
cultivate.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellow  or  light-brown  fine  sandy  loam, 
usually  rather  compact,  becoming  darker  in  color  and  heavier  in  tex- 
ture with  depth.  A  small  quantity  of  stone  occurs  in  soil  and  subsoil, 
but  seldom  enough  to  interfere  with  tillage.  The  surface  is  undulat- 
ing and  usually  well  drained.  The  type  is  derived  from  glacial  mate- 
rial, probably  in  part  reworked  with  residual  soil  derived  from  sand- 
stone and  arenaceous  shak>.  The  soil  is  desirable  for  general  farm 
purposes,  producing  good  yields  of  corn,  oats,  barley,  buckwheat,  and 
potatoes.  Fruit,  especially  apples  and  peal's,  and  most  vegetables  do 
well  on  this  soil. 


a  Mapped  as  Miami  gravelly  loam. 

b  Mapped  as  Dunkirk  sandy  loam,  but  now  brought  into  proper  place  in  the 
series.  > 

«  Mapped  as  Miami  fine  sandy  loan;. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Terraces.      153 

1          '2         «        4          .')          6          7 

Soil  (2)   1          3          3        16        18        46        13 

Subsoil  (2) 2         5         4        15       21        38        15 

Acres. 

Auburn,  N.  Y 50,304 

Cleveland,  Ohio 2, 880 

Tompkins  County.  N.  Y 12, 032 

Dunkirk  silt  loam. — The  soil  to  an 'average  depth  of  10  inches  con- 
sists of  a  pale  yellow  to  light-brown  silt  loam.  This  is  underlain  by 
a  slightly  heavier  subsoil  of  a  brown  or  chocolate  color.  The  type  is 
sedimentary  in  origin  and  represents  the  wash  from  the  higher  shah- 
slopes  deposited  in  quiet  water.  It  occupies  lake  forelands  and  the 
higher  terraces  along  streams.  The  soil  is  easily  tilled  and  produces 
good  yields  of  general  farm  crops,  besides  lx>rries  and  tree  fruits. 

l        •-'        :{        4       5        «        7 

Soil  (9) 0          1          1          3        18        59        17 

Subsoil  (9) 0          0          1          2        18        62        16 


Acres. 

N.  Y « 1,920 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 4, 288 


Acres. 

Syracuse.  N.  Y &  41, 530 

Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 1,34-4 


Lyons,  N.  Y "  28,09(5 

Dunkirk  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  grayish-brown  clay 
loam  to  a  depth  of  8  inches.  It  is  quite  stiff  and  heavy  and  cracks  upon 
drying.  The  subsoil  is  a  mottled  brown  and  gray  heavy  clay  loam  or 
clay.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  are  generally  free  from  stones  or  gravel, 
although  small  quantities  are  somotinus  found  in  local  spots.  The 
type  occupies  gently  undulating  areas  and  the  slopes  of  hills,  which  are 
sometimes  quite  abrupt.  The  drainage  is  adequate  in  some  locations, 
but  in  the  marly  level  or  depressed  anas  it  is  often  necessary  to  resort 
to  artificial  drainage.  On  account  of  its  heavy,  compact  nature  the 
subsoil  is  almost  impervious  to  water.  This  soil  was  formed  in  part 
from  the  finer  sediments  washed  out  at  the  front  of  the  ice  sheet  dur- 
ing thedlacial  epoch.  These  sediments  were  probably  reworked  and 
intermixed  with  mor;-  or  1,-ss  material  derived  direct ly  from  weathering 
of  the  underlying  limestone  and  shul  •.  The  soil  is  w,  II  adapted  to 
wheat,  and  grass  and  com  also  do  fairly  well.  Alfalfa  has  been  suc- 
cessfully grown  in  some  localities.  It  is  well  adapted  to  grapes. 

"  Mappfl  us  Kltnira  silt  loam. 
'<  MapptMl  as  Miami  silt  loam. 


154  /Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1          2         a         4         5         6          7 

Soil(2) 2          4          2        12        14        36        20 

Subsoil  (2) 2          4          2        10        12        34        35 

Acres. 

Auburn,  N.  Y 35, 584 

Toledo,  Ohio «20, 352 

Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 7, 552 

Dunkirk  clay. — The  soil  is  a  drab  or  gray  clay  6  to  12  inches  in  depth, 
underlain  by  a  tenacious  mottled  clay,  beneath  which  at  a  depth  of  4 
to  10  feet  occurs  the  typical  bowlder  clay.  Near  ancient  beach  lines 
the  soil  is  sometimes  underlain  by  gravel.  The  type  is  found  upon  lake 
foreland  and  in  upland  valleys  and  is  derived  from  deposition  in  quiet 
water.  Some  areas  are  poorly  drained.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  grapes, 

grain,  and  grass. 

1284         5  (i  7 

Soil  (12) 1          2267  39  43 

Subsoil  (12) 0          1          1          7         0  40  42 


Acres. 

Auburn,  N.Y 2,880 

Ash  tabula,  Ohio 8, 192 


Cleveland,  Ohio 10, 688 


Acres. 

Lyons,  N.Y l>16,448 

Syracuse.  N.Y 624,832 


WcstHeld,  N.Y 23,490 


CLYDE    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Clyde  series  consist  of  reworked  glacial  material  con- 
taining a  large  percentage  of  organic  matter.  The  surface  soil  of  this 
series  is  of  a  dark-brown  to  black  color,  underlain  by  gray,  drab,  or  mot- 
tled yellow  subsoils.  The  dark  color  of  the  surface  soil,  which  is  the 
most  distinct  characteristic  of  this  series,  is  due  to  the  accumulation  of 
a  large  percentage  of  organic  matter  under  swampy  conditions.  The 
soils  of  the  Clyde  series  may  be  considered  as  intermediate  between  the 
light-colored  Dunkirk  soils  on  the  one  hand  and  the  Muck  and  Peat 
areas  on  the  other.  They  almost  always  require  drainage;  but  when 
this  is  provided  they  are  very  productive. 

Clyde  stony  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown,  medium-tex- 
tured gravelly  sandy  loam,  18  to  24  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  sandy 
loam  or  mottled  brown  clay  loam  containing  a  small  amount  of  gravel. 
A  noticeable  characteristic  of  the  type  is  the  large  number  of  bowlders 
strewn  over  the  surface  and  occurring  to  a  less  extent  below  the  sur- 
face. These  bowlders  are  mainly  of  granite,  and  range  from  cobbles  to 


a  Mapped  as  Miami  clay  loam. 
6  Mapped  as  Alloway  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Terraces.      155 

angular  fragments  2  or  3  feet  in  diameter.  With  these  stones  removed 
from  the  surface  the  soil  is  a  good  friable  sandy  loam,  and  produces 
fairly  good  crops.  The  type  is  of  glacial  or  lacustrine  origin,  has  level 
to  gently  rolling  topography,  and  for  tho  most  part  is  fairly  wdl 
drained.  The  crops  grown  are  corn,  oats,  wheat,  sugar  beets,  beans, 
potatoes,  hay,  etc. 

1         284        5        6        7 

Soil  (2) 2          6        12        43        12        16          9 

Subsoil  (2) 1          6        12        41        13        16        11 

Acres. 
Saginaw,  Mich 8, 000 

Clyde  gravelly  sand. — The  soil  is  a  meditim-Ttextured,  light  to  dark 
brown  loamy  sand  or  light  sandy  loam  10  inches  deep,  carrying  a  large 
percentage  of  gravel.  The  subsoil  is  a  rather  coarse  incoherent  gravelly 
sand,  usually  grading  into  a  mixture  of  coarse  sand  and  fine  gravel  at  a 
depth  of  from  24  to  30  inches.  Clay  is  often  found  at  from  4  to  8  feet 
below  the  surface.  The  typo  is  generally  well  drained.  The  topog- 
raphy varies  from  gentle  slopes  to  gently  rolling  ridges  representing  old 
beach  lines  or  terraces.  The  soil  is  the  result  of  beach  or  shallow  water 
deposition,  in  places  influenced  to  some  extent  by  local  wash  from  the 
higher  lands.  Fairly  good  yields  of  corn,  oats,  wheat,  rye,  timothy, 
clover,  and  buckwheat  are  secured,  and  some  special  crops,  such  as 
sugar  l>eets,  Ix-ans,  and  potatoes,  are  grown.  The  soil  is  also  adapted 
to  fruit  and  truck  crops. 

l        -1       «        4         5        6        ; 

Soil  (2) 3  15  20  36  7  10  9 

Subsoil  (2) 2  16  26  38  5  5  7 

Acres. 

Allegan  County ,  Mich a  14, 160 

Saftinuw,  Mich 10, 406 

Clyde  gravelly  aandy  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  from  8  to  15  inches 
is  a  coarse  to  medium  black  sandy  loam,  rich  in  organic  matter  and  con- 
taining a  varying  percentage  of  gravel.  The  subsoil  to  a  depth  of  36 
inches  consists  of  a  mixture  of  medium  to  coarse  sand,  with  a  high  per- 
centage of  gravel.  The  surface  varies  from  nearly  level  to  gently  rolling 
and  the  drainage  is  good.  This  soil  has  IMHTI  formed  by  the  reworking 
of  glacial  material  liy  water  and  its  deposition  in  lakes.  It  is  well 


"  M.ip[x-i|  us  Kiihtmn/.oo  univelly  loum. 


156  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

adapted  to  potatoes  and  produces  fair  crops  of  grain,  hay,  onions,*  car- 
rots,  and  sugar  beets. 

l       2       3       4        r>       6       7 

Soil  (1) 14        30        11        10          5        10        18 

Subsoil  (1) 4        26        29        30          4          2          4 

Acres. 
Island  County,  Wash 5, 952 

Clyde  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  12  inches  of  black  medium  to  fine 
loamy  sand,  underlain  by  sand  to  a  depth  of  30  inches,  which  in  turn  is 
generally  underlain  by  clay.  The  type  occupies  low,  flat  areas  and  is 
generally  swampy  and  poorly  drained.  It  is  composed  of  reworked  gla- 
cial sands  with  the  addition  of  organic  matter.  When  well  drained,  the 
soil  produces  good  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  grass,  oats,  rye,  and  all  kinds  of 
truck  crops.  It  is  a  fair  soil  for  sugar  beets. 

1234          »          6          7 

Soil  (6) 1          fi        23        47          8          9          5 

Subsoil  (7) 1          9        30        47          5          4          3 


Acres. 

Allcgan  County,  Mich 38, 600 

Alma,  Mich 10, 368 


Acres. 

Pontiac,  Mich 2, 880 

Saginaw,  Mich 14, 656 


Clyde  fine  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  a  dark-gray  to  black  fine  sand 
varying  in  depth  from  4  to  20  inches.  The  subsoil  has  about  the  same 
texture  as  the  soil,  but  contains  less  organic  matter  and  is  lighter  in 
color.  In  some  instances  the  subsoil  contains  layers  of  peat.  The  sur- 
face of  the  type  is  nearly  level  and  natural  drainage  is  generally  poor. 
The  type  has  been  formed  by  the  reworking  of  glacial  sands  and  their 
deposition  in  former  lakes.  The  soil  is  greatly  improved  by  artificial 
drainage.  The  crop  value  of  this  soil  depends  much  upon  the  propor- 
tion of  organic  matter  present  and  its  drainage  conditions.  It  is  suited 
to  small  fruits,  being  an  ideal  soil  for  strawberries.  Fair  crops  of  corn, 
oats,  and  potatoes  are  produced. 

1234          a         6          7 

Soil  (2) 0          2        10        60          9        13          6 

Subsoil  (2) 0         2        12        69         755 

Acres. 
Newton  County,  Ind 61,056 

Clyde  sandy  loam, — The  soil  is  a  dark-gray  or  brown  medium-tex- 
tured sandy  loam  from  8  to  12  inches  deep,  resting  on  material  of  simi- 
lar texture,  but  lighter  color,  which  is  underlain  at  IS  inches  by  a  drab  or 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Terraces.      157 

brownish  mottled  sandy  clay,  sometimes  tending  more  toward  a  sticky 
sandy  loam.  The  soil  carries  a  fair  percentage  of  organic  matter  and 
is  easily  brought  into  good  tilth.  The  type  has  been  formed  by  the 
reworking  of  glacial  material  as  beach  or  shallow-water  deposits.  The 
surface  is  level  to  gently  rolling,  and  upon  the  whole,  the  drainage  fea- 
tures are  fairly  good.  This  is  a  good  soil  for  general  farm  crops,  sugar 
beets,  beahs,  potatoes,  and  orchard  fruit. 

1          2    .8         4          5         (i          7 

Soil  (6) 1        10        13        32        12        IS        1? 

Subsoil  (5) 2          9        13        24        10        19        23 

Acres. 

Alma,  Mich 13,696 

Island  County,  Wash 1 , 792 

Saginaw,  Mich 84, 60S 

Clyde  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil,  from  9  to  12  inches,  is  a  very  fine 
sand  to  fine  sandy  loam  of  a  brownish-gray  or  brown  color,  homo- 
geneous in  texture,  friable,  and  easily  kept  in  good  tilth.  The  subsoil 
is  a  brown  or  yellow  fine  sand  or  fine  sandy  loam  to  a  depth  of  2  feet  or 
more  l*elow  the  surface,  overlying  a  clay  similar  to  the  subsoil  of  the 
Clyde  loam.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  are  entirely  devoid  of  gravel. 
Portions  of  the  type  seem  to  be  the  result  of  delta  formations,  subse- 
quently modified  by  wind  and  wave  action,  while  other  portions  occur 
in  the  form  of  low  ridges  as  wind-blown  beach  deposits.  The  surface 
is  slightly  undulating  to  roiling,  and  drainage  varien  largely  with 
local  topography.  Besides  general  farming  and  dairying,  sugar  beets, 
beans,  and  potatoes  are  important  interests,  and  to  a  less  extent  chicory, 
apples,  pears,  grapes,  and  vegetables. 

l        2        :i       4        :>        fi        7 

Soil  (3) 0  1  3        30        40         1C.         I') 

Subsoil  (3) 024        35        3C.         12         11 

Acres.  !  Acres. 

Cumin,  X.  Dak lO.KSO     Oxford.  Mich 1 ,(',,() 

(Jrand  Forks,  N.  Dak <MW,HOO     Stigma w,  Mich 39,104 

Clyde  loam.  The  soil  ranges  from  a  moderately  friable  loam  to  a 
rather  heavy,  compact  loam  of  a  dark-gray,  brown,  or  black  color, 
from  S  to  12  inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  drab-colored  sandv  or  silty 
clay  somewhat  streaked  and  mottled  with  iron  stains.  On  account  of 
former  inadequate  drainage  much  of  the  soil  is  still  in  a  puddled  and 

"  Mapped  us  Mi  inn  Nindv  loam. 


158  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

compact  state,  sticky  and  impervious  when  wet,  and  very  hard  when 
dry.  This  condition  is  emphasized  in  low-lying  areas  that  have  been 
cultivated  only  a  short  time.  In  its  natural  state  the  soil  possesses 
marked  clayey  properties  to  within  a  few  inches  of  the  surface,  where 
there  is  an  accumulation  of  organic  matter.  In  the  better  drained 
areas  the  soil  is  mellow,  and  the  subsoil,  too,  is  more  friable  and  per- 
vious to  water.  The  type  is  derived  from  glacial  lake  deposits  that 
have  not  been  modified  to  any  extent  by  subsequent  stream  action. 
Its  almost  level  surface  with  occasional  low  knolls  and  swells  and  inter- 
vening shallow  depressions  naturally  causes  poor  drainage.  When 
properly  drained  and  cultivated,  large  crop  yields  are  secured.  The 
principal  crops  grown  are  corn,  oats,  wheat,  hay,  and  sugar  beets.  It 
is  considered  an  excellent  soil  for  the  latter  crop. 

1          '2         !$         4         5         (i          7 

Soil  (14) 1          4          6        18        14        33        22 

Subsoil  (15) 1          4          5        15        10        32        32 


Acres. 
Allogan  County,  Mich a!2,460 


Alma,  Mich 59,770 

Cando,  N.  Dak 70,01(1 

Carrington,  N.  Dak 24,708 


Acres. 
Island  County,  Wash 1,2111 


Nowton  County,  Ind 900 

Owosso,  Mich 71,744 

Saginaw,  Mich 242,490 


Clyde'  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light  to  chocolate-brown  silt  loam  10 
inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  similar  silt  loam  of  a  lemon-yellow  color, 
containing  little  or  no  organic  matter.  The  texture  is  very  homo- 
geneous to  a  depth  of  3  feet,  and  gravel  is  entirely  absent,  but  there  are 
some  bowlders  strewn  over  the  surface.  The  soil  is  very  friable  and 
easily  kept  in  good  tilth.  The  type  seems  to  be  derived  from  material 
carried  by  streams  and  deposited  in  the  glacial  lake.  It  is  somewhat 
rolling  in  topography,  and  the  drainage  is  fairly  good.  The  soil  is 
well  adapted  to  grain  and  hay,  and  is  used  for  general  farm  crops  and 

for  the  production  of  chicory. 

1          2         S         4         5          «         7 

Soil  (1) 0          1          1          3        12        05        18 

Acres. 
Saginaw,  Mich 3,904 

Clyde  clay. — The  soil,  from  6  to  9  inches  deep,  is  a  silty  clay  loam 
of  a  brown  or  black  color.  Where  the  proportion  of  organic  matter  is 
highest,  the  soil  is  darkest  and  more  loamy  and  friable.  The  subsoil  is 
a  bluish  or  drab-colored  clay,  very  tenacious  and  practically  imper- 


«  Mapped  as  Allogan  black  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Terraces.      159 

vious  to  water.  The  type  is  derived  from  glacial  lake  deposits,  and 
occupies  low,  wet,  level  areas,  some  of  which  were  originally  covered 
with  peat.  With  good  drainage  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  sugar  l>eets, 
as  well  as  to  general  farm  crops. 

1234          5         6          7 

Soil  (7) 0          3          3        10          8        39        30 

Subsoil  (8) 0          2          2          f>          8        36        46 

Acres. 

Cando,  N.  Dak 18,880 

Saginaw,  Mich 26,560 

Toledo,  Ohio ul65,056 

SIOUX    SERIES. 

The  Sioux  series  comprises  the  dark-brown  to  black  terrace  soils 
cliaracterized  and  distinguished  from  the  Wabash  series  by  a  bed  of 
gravel  usually  within  3  feet  of  the  surface.  This  gravel  bed  has  a 
very  marked  effect  upon  the  drainage  of  the  soils,  and  causes  crops  to 
suffer  in  times  of  drought,  except  in  areas  where  the  gravel  is  several 
feet  below  the  surface.  This  series  occurs  as  terraces  along  streams 
and  is  practically  confined  to  the  glacial  regions. 

Sioux  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  from  .5  to  20  inches  of  loose,  medium 
to  coarse  textured,  dark-colored  sand.  The  subsoil,  which  extends  to 
great  depths,  has  al>out  the  same  texture  as  the  soil,  but  is  of  a  light- 
yellowish  color.  The  type  forms  flat  valley  lands  lying  only  5  or  10 
feet  above  mean  water  level.  It  is  naturally  well  drained  and  seldom 
subject  to  overflow.  In  narrow  valleys  where  moisture  conditions  are 
favorable  the  t\'pc  is  cleared  and  cultivated.  Broad  areas  often  suffer 
from  drought,  and  are  left  to  the  native  growth  of  scrubby  pine  and 
oak.  The  soil  is  sedimentary,  but  the  material  is  derived  more  or  less 
lex-ally  from  underlying  sandstone.  It  is  used  for  corn,  of  which  -10  to 
80  bushels  per  acre  are  obtained  under  good  moisture  conditions  and 
heavy  fertilization.  Vegetables,  strawberries,  and  cranberries  also 
do  well  on  limited  areas,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  type  can  only  be 
safely  used  for  agriculture  with  some  system  of  irrigation. 

1          «          :t          4  .->          (I          7 

Soil  (2) 0         10         2K         -JO  3  .1  4 

Subsoil  (2) 0        1(1        32        .10          :t          3          3 

Acre*. 
VirrMjua.  Wis 10, .120 


<>  Mu|»|>'i|  UN  Miami  Muck  Huy  loiun. 


160  Soil  Surrey  Field  Book. 

Sioux  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  &  coarse  to  medium  brown  sandy  loam 
or  heaVy  sandy  loam  from  10  to  21  inches  deep,  containing  considerable 
organic  matter.  The  color  becomes  lighter  with  depth.  The  subsoil 
over  wide  areas  consists  of  almost  pure  waterworn  gravel,  which  is 
found  at  an  average  of  22  inches  below  the  surface  and  extends  to  great 
depths.  The  subsoil,  however,  varies  considerably,  and  the  gravel  is 
frequently  bedded  in  a  matrix  of  sandy  loam,  silty  sand,  or  sand.  This 
is  an  alluvial  soil  occupying  river  terraces  or  bottoms,  with  level  to 
gently  rolling  topography.  The  drainage  is  too  thorough  where  the 
pure  gravel  subsoil  predominates  for  good  crop  yields,  although  the  soil 
is  early  and  might  be  profitably  utilized  in  the  production  of  early,  short- 
season  crops.  Hay,  corn,  oats,  and  alfalfa  are  important  crops,  but  the 
yields  are  very  irregular.  In  a  wet  season,  or  on  areas  of  better  moisture 
conditions,  40  to  (50  bushels  of  corn  are  obtained  per  acre,  but  a  dry  spell 
at  the  critical  period  of  growth  often  results  in  total  failure.  Some 
truck  is  grown.  Clover  and  timothy  have  been  produced  with  fail- 
success. 


Soil  (15) 

1 
2 

•_•       :$       4 

14         15         18 

IS         19        23 

O'Fallon,  Mo  . 

r> 

8 
0 

6 

27 
17 

7 
16 
13 

Acres. 
320 
9,216 
5,568 
38.  528 

Subsoil  (15)  

...   .  4 

HrookinRs,  S.  Dak  
CeiTo  Gordb  County,  Iowa.. 
Grand  Island,  Ncbr  

Acres. 
28,864 
32,768 
29,184 

Tippocanoc  County, 
Viroqua,  Wis  

Ind.. 

.laiii'sville.  Wis  .  . 

a  51,  90S 

Winnebaeo  County. 

111... 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam, — The  soil  is  a  dark-gray  or  black  fine  sandy 
loam  from  10  to  15  inches  deep,  containing  a  relatively  high  percentage 
of  organic  matter,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  fine  to  medium  sandy  loam  of  a 
light-brown  color.  At  from  3  to  8  feet  below  the  surface  the  material 
changes  to  sand  and  gravel.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The  soil 
is  alluvial  and  occupies  both  river  bottoms  and  terraces.  It  generally 
maintains  a  good  supply  of  moisture,  although  in  areas  of  light  rainfall 
irrigation  is  desirable.  The  drainage  is,  on  the  whole,  satisfactory,  arti- 
ficial drains  being  necessary  only  in  depressed  areas.  This  is  a  desirable 
soil,  yielding  15  to  35  bushels  of  wheat,  25  to  50  bushels  of  corn,  15  to  60 
bushels  of  oats,  about  40  bushels  of  barley,  and  20  bushels  of  flax  per 
acre.  Alfalfa  produces  well  and  sugar  beets  give  yields  ranging  from  8 


"  Mapped  as  Miami  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Terraces.      161 

to  18  tons  per  acre.     On  low-lying  areas  considerable  hay  is  made  from 

wild  grasses. 

i       •_»       a       4       ;>       *i       7 

Soil  (5) 1          o          72-1         HI        32         11 

Subsoil  (f.) 2          7          7        26        18        28        12 

Acres. 

Grand  Island,  Ncbr GO, 352 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak ,r>,632 

Sioux  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  brown,  slightly  sandy  loam  about 
10  inches  in  depth.  The  surface  is  friable,  easily  worked,  free  from 
stones,  and  generally  quite1  level.  The  subsoil  has  a  deptli  varying 
between  20  and  40  inches,  and  consists  of  a  brownish-yellow  loam  under- 
lain by  a  reddish-gravelly  loam,  overlying  a  bed  of  gravel.  The  type 
constitutes  the  higher  terraces  formed  by  riverj  during  the  close  of  the 
glacial  epoch.  It  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  production  of  crops  for 
canning  purposes,  but  is  largely  used  for  general  farming. 

1          •_'         «          4567 

Soil  (2) 3        16        10          9          6        3.1        21 

Subsoil  (2) 3        18        12        10          4        31        2? 

Acres. 

Tazewell  County,  1 11  a  .S2, ,">12 

Tippei-anoe  County,  Ind 896 

Sioux  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown,  smooth,  friable  silt  loam 
12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  reddish-yellow,  heavier  silt  loam  which 
in  turn  is  underlain  by  sand  or  gravel  at  from  5  to  8  feet.  The  type 
occurs  as  terraces  along  streams.  The  surface  soil  is  gently  rolling,  but 
the  underlying  gravel  In-d  affords  good  underdrainage.  This  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly fertile  soil,  very  highly  esteemed  for  corn  and  small  grain. 

i        •_'        :t        4        :.        *>        7 

Soil  (.'.) 0  1  1  1  C>  70  20 

Subsoil  (5) 0  1  1  2  S  71  II 

Acres. 

Jani'svillr,  \Vis '<  ('., <'"•"><> 

Ta/.ewHI  County,  II! •••_».•). (KHI 

Tlpjwanoe  County,  Ind .">7n 

Sioux  clay.  The  soil  is  a  black,  dark-brown,  or  somelimes yellowish- 
brown  clav  loam  or  c!av  about  IS  inches  deep,  underlain  bv  a  gravUli- 
brown  or  grayish-yellow  clay  of  stilF,  tenacious,  waxv  texture.  The 

"  Mapped  ax  Miiiini  I'lain  <  Mapped  as  Delavan  .silt  loam. 

'•  Mapped  as  JiiiK-sville  loam. 

:5l>07f>—  (Hi II 


162  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

type  occupies  river  bottoms,  and  is  partly  alluvial  and  partly  a  wash 
from  the  uplands,  the  latter  areas  having  the  characteristics  of  the 
gumbo  found  in  the  Red  River  Valley.  It  is  an  excellent  soil  for  small 
grain,  wheat  sometimes  yielding  as  much  as  40  bushels  per  acre.  Oats 
and  flax  also  do  remarkably  well.  The  lighter  areas  are  suitable  for 
certain  of  the  truck  crops.  The  native  vegetation  consists  of  oak,  elm, 
ash,  and  other  forest  trees. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 0          0          1          5          8        45        41 

Subsoil  (1) 0         1         2         9         5       31        52 

Acres. 
Jamestown,  N.  Dak 2,432 

SUPERIOR    SERIES. 

Another  member  of  the  Glacial  Lake  group  of  soils  is  found  around 
Lake  Superior.  The  material  here  consists  of  a  red  clay,  over  which 
in  some  places  sands  and  sandy  loams  have  later  been  deposited  or 
washed  from  higher  lying  areas,  giving  rise  to  soils  of  a  light  and  more 
sandy  character.  There  has  thus  been  formed  the  Superior  series  of 
soils,  characterized  by  the  red  color  of  the  subsoils. 

Superior  sandy  loam. — A  gray  to  reddish  sand  or  light  sandy  loam, 
of  medium  texture,  varying  in  depth  from  12  to  24  inches.  Sometimes 
the  surface  is  strewn  with  small  rocks  and  bowlders  in  such  quantities 
as  to  interfere  with  cultivation.  The  subsoil  is  a  stiff,  tenacious,  imper- 
vious red  clay  similar  to  the  material  forming  the  Superior  clay,  and 
it  is  sometimes  interstratified  with  thin  layers  of  fine  sand.  The  sandy 
soil  is  the  result  of  wash  from  higher  lying  sandy  land.  The  type 
usually  occupies  level  and  gently  rolling  areas,  with  sufficient  eleva- 
tion to  secure  good  natural  drainage.  It  is  a  warm  soil,  easiiy  tilled, 
and  adapted  to  a  variety  of  crops.  The  crops  grown  are  clover,  tim- 
othy, potatoes,  and  small  fruits.  The  original  timber  growth  is  pine. 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 3        13        13        35        17        13          6 

Subsoil  (3) 1         5         5        15        12       30       31 

Acres. 
Superior,  Wis 14,208 

Superior  silt  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  from  6  to  10  inches  is  a 
light'very  fine  sandy  or  silty  loam,  underlain  by  a  very  fine  sandy  loam 
or  silty  loam,  grading  into  a  stiff,  red  clay  at  varying  depths.  The 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Terraces.      163 

surface  is  usually  rough  and  broken,  being  often  deeply  eroded  by 
stream  action.  It  is  a  lacustrine  deposit  consisting  of  reworked  glacial 
material.  On  account  of  its  uneven  topography  the  type  is  not  of 
much  value  for  agricultural  purposes. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 0          1          1          2        11        68        17 

Subsoil  (2) 1         1         1          1         7       66       23 

Acres. 
Carlton  area,  Minn 16, 192 

Superior  clay. — A  heavy,  compact,  and  almost  impervious  red  clay, 
with  no  apparent  difference  in  color  or  texture  between  soil  and  sub- 
soil. When  wet  it  is  of  a  bright  brick-red  color,  and  quite  adhesive 
and  gummy;  when  dry  crack:;  an  inch  or  more  in  width  are  common 
on  the  surface,  and  the  soil  breaks  up  into  cubical  blocks.  Sometimes 
there  are  small  fragments  of  rock  in  both  soil  and  subsoil,  and  usually 
upon  new  ground  there  is  an  inch  or  so  of  vegetable  mould.  The  type 
occurs  generally  in  broad  and  flat  areas,  with  surface  inclinations 
toward  streams,  and  is  very  retentive  of  moisture.  The  soil  is  lacus- 
trine in  origin.  It  is  adapted  to  timothy  and  clover.  It  improves 
with  use,  and  good  crops  of  potatoes,  peas,  beets  and  other  root  crops 
have  been  grown. 

1          1         «         4         5         6         7 

Soil  (7) 0          2          -2          1          6        34        48 

Subsoil  (7) 0          1255        35        50 

Acres. 

Carlton,  Minn 75,200 

Munisinj;.  M  it  li 7<H 

Superior,  \\  is 122,  sso 

VEIHJKNNK.H   SE1UES. 

The  Vcrgennes  series  occurs  on  tin1  terraces  surrounding  Lake  Charn- 
plain.  It  consists  of  deep-water  sediments  known  as  the  Champlain 
clavs,  deposited  in  postglacial  times  over  glacial  drift  during  a  period 
of  submergence.  Since  tin-  uplift  these  clays  have  been  more  or  less 
modified  bv  stream  action  and  colliiviul  wash  from  soils  of  the  surround- 
ing highlands  derived  from  the  underlying  geological  formations, 
usuallv  sandstone  shale  atid  limestone,  and  in  limited  areas  by  wash 
from  glacial  drift  soils.  The  .series  is  characterized  by -brown,  yellow- 
ish, or  gray  soils,  underlain  bv  drab  to  blue  or  light-grav  clay  subsoils 


164  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

at  varying  depths.     The  surface  is  level  to  gently  rolling,  and  for  the 
most  part  artificial  drainage  is  necessary. 

Vergennes  stony  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  clay  loam  or  some- 
times of  a_  loam  with  an  average  depth  of  8  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a 
gray  clay  similar  to  that  of  the  material  of  Vergennes  clay,  but  its  depth 
is  variable,  depending  on  the  position  of  the  underlying  rock.  The  type, 
usually  occupies  long,  narrow  ridges  or  low  hills,  and  also  the  lower 
slopes  of  higher  hills.  Outcrops  of  limestone  occur  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  limestone  fragments  are  found  scattered  over  local  areas.  The 
type  has  been  derived  from  the  Champlain  clays.  Most  of  the  type  is 
left  in  pasture  or  woodland.  On  the  more  level  areas  medium  yields  of 
corn  and  hay  are  secured.  The  soil  is  best  suited  to  certain  fruits, 
especially  apples,  an  excellent  quality  of  which  is  produced. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 2          6          8        16        12        31        24 

Subsoil  (2) 2          5          7        17        11        29        29 

Acres. 
Vergennes,  Vt.-N.  Y 17,024 

Vergennes  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  from  6  to  10 
inches  deep,  containing  from  10  to  45  per  cent  of  fine  gravel,  pcbhlcs, 
and  small  stones.  The  subsoil  consists  of  light  sandy  kam  or  sticly 
sandy  loam  with  a  gravel  content  similar  to  that  of  the  soil.  In  its 
lower  depths  the  subsoil  often  grades  into  sand,  with  a  high  content  of 
fine  gravel.  The  type  occupies  two  topographic  positions;  low  bars 
and  ridges  surrounded  by  the  Champlain  clays  of  the  region,  where  it 
represents  delta  deposits;  and  broken  terrace  formations  along  the 
ancient  shore  line.  On  account  of  its  texture  and  position  this  soil  is 
well  drained  and  is  susceptible  to  drought.  On  the  more  loamy  areas 
fair  yields  of  corn  and  hay  are  secured.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  the 

production  of  potatoes. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 7        17        14        19        11        20        11 

Subsoil  (2) 5        15        23        2G          7        14        10 

Acres. 
Vergennes,  Vt.-N.  Y 3,968 

Vergennes  fine  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  a  dark-brown,  black  or  yel- 
low loamy  fine  sand  from  6  to  10  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  light-brown 
or  yellow  medium  sand  resting  upon  the  basal  claysof  the  region  at  depths 
ranging  from  3  to  4  feet,  though  in  rare  instances  the  sandy  material 


Soils  of  the  Glacial  Lakes  and  Teiraces.      165 

may  be  6  feet  or  more  in  depth.  Small  quantities  of  gravel  are  fre- 
quently found  in  both  soil  and  subsoil.  This  type  of  soil  is  quite  varied 
in  surface  features,  occurring  in  level  areas,  along  slopes,  and  among 
foothills,  and  for  the  most  part  is  well  drained.  It  is  a  lacustrine 
deposit  more  or  less  modified  by  recent  stream  action.  The  soil  is  prol>- 
ably  best  adapted  to  truck  crops  and  small  fruits,  though  corn,  oats, 
and  hay  are  grown  with  fair  success. 

1284         5        fi  7 

Soil  (3) 1  3          7        32        29        20          7 

Subsoil  (4) 1          3          6        37        29        17          ,r> 

Acres. 
Vergennes,  Vt.-N.  Y 8, 384 

Vergennes  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  black  or  dark-brown  medium  to 
fine  sandy  loam  from  8  to  12  inches  deep.  The  soil  does  not  differ  ma- 
terially in  texture  from  that  of  the  Vergennes  fine  sand,  but  the  subsoil 
is  a  drab  clay  loam  or  clay.  In  a  few  places  the  typical  soil  is  underlain 
at  an  average  depth  of  12  inches  by  a  layer  of  medium  sand  which  rests 
directly  upon  the  heavy  underlying  clay.  In  surface  features  the  type 
is  either  level  or  rolling,  marked  sometimes  by  hummocks  and  low 
swells,  and  for  the  most  part  is  well  drained.  In  low-lying  areas  the 
soil  is  derived  from  late  sedimentary  deposits  overlying  the  Champlain 
clays;  other  areas  are  either  colluvial  material  or  shore  deposits  over- 
lying the  Champlain  clays.  The  type  is  adapted  to  corn,  clover,  and 
ate  truck. 

l       •_'       :$       4        5       (i       7 

Soil  (1) 1          3          3        12        45        24         12 

Subsoil  (1) 0  1  1         13        3(5        29        21) 

Acres. 
Verppnnos,  Vt.-N.  V 2, 112 

Vergennes  loam. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  fine  sandy  loam  with  an  aver- 
age depth  of  10  inches.  The  subsoil  is  either  a  plastic  mixture  of  day 
and  sand  or  a  medium  to  heavy  loam  which  often  grades  at  3  feet  mlo 
a  stiff  clay  similar  to  the  subsoil  of  the  Yergcnnes  clay.  The  subsoil 
occasionally  contains  a  small  percentage  of  gravel  and  stones.  The 
t  vpe  (X'cupies  level  areas  or  low,  rounded  or  flat-topped  hills  and  gentle 
slopes,  and  is  derived  from  postglacial  deposits,  modified  in  some  in- 
stances by  colluvial  material  or  stream  action.  The  soil  is  desirable 
for  corn,  and  also  produces  good  crops  of  hay,  oats,  and  barley. 


166  >Soti  Survey  field  Book. 

1334567 

Soil  (2) 2          4          4        19        26        25        19 

Subsoil  (2) 2          5          6        18        24        23        22 

Acres. 
Vergennes,  Vt.-N.  Y 4, 352 

Vergennes  black  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  a  black  loamy  clay  from 
6  to  15  inches  deep.  It  contains  a  high  percentage  of  organic  matter  and 
is  very  tenacious  and  sticky  when  wet,  but  is  granular  and  friable  when 
dry.  The  subsoil  is  a  heavy,  tenacious  drab  clay,  somewhat  plastic  in 
certain  .areas.  The  soil  is  more  often  underlain  at  24  inches  by  a  stiff 
heavy  clay  similar  to  the  subsoil  of  the  Vergennes  clay.  The  surface  is 
usually  flat  or  basinlike,  and  artificial  drainage  is  often  necessary  to 
secure  the  best  yields.  The  type  owes  its  origin  chiefly  to  wasli  from 
higher  lands  mingled  with  decaying  vegetation,  thus  giving  rise  to  a 
rich  black  soil.  It  is  naturally  a  strong  and  productive  soil  and  gives 
'arge  yields  of  corn  and  hay. 

1          2          S         4         5         «          7 

Soil  (2) 1          3          2          3          2        33        55 

Subsoil  (3) 1          1          1          4          f.        .%        51 

Acres. 
Vergennes,  Vt.-N.  Y 3, 584 

Vergennes  clay. — The  surface  soil  consists  of  heavy  gray  clay  or 
light-brown  clay  loam  varying  in  depth  from  6  to  12  inches.  The  sub- 
soil is  a  gray,  drab,  or  light-brown  heavy  clay,  somewhat  tenacious 
when  wet,  but  extremely  stiff,  compact,  and  intractable  when  dry. 
Wherever  the  soil  is  so  shallow  that  the  plow  goes  below  it,  the  upturned 
furrows  of  the  underlying  gray  clay  become  white  upon  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere,  and  this  has  given  rise  to  the  local  term  "white-faced  clay." 
On  the  steep  slopes  of  many  ridges  outcrops  of  slate,  are  frequent,  and 
thin  fragments  are  often  strewn  over  the  tops  and  the  steeper  slopes. 
The  type  for  the  most  part  is  level  or  gently  rolling,  broken  only  by 
occasional  ridges.  Except  in  the  depressions  it  has  sufficient  surface 
drainage.  As  the  greater  part  of  this  soil  is  compact  and  impervious  to 
moisture,  underdrainage  would  result  in  better  crop  returns.  This  soil 
is  derived  from  the  postglacial  orChamplain  clays.  The  glacial  mate- 
rial comes  to  the  surface,  or  nearest  it,  on  the  hills,  and  in  some  cases 
this  has  been  washed  down  the  slopes  and  mingled  with  the  postglacial 
clays.  This  is  an  excellent  soil  for  hay.  Other  crops  grown  with  profit- 
able yields  are  corn,  oats,  and  barley. 


Miscellaneous  Glacial  Soils.  167 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 2          3          2          3          3        18        69 

Subsoil  (3) 0          1          2          2          2        22        71 

Acres. 
Vergennes,  Vt.-N.  Y 129, 984 

MISCKLLANEOrS  SOILS  OK    III!    GLACIAL  A>D  LOKSSIAL  KH.IONv 

Portage  stony  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  rather  loose  dark-gray  or 
brown  sandy  loam  of  medium  to  fine  texture  and  from  8  to  10  inches 
deep.  The  underlying  material  is  a  yellowish-brown  or  gray  sand  of  fine 
to  medium  texture  to  a  depth  of  30  inches,  where  a  yellow  or  gray  sandy 
clay  sometimes  occurs.  On  the  surface  considerable  quantities  of 
lM)wlders,  principally  of  granite,  are  found,  and  outcrops  of  the  under- 
lying crystalline  rocks  from  which  the  type  is  in  part  derived  frequently 
occur.  The  origin  of  the  type  has  l>een  influenced  to  some  extent  by 
glacial  action.  The  drainage  is  rather  poor,  and  the  type  is  used  only 
for  pasturage. 

1        '-'        :t        4        5        (i         7 

Soil  (2) 2        12        21        3fi          9        12          8 

Subsoil  (2) 2          9        21        42        10          8          8 

Acres. 
Portage  County,  Wis 11,392 

Barnum  stony  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  12  inches  is  a  light-brown 
loam,  underlain  by  a  loam  grading  into  red  clay  at  from  22  to  3(5  inches. 
On  the  surface  and  mixed  with  the  soil  are  stones  and  bowlders  in  con- 
siderable quantity.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly,  and  the  natural 
drainage  is  generally  good.  It  is  a  glacial  soil,  and  where  not  too 
rough  and  the  stones  not  too  numerous  is  adapted  to  oats,  hay,  and 
wheat. 

I        -2        :t       4        :> 

Soil  (2) 1          3          <>        If,        II 

Subsoil  (2) 1          2          (>        17        12 

Acres. 
Carlton  area,  Minn 8,7(M 

Gloucester  stony  loam.  The  soil  is  a  light-brown  sandy  loam  under- 
lain at  ntxnit  10  inches  by  a  more  sandy  and  gravelly  material  of  gray 
color.  The  subsoil  is  a  mass  of  rock  fragments,  or  the  thin  soil  may  rest 
directly  upon  Ix-d  rock.  From  20  to  SO  per  cent  of  l>ow!ders  occur  on 
the  surface  and  throughout  the  soil  profile,  while  frequently  the  l>nl 


168  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool'. 

rock  is  exposed.  The  type  usually  presents  a  rough,  broken  topog- 
raphy, hilly  and  almost  mountainous  in  character,  and  on  account  of  its 
position  and  the  loose,  open  character  of  the  subsoil  it  is  thoroughly 
drained.  The  soil  is  in  part  residual  and  in  part  glacial  in  origin,  bear- 
ing, however,  a  distinct  relation  to  the  underlying  or  adjacent  rock 
from  which,  in  the  main,  it  has  been  derived  mechanically.  Very  little 
of  it  is  cleared  and  under  cultivation,  and  it  is  covered  for  the  most  part 
with  a  stunted  growth  of  chestnut,  oak,  white  birch,  and  undergrowth. 
Some  corn  and  potatoes  are  produced;  but  only  light  yields  are  obtained. 
The  type  as  a  whole  is  best  suited  to  forestry  and  pasturage,  though  in 
some  places  orcharding  should  be  profitable. 

1          •-'         .'{         456  7 

Soil  (3) 5          9          6        22        10        33          6 

Subsoil  (3) 8        13          7        23        19        28          2 

Acres. 
Rhode  Island 32,r>,  120 

Holyoke  stony  loam. — This  soil  is  of  glacial  origin,  and  consists  of 
about  3  feet  of  loam,  containing  10  to  .50  per  cent  of  diabase  and  other 
bowlders.  The  areas  occupied  are  rough  and  mountainous,  occurring 
along  the  base  of  diabase  ranges.  The  soil  is  chiefly  devoted  to  past- 
ure, though  it  is  used  also  to  some  extent  for  fruit. 

•_'         3         4          5         (i          7 

6          ,r>        15        24        42          6 
9          7        21        23        30          6 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Conn.-Mass  196,818 

Cassadaga  sand. — This  is  a  coarse  orange  or  gray  sand,  1  to  3  feet  or 
more  in  depth.  The  type  occurs  usually  in  upland  valleys,  is  commonly 
wooded,  and  generally  has  a  thick  growth  of  underbrush.  The  soil  is 
inclined  to  be  wet  or  marshy,  and  needs  drainage  because  of  a  hardpan 
subsoil.  Very  little  of  this  type  is  under  cultivation,  and  it  has  at  pres- 
ent little  agricultural  value.  If  it  were  cleared  and  drained  it  would 
probably  be  suited  to  grass. 

1284         o         <i         7 

Soil  (1) 2          8        13        33        11        22        10 

Acres. 
Westfield,  N.  Y 1,660 


Miscellaneous  Glacial  Soils.  lt>9 

Saugatuck  sand. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  9  inches  consists  of  reddish- 
brown,  black,  and  gray  sand.  The  subsoil  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more 
consists  of  medium  fine  sand,  containing  bands  of  sand  cemented  by 
ferruginous  material.  These  bands  of  iron  crusts  vary  from  a  fraction 
of  an  inch  to  1  or  more  feet  in  thickness.  The  type  occupies  slightly 
depressed  areas.  The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  truck,  peaches,  and  small 
fruits,  and  grain  does  fairly  well. 

1          1         «         4          5         «          7 

Soil  (2> 1          6        34        44          4          73 

Subsoil  (2) 1        10       37       43         3         3         3 

Acres. 
Allepan  County,  Mich 24, 120 

Shelby  sand. — The  soil  is  a  brown  or  yellow  loamy  sand,  10  inches 
deep,  grading  into  reddish-yellow  sand  of  medium  texture,  underlain  at 
from  24  to  36  inches  by  sandstone  in  place.  The  subsoil  is  derived 
from  underlying  rock,  the  soil  Ix'ing  a  covering  of  wash  material.  The 
type  occurs  as  gently  rolling  upland,  just  above  the  second  bottoms. 
The  soil  is  adapted  to  truck,  small  fruit,  peaches,  and  wrapper  leaf 
tobacco. 

1234         5         6          7 

Soil  (1) 1  7         10        30         14        28          9 

Subsoil  (1) k 2         9        16       43         9        11        10 

Acres. 
Shelby  County,  Mo 448 

Snohomish  sand. — This  soil  consists  of  a  brown  medium  sand  about 
l/i  inches  deep  overlying  a  loo.se  gray  to  greenish-yellow  sand.  The 
surface  is  flat  and  fairly  level,  rising  with  a  gentle  incline  from  near 
sea  level  toward  the  inland.  While  the  drainage  is  generally  ade- 
quate on  account  of  the  easy  fall  and  open  texture,  the  soil  is  subject 
to  drought.  The  type  has  been  laid  down  us  glacial  deposits  under 
uniform  conditions.  The  soil  is  too  light  for  general  farming.  It  is, 
however,  quite  similar  to  some  of  t lie  eastern  truck  soils  and  would 
under  suitable  conditions  be  a  typical  early  truck  soil.  It  is  adapted 
to  early  |x>tatoes. 

1         -J        :i        4         r>         «        7 
Soil  (2) 3       i!»       17      :ir>       ii        H        7 

Subsoil  r2) 2         17         IS         10         13          (>          4 

Acres. 
K  vi-iv  1 1 ,  W  ash ...  ..21,  .VM 


170  Soil  Survey  Field 

Wheatland  sand. — This  is  a  dark-brown  sand,  12  to  18  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  grayish-yellow  sand  of  the  same  texture.  It  is  an  up- 
land soil  of  glacial  origin.  The  soil  has  little  agricultural  value,  and  is 
best  adapted  to  pasture  and  grazing. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 1          3          5        49        22        12          7 

Subsoil  (2) 15        10         5        26        14        13        11 

Acres. 
Fargo,  N.  Dak 29,  ,504 

Newton  fine  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  a  light-gray  to  yellowish  fine 
sand  which  is  underlain  at  depths  varying  from  10  to  36  inches  by  inter- 
stratified  layers  of  peat  and  black  line  sand.  The  surface  is  generally 
level,  although  somewhat  broken  by  ponds  and  swampy  depressions. 
The  type  has  probably  been  formed  by  the  deposition  of  a  layer  of  light- 
colored  fine  sand  over  the  black  fine  sand,  which  gives  rise  to  the  Clyde 
fine  sand.  Much  of  the  type  supports  a  growth  of  water-loving  grasses, 
willow,  and  birch,  and  its  chief  use  is  for  pasture. 

1  •-'          !J        4507 

Soil  (3) 0          1          4        88          5    '     1          1 

Subsoil  (1) 0         1         3        79        10         5        .2 

Acres. 
Newton  County,  Ind 5, 888 

Manchester  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  reddish  or  dark-yellow  me- 
dium sandy  or  gravelly  loam  from  8  to  18  inches  in  depth,  underlain  by 
loamy  sand  and  gravel,  frequently  containing  large  bowlders.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  rolling,  in  the  form  of  ridges  and  knolls,  though  the 
tvpe  occasionally  occurs  as  low,  flat  terraces.  The  type  is  a  combination 
of  glacial  lake  and  stream  deposits,  and  the  material  is  exceedingly  irregu- 
lar in  thickness.  It  is  formed  in  part  of  the  red  Triassic  rocks.  The 
soil  is  naturally  fertile,  but  the  porous  subsoil  renders  it  readily  sub- 
ject to  drought.  It  is  well  adapted  to  peaches  and  fairly  well  adapted 
to  corn. 

1          •-'          3          4        5          (i          7 

Soil  (2) 5        14        14        3.1        15        11         5 

Subsoil  (2; 7        18        15       29        17         9         4 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Conn. -Mass 44, 160 


Miscellaneous  Glacial  Soils.  171 

Portage  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  from  8  to  9  inches  is  a 
grayish-brown  sandy  loam  of  fine  to  medium  texture.  Below  this 
occurs  a  brownish-yellow  sandy  loam  grading  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
profile  into  a  mottled  gray  and  yellow  sandy  clay.  The  topography 
varies  from  gently  rolling  to  nearly  level,  the  latter  areas  being  rather 
poorly  drained.  The  type  is  derived  from  crystalline  rocks,  though  it 
is  modified  to  some  degree  by  glacial  drift.  It  is  adapted  to  general  farm 
crops,  yielding  1£  tons  of  hay,  100  bushels  of  potatoes,  30  bushels  of 
corn,  40  bushels  of  oats,  and  10  to  15  bushels  of  rye  per  acre.  Small 
fruits  and  vegetables  also  do  well. 

1          •-'          :{          4          o         tt          7 

Soil(3)  2         17        21        23          7        18        11 

Subsoil  (3) 2        13        18        22          7        19        18 

Acres. 
Portage  County,  W  is 9, 792 

Saginaw  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  12  inches  is 
dark-gray  to  black  medium  to  fine-textured  sandy  loam,  carrying  a 
high  percentage  of  organic  matter,  which  has  accumulated  as  a  result  of 
poor  drainage  conditions.  It  is  loose,  mellow,  and  easily  kept  in  good 
tilth.  The  subsoil  is  dark  gray  in  color  and  about  the  same  in  texture 
as  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  24  to  30  inches,  where  it  is  underlain  bv  a  heavy 
blue  silty  clay.  The  type  occupies  an  intermediate  position  l>etwecn 
the  Clyde  sand  and  the  Clyde  loam.  Its  origin,  topographic,  and  drain- 
age features  are  essentially  the  same  as  the  former,  namely,  reworked 
glacial  material,  level  topography,  and  naturally  deficient  drainage. 
When  properly  drained  the  soil  is  fairly  well  adapted  to  truck,  sugar 
beets,  and  corn,  as  well  as  to  general  crops. 

1         •-'        :»        4         .->        (i         7 

Soil  (4) 2  10  20  41  7  14  7 

Subsoil  (4) 2  «J  22  37  <l  14  S 

Acres. 

Owosso,  Midi 1, 2X0 

Saginaw,  Midi 12, W-' 

Wheatland  sandy  loam.  -The  soil  consists  of  a  dark-brown  sandv 
loam  alxHit  14  inches  deep,  underlain  by  loam  which  at  a  depth  of  (i  feet 
or  more  rcSts  upon  a  grayish-yellow  or  yellow  glacial  till.  Glacial 
bowlders  and  nx-k  fragments  occur  throughout  the  soil  and  subsoil. 
This  is  an  upland  soil  and  is  generally  well  drained.  It  is  fairly  well 
adapted  to  wheat,  oats,  barley,  (lax,  and  corn. 


172  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1884667 

Soil  (3) 2          4          f>        18        20        32        19 

Subsoil  (3) 2         5         5        18        19       25        25 

Acres. 
Fargo,  N.  Dak 10,768 

Snohomish  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  1.5  indies  consists 
of  a  brown  fine  sandy  loam.  The  subsoil  is  a  brown  to  yellow  heavy  fine 
sandy  or  silty  loam.  Small  gravel  and  a  few  cobblestones  occur 
throughout  both  soil  and  subsoil.  The  type  occupies  level  to  gently 
rolling  river  terraces  and  is  formed  from  reworked  glacial  material. 
The  type  is  best  adapted  to  late  truck  crops  for  canning  purposes. 

Fruit  does  well. 

1          -2         3         4         5         <i         7 

Soil  (2) 2          6          5        19        22        33        13     . 

Subsoil  (2) 1          4          4        13        17        44        16 

Acres. 
Everett,  Wash 9, 728 

Barnum  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  8  to  14  inches  is  a  brown  loam 
carrying  a  small  amount  of  gravel.  The  subsoil  is  a  heavy  loam, 
usually  lighter  in  color  than  the  soil,  and  grades  into  a  stiff  brownish-red 
clay  at  from  18  to  24  inches.  On  the  surface  are  stones  and  bowlders, 
though  not  in  sufficient  quantity  to  interfere  with  cultivation.  The 
surface  is  rolling,  and  natural  drainage  is  generally  good.  It  is  a  glacial 
soil  and  is  adapted  to  hay,  oats,  and  wheat. 

1          2         ;{         4         5         <i         7 

Soil  (1) 1          3          7        18        10        43        17 

Subsoil  (1) 1          2          3        11        10        4,5        28 

Acres. 
Carlton,  Minn 2, 4% 

Bernardston  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light  clayey  or  silty  loam  of  dark 
color,  10  inches  in  depth,  underlain  by  about  14  inches  of  dark-yellowish 
loam  grading  into  a  dark  slaty  blue  clay  loam  of  very  compact  nature. 
It  occurs  in  very  broken  and  hilly  areas,  and  outcrops  of  the  underlying 
argillaceous  rocks  are  very  common.  Cultivated  areas  of  the  soil  occur 
very  largely  in  drumlinoid  hills.  The  native  vegetation  is  made  up 
largely  of  hardwoods,  particularly  sugar  maple,  but  in  the  most  stony 
areas,  where  the  soil  is  shallow,  chestnut,  pine,  and  hemlock  arc  com- 
mon. It  is  a  glacial  soil,  made  up  of  argillaceous  rock  material.  It  is 
very  productive,  l>cing  particularly  fine  for  grass  and  grazing  land.  It 
also  produces  excellent  crops  of  corn,  oats,  and  rye. 


Miscellaneous  Glacial  Soils.  173 

1        2        S        4        6         6        7 

Soil  (2) 6          8          4        14        20        34        14 

Subsoil  (2) ->          7          4        14        19        36        15 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Corin. -Mass. .  16,064 

Elmwood  loam.  —This  soil  is  a  dark-brown  fine  sandy  loam,  2  feet  in 
depth,  overlying  a  close,  poorly  drained  clay.  It  occupies  level  ter- 
races along  the  Connecticut  River  and  is  a  lacustrine  deposit.  The 
type  has  very  little  present  agricultural  value  on  account  of  its  compact 
nature  and  poor  underdrainage. 

Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich 3, 810 

Connecticut  Valley, ronn.-Mass. .  18,878 

Madison  loam. — The  soil  is  a  loose,  friable  brown  or  yellow  loam  or 
fine  sandy  loam  from  8  to  14  inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  heavy  loam  or 
clay,  usually  becoming  heavier  below  24  inches.  Throughout  the  soil 
and  subsoil  there  area  few  well-rounded  gravel.  The  subsoil  is  some- 
what variable,  occasionally  consisting  of  alternating  layers  of  sand  and 
clay,  with  an  occasional  layer  of  cherty  gravel.  The  type  occurs  as 
set-olid  bottoms  and  is  generally  level.  This  is  an  alluvial  soil,  derived 
from  wash  of  valley  slopes.  Frequently  the  drainage  is  poor.  It  is  a 
good  soil  for  corn  and  hay  and  for  truck  crops,  especially  for  cabbage, 
tomatoes,  and  tarries. 

l        •_'        :t        4        5       <>        7 

Soil  (2) 1          4          3        14        12        39        27 

Subsoil  (2) 1          3          3        1">        14        39        2.r> 

Acres. 
Madison  County,  Ind 2, 240 

Shelby  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  fine  sandy  or  silty  loam  of  a 
gray  or  brown  color  from  3  to  8  inches  deep,  grading  into  a  reddish-yel- 
low sandy  clay  which  extends  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  It  is  locally 
termed  "white-oak  lands."  Iron  pipes  and  concretions  are  usually 
found.  The  subsoil  is  made  up  mainly  of  pockets  of  sand  and  day,  with 
occasional  thin  lenses  of  cherty  gravel.  The  type  is  of  glacial  origin. 
It  occurs  talow  the  Shelby  silt  loam  and  is  exposed  through  stream  cut- 
ting and  erosion  of  the  overlying  prairie.  It  occupies  steep  slopes  adja- 
cent to  the  watercourses.  Native  growth  is  white  and  scrub  oak  with  a 
scattering  of  red  oak  and  hickory.  It  is  much  less  productive  than  the 
Shelbv  silt  loam.  It  is  poorly  adapted  to  wheat  atid  corn.  The  former 


174  Sml  Survey  Field  Bool\ 

yields  an  average  of  about  10  bushels  and  the  latter  about  25  bushels  per 
acre.     The  soil  is  used  almost  exclusively  for  pasture. 

l        •_'        :i      4        :»       «        7 

Soil  (3) 2  5  7  19  13  40  13 

Subsoil  (3) 2  5  5  13  10  2/i  40 

Acres. 

Scotland  County,  Mo 94, 016 

Shelby  County,  Mo «  71, 158 

Warners  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  10  inches  of  mellow  brown  loam, 
containing  many  calcareous  nodules  and  a  considerable  proportion  of 
marl,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  white  or  gray  marl.  The  soil  is  silty  in 
character  and  of  soft,  unctuous  feel,  containing  thin  layers  of  muck  at 
various  depths.  It  produces  fairly  good  crops  of  corn  and  grass. 

Acres. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y 128 

Lexington  silt  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  about  12  inches  is  a  gray 
or  yellowish-gray  mellow  silt  loam.  The  subsoil  to  a  depth  of  36 'inches 
is  either  a  compact  silt  loam  slightly  heavier  than  the  soil  or  a  siltv  clay 
varying  from  yellow  to  brown  in  color  or  sometimes  tinged  with  red. 
The  surface  is  moderately  rolling  to  hilly,  the  rougher  portion  being 
largely  the  result  of  erosion.  The  drainage  is  good  and  crops  suffer 
during  extended  droughts.  The  type  is  derived  from  loess  and  closely 
resembles  the  Memphis  silt  loam;  but  the  deposit  of  loess  is  very  thin, 
and  the  soil  is  in  places  modified  by  the  underlying  Orange  sand  forma- 
tion. The  soil  is  adapted  to  corn,  cotton,  forage  crops,  vegetables,  and 
strawlMM-ries.  The  natural  forest  growth  consists  of  white,  red,  post, 
and  black-jack  oak,  chestnut,  hickory,  and  black  gum. 

1          •_'          8          4         .J        0          7 

Soil  (2) 0          2          2          6          5        69        15 

Subsoil  (2) 0          1          2          4          2        63        28 

Acres. 
Henderson  County,  Tenn 241, 344 

Marion  silt  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  silt  loam  of  light-brown  to 
white  color,  with  an  average  depth  of  12  inches.  The  subsoil  consists  of 
a  hard,  stiff  silty  clay  of  mottled  appearance, locally  known  as  "hard- 
pan,"  the  predominating  colors  being  gray,  light  yellow,  and  reddish 
yellow.  Between  the  soil  and  subsoil  occurs  a  white  layer  of  compact 
silt,  which  crumbles  easily  between  the  fingers.  The  type  occupies  the 

a  Mapped  as  Shelby  clay. 


Miscellaneous  Glacial  Soils.  175 

level  prairie  land  n.nd  is  of  loessial  origin.  Wheat,  corn,  and  grass  are 
tlu-  principal  crops.  The  yield  of  grain  is  rather  small,  hut  apples  do 
well. 

1        -2        :i        4        5       i>        ; 

Soil  (13) 0          1125        7o        lo 

Subsoil  (13) ,....  0          1124        60        :il 

Acres.  Acres. 

Clay  County,  111 260,  ">44     O'Fullon,  Mo 17.V>-">2 

Clinton  County,  111 172.4SO     St.  Clair  County,  111 86,464 

Memphis  silt  loam. «' — This  soil  is  a  yellow  or  brown  silt  loam  8  inches 
in  depth,  powdery  when  dry.  Under  this  is  a  chocolate-brown  or  yel- 
low compact  silt  loam,  which  in  turn  is  underlain  at  a  depth  of  from  2 
to  (i  feet  by  a  yellow  silt  of  loess  formation.  The  type  occupies  uplands 
and  is  subject  to  serious  erosion.  It  is  largely  forested  to  oak,  hickory, 
and  lx;eeh.  In  Mississippi  it  is  divided  topographically  into  two  re- 
gions— the  Cane  Hills,  which  are  steep-sided  and  narrow-topped,  and 
the  Flat  Hills,  which  are  more  plateaulike  and  cultivated  to  a  greater 
extent  than  the  Cane  Hills.  Good  yields  of  cotton,  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
hay,  and  potatoes  are  secured  in  different  localities.  In  northern  areas 
the  soil  is  good  for  fruits  and  vegetables. 

I  •_'         :i        4        5       «        7 

Soil  (18) 0  1           1           1           4        7S         15 

Stllisoil  (IS) (I  1123        73        20 

Acres.  Acres. 

Crystulsprinps,  Miss 46,016     O'Fullon,  Mo ~>,  376 

East  Baton  Roupe  Parish,  La.    2U»,  2(X)     St.  Clair  County,  111 '•  13s.  560 

Jackson.  Miss 410,624     Sinedes,  Miss 52, 2XS 

Johntton  County,  III 1(17, 104     Yir'.oo,  Miss 140,0(10 

McCnioken  County,  Ky i:t!»,  776 

Portage  silt  loam.  The  type  consists  of  a  grayish-colored  silt  loam 
8  or  10  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  mottled  gray  and  yellow  heavy  clay 
loam.  At  a  depth  of  alxnit  2o  inches  a  thin  stratum  of  sand,  sandv 
loam,  or  sandy  clay  frequently  occurs,  grading  quite  abruptly  into  a 
dark-red  clay.  The  fy|x-  occupies  level  or  slightly  undulating  areas,  is 
rather  poorly  drained,  and  sometimes  marshy.  The  type  is  derived 
from  glacial  material  over  crystalline  rocks,  ll  is  well  adapted  to 
general  farm  crops,  small  fruits,  and  vegetables. 


n  Sec  also  l.iiilniii.i  loam,  (i.'.ll. 
''M:i]i|M-i|  ;is  Miami  lim-  sanely  loam. 


176  Soil  Survey  FUd  Bool: 

i       -_»       :$       4        r>      «       y 

Soil  (3) I          534          5        58        23 

Subsoil  (1) 1        17        20        28          5        12        Hi 

Lower  subsoil  (1) 1         (i         8        14         (i        25        40 

Acres. 
Portage  County,  Wis 22, 050 

Safford  silt  loam. — To  a  depth  of  S  to  10  inches  the  soil  consists  of  a 
gray  or  light-yellow  silt  loam.  This  is  underlain  by  a  tough,  plastic  clay 
or  clay  loam  of  a  red  or  reddish-brown  color,  grading  at  a  depth  of  about 
3  feet  into  grcensand.  The  surface  soil  is  loose  and  rather  incoherent 
when  dry,  and  is  easily  cultivated.  It  has  a  rolling  to  hilly  topography 
and  washes  badly  if  not  properly  managed.  The  natural  drainage  is 
good.  The  silt  loam  covering  is  due  to  a  deposit  of  loess,  while  the  sub- 
soil is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  the  greensand  marl  or  a  shallow 
deposit  of  clayey  material  above  it,  or  from  a  mixture  of  both.  Tin- 
soil  is  adapted  to  corn,  cotton,  wheat,  and  hay.  The.  timber  growth 
consists  of  white,  red,  black-jack,  and  post  oak,  chestnut,  and  some 

hickory  and  beech. 

1  2  8  4  5  «  < 

Soil  (3) 0  1  1  4  17  01  10 

Subsoil  (3) 0  0  1  3  12  30  54 

Acres. 

Ilondorson  County,  Tonn 28, 544 

Scottsburg  silt  loam. — This  soil  is  an  ashy-gray  silt  loam,  with  varia- 
tions tending  to  a  fine  sandy  loam.  At  about  10  inches  it  grades  into  a 
light-yellow  or  slightly  mottled  silt  loam,  becoming  gradually  heavier 
and  more  compact  as  the  depth  increases,  until  at  30  to  36  inches  is 
found  a  heavy  silt  .loam  of  a  drab  or  gray  color,  slightly  mottled  with 
yellow  stains.  Small  iron  concretions  permeate  the  entire  depth.  The 
type  is  the  result  of  local  material,  redeposited  by  glacial  action, mixed 
with  the  weathered  material  of  the  underlying  argillaceous  and  sandy 
shales.  The  areas  were  probably  at  one  time  level,  but  have  been 
eroded  by  stream  action  until  they  present  a  gently  rolling  topography. 
The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  tomatoes  and  other  vegetables,  small  fruits, 
and  all  early  maturing  crops.  By  adding  humus  and  adopting  crop 
rotations  general  crops  may  be  made  to  do  well. 

1        2        8        4        r>       (i         7 

Soil  (3) 1          3          3          7          9        05        12 

Subsoil  (3) 1          2          2          5          8        02        19 

Acros. 
Scott  County,  Iml 37,184 


Miscellaneous  Glacial  Soils.  177 

Shelby  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-gray  to  almost  black  silt  loam 
from  b'  to  10  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  stiff,  impervious  brown  or  drab 
mottled  silty  clay,  streaked  with  blue  and  red.  A  thin  layer  of  white- 
silt  is  often  found  betwe.-n  soil  and  subsoil.  This  type  resembles  both 
the  Marshall  and  Marion  silt  loams.  It  differs  from  the  former  in  hav- 
ing a  heavy,  impervious  subsoil  and  from  the  latter  in  the  darker  color  of 
the  surface  soil.  It  is  derived  from  a  deposit  of  loess  over  glacial  mate- 
rial. The  type  is  known  locally  as  "the  prairie"  and  occupies  level  to 
gently  rolling  uplands.  The  greater  part  is  fairly  well  drained,  but  the 
impervious  subsoil  allows  water  to  collect  on  very  level  areas  after 
heavy  rains.  The  principal  crops  on  this  type  are  hay,  corn,  oats,  and 
wheat,  with  millet,  Kafir  corn,  and  sorghum  as  secondary  crops.  Fruit 
also  does  \\  ell,  and  the  production  of  apples  is  of  some  importance. 

1          •_'         :$          4          :»        G          7 

Soil  (3) 0          2113        74        19 

Subsoil  (3) 1          3          1          1          2        55        38 

Acres. 

Scotland  Countv,  Mo 130, 704 

Shelby  County,  Mo 210, 896 

Snohomish  silt  loam. — The  soil  to  a  depth  of  12  inches  is  a  reddish- 
brown  light  silty  loam,  and  is  underlain  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more  by 
a  yellow  or  drab  silt  loam  or  silty  clay.  The  topography  of  this  type 
i;  level  or  gently  rolling.  It  occupies  chiefly  lower  river  terraces,  and 
the  drainage  is  good.  It  owes  its  origin  to  the  modification*  of  glacial 
sediments  by  the  action  of  streams.  This  is  a  good  soil  for  general 
farming,  and  fruit  trees  do  well  on  it. 

i       •_»      a        4        :>      «        ; 

Soil  (2) 142  6          0        00         IS 

Subsoil  (2) I          3        2  ">        10        :>:!        26 

Acres. 
Kvorctt.  Wash 1C.,  1!»2 

Fargo  clay.  —The  soil  is  a  heavy  black  clay  (i  to  1-1  inches  deep,  under- 
lain  bv  gray  or  blue  clay  of  the  same  texture.  At  from  o  to  9  feet  occurs 
a  mottled  gray,  brown,  and  yellow  clay,  similar  to  the  subsoil  of  the 
Miami  black  clay  loam.  When  wet  this  type  is  very  waxy  and  gummy 
and  has  an  oily  feel.  It  is  exceedingly  slippery  under  f<w>t  and  often 
sticks  to  wagon  wheels  in  great  quantities.  The  tv|M«  occurs  in  depres- 
sions in  the  upland.  The  drainage  is  poor  and  the  soil  is  difficult  to 


178  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

till.     It  is  a  very  strong  and  productive  soil  when  well  drained,  and  is 
adapted  to  general  farm  crops. 


Soil  (2) 

1 

0 

1 

1 

Subsoil  (2)  . 

0 

1 

1 

Fargo.  N.  Dak... 

4         5  «  7 

3          9  30  50 

1          5  20  GO 
Acres. 


Hobart  clay.  —  This  consists  of  a  shallow  covering  of  from  1  to  4 
inches  of  a  gray  or  dark-brown  clay,  underlain  to  a  depth  of  3  or  4  feet 
by  heavy  drab-colored  clay.  Below  this  the  subsoil  is  mixed  with  frag- 
ments of  the  underlying  shale,  and  finally  grades  into  shale  rock.  The 
soil  as  well  as  the  subsoil  contains  fragments  of  shale.  When  the  soil 
is  wet  it  is  very  adhesive  under  foot  and  has  a  greasy,  oily  feel.  In  dry 
weather  it  often  bakes  to  the  detriment  of  growing  crops.  On  account 
of  the  impervious  clay  and  shale  underlying  the  soil  there  are  many 
fresh-water  springs.  Owing  to  the  stiff,  tenacious  character  of  the  soil 
and  its  location  on  the  steep  sides  of  bluffs  it  has  little  value  except  as 
a  sheep  and  cattle  pasture. 

1234          5         6         7 
Soil  (2)  ....................  3          7          4        13          4        31        38 

Subsoil  (4)  .................  1         3          1         2         2        15        70 

Acres. 
Carrington,  N.  Dak  ..............  2,496 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak  .............  3,712 

RESIDUAL  SOILS  OF  THK  WESTERN  PKAIKIE  KKWOX. 

This  region  consists  of  the  nonglacial  part  of  the  prairie  plains 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Missouri  River,  the  southern  limit  of  gla- 
ciers, and  extending  southward  through  Texas  to  the  Rio  Grande.  On 
the  west  it  merges  into  the  Plateau  region  at  very  near  the  2,000-foot 
contour,  and  on  the  east  is  limited  by  the  Gulf  Coastal  Plain  and  the 
Ozark  Plateau.  Its  surface  is  gently  rolling,  with  occasional  low  hills, 
and  is  cut  by  numerous  stream  channels.  The  rocks  are  of  Carbonifer- 
ous age  and  consist  of  sandstones,  shales,  and  limestones  more  or  less 
interbedded.  These  rocks  give  rise  to  three  series  of  soils,  viz,  Oswego, 
Crawford,  and  Vernon,  together  with  a  number  of  miscellaneous  soils. 
In  Kansas  and  Texas  these  soils  are  in  some  instances  more  or  less  modi- 
fied by  the  admixture  of  gravel  and  sand  from  Tertiary  deposits  brought. 
down  from  the  higher  areas  larther  west  occupied  by  crystalline  rocks. 


Residual  Soils  of  the  Prairie  Region.        179 

OSWEGO    SERIES. 

The  Oswego  series  includes  the  light-colored  soils  of  the  prairie  region 
formed  from  the  weathering  of  interbedded  layers  of  sandstone  and 
shale,  as  distinguished  from  the  Crawford  series,  which  is  derived  from 
limestones.  The  surface  soils  are  light  to  dark  gray  in  color,  while  (he 
subsoils  are  dark  drab  to  yellow.  The  soils  of  the  Oswego  series  are  less 
productive  than  those  of  the  Crawford  series. 

Oswego  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  yellowish-brown  heavy  fine 
sandy  loam  with  a  depth  of  12  inches,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  the  same 
material  but  of  a  lighter  yellowish  color  and  somewhat  heavier  in  tex- 
ture. This  is  an  upland  soil  occupying  low,  rounded  knobs  and  ridges 
and  having  a  rolling  surface.  The  drainage  is  excellent.  The  type 
is  residual,  being  derived  from  sandstone  and  arenaceous  shale,  which 
occurs  in  places  a  few  feet  lx>neath  the  surface.  Corn  and  oats  are  the 
important  crops,  the  former  yielding  from  20  to  30  bushels  and  the 
latter  alxmt  25  busheh  per  acre.  Very  little  wheat  is  grown  on  this 
soil,  as  it  is  likely  to  winterkill.  The  soil  is  l>est  adapted  to  fruit  and 
truck. 

1         884567 

Soil  (3) 0  1  0  18  33  34  13 

Subsoil  (3) 0  1  1  18  30  33  17 

Acros. 

Allen  County,  Kans 15,5<i5 

Parsons.  Kans 9,728 

Oswego  silt  loam." — The  soil  is  a  gray  to  yellowish  silt  loam  10  inches 
deep,  grading  into  a  stiff  silty  clay,  becoming  stiffer  and  more  imper- 
vious as  the  depth  increases.  The  type  occupies  gently  rolling  upland 
prairies,  and  is  derived  from  shale,  with  here  and  there  an  interbedded 
layer  of  sandstone  or  limestone,  and  in  places  outcrops  of  bituminous 
coal.  When  dry  the  soil  is  apt  to  bake  and  crack,  but  breaKs  up  into 
it  mellow  loam  when  plowed.  This  is  a  soil  of  fair  productivity,  and  is 
used  for  general  farm  crops.  The  average  yield  of  wliciit  is  nhnut  IS 
bushels,  of  corn  2">  bushels,  and  of  potatoes  SO  to  100  bushels  per  acre. 
Flax  mid  rye  ar^  grown  to  some  extent. 

a  S4-«'  also  NVo.slio  silt  loam,  l>-  11.1. 


180  Soil  Survey  Field  Rook, 

1          234567 

Soil  (0) 0         1         1         3       13       66       15 

Subsoil  (0) 0          1          1          3        10        59        26 

Acres. 

Allon  County,  Kans 177,000 

Parsons,  Kans o<i2,090 

CRAWFORD    SERIES. 

This  series  includes  residual  limestone  soils  of  the  prairie  regions, 
characterized  by  dark-brown  to  reddish-brown  surface  soils  and  red- 
dish-brown to  red  subsoils.  While  derived  from  limestones  these^soils 
usually  contain  only  a  small  percentage  of  lime,  differing  very  mate- 
rially in  this  respect  from  the  soils  of  the  Houston  series,  occurring  in 
the  Cretaceous  black  prairies  of  the  Coastal  Plain.  They  are  produc- 
tive and  well  adapted  to  general  farming. 

Crawford  stony  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  a  dark  reddish-brown  clay 
or  clay  loam  10  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  stiff,  reddish-brown  com- 
pact clay.  A  large  number  of  limestone  fragments  of  various  sizes  are 
scattered  over  the  surface  and  throughout  the  soil  profile,  while  at  a 
depth  of  from  12  to  20  inches  the  parent  limestone  is  encountered. 
Many  areas  have  comparatively  few  rock  fragments  on  the  surface,  but 
the  underlying  limestone  is  encountered  at  shallow  depths  and  even 
outcrops  in  small  eroded  areas.  The  type  occurs  along  slopes  of  streams 
in  rolling  prairies  and  in  rough,  broken  country.  It  supports  an  excel- 
lent growth  of  native  grass,  which  makes  it  a  valuable  pasture  land.  A 
large  proportion  is  too  rough  and  stony  for  agricultural  purposes,  but 
where  cultivation  is  practicable  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  cotton,  corn, 
sorghum,  and  oats.  Some  areas  are  well  suited- for  orchards  and  vine- 
yards. It  supports  a  growth  of  oak  and  cedar. 


1 

Soil  (3)                   1 

2 

1 

8 

1 

4         5 

3          0 

«         7 

40        42 

Subsoil  (3)     .                 ...  1 

1 

1 

3          7 

47        41 

Acres. 
656  250 

San  Antonio,  Tex 

.  610,708 

Waco,  Tex 

.     27,204 

"  Mapped  as  Oswego  loam. 

6  Mapped  as  Colton  stony  clay. 


Residual  Soils  of  the  Prairie  Region.         181 

Crawford  gravelly  loam.  — The  soil  is  a  very  dark  to  black  compact 
gravelly  loam,  with  a  depth  of  about  8  inches,  and  contains  from  10  to  50 
per  cent  of  rounded  chert  fragments  of  a  reddish  tinge.  The  subsoil 
is  a  very  stiff,  tenacious  red  clay  in  which  small  quantities  of  the  same 
gravel  usually  occur.  The  gravel  content  varies  greatly  in  both  soil 
and  subsoil.  The  soil  is  derived  principally  from  limestone,  and  prob- 
ably represents  the  remnant  of  a  gravelly  formation.  The  type  occurs 
in  knobs  and  ridges  which  rise  from  f>  to  30  feet  above  the  general  level, 
thus  presenting  a  rolling  topography  and  affording  good  surface  drain- 
age. The  gravel  in  the  soil  permits  ready  subdrainage.  The  type  as 
a  whole  is  best  adapted  to  pasture,  but  where  not  too  gravelly  corn  is 
successfully  grown,  especially  in  wet  seasons.  Grapes,  peaches,  and 
some  other  fruits  would  probably  do  well  on  some  parts  of  this  soil. 

1  •_'         »         4          5         ft          7 

Soil  (1) 2         111S        (12       2S 

Subsoil  (1) 3          2          1          4          7        53        30 

Acres. 
Allen  County,  Knns a  5, 165 

Crawford  loam. — This  soil  is  a  brown  to  reddish-brown  loam  12 
inches  deep.  The  immediate  surface  soil  carries  considerable  fine 
sand  and  has  the  general  appearance  of  a  fine  sandy  loam.  The  sub- 
soil is  a  heavy  brown  loam,  passing  usually  at  about  2o  inches  into  a 
stiff,  compact  clay  more  nearly  red  in  color.  It  is  characterized  bv 
rolling  topography  and  is  well  drained  but  not  seriously  eroded. 
The  soil  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  sandy,  ferruginous  clays, 
impure  limestone,  and  sandstone,  it  is  easily  tilled,  is  well  suited  to 
cotton  and  corn,  and  produces  fair  yields  of  wheat  and  oats.  Peaches, 
plums,  small  fniits,  and  vegetables  also  do  well. 

i        •_'       :s       4        :.       ft       ; 

Soil  (2) 0          1          3         22        22        :t2        20 

Subsoil  (2) 0          1          2        17        10        :<X        2;"> 

Acres. 
Wuco,  TPX 0. 7M 

Crawford  silt  loam.  -The  soil  to  an  average  depth  of  about  10  indirs 
is  a  reddish-brown  fo  dark-brown  friable  silt  loam,  having  n  decided 
tendency  to  dry  out  in  periods  of  drought,  making  frequent  cultiva- 
tion necessary.  The  subsoil  is  a  red  or  brown  silt  loam  or  dav  loam. 

a  MII|I|H>I|  iis  Sfil^M'ick  Kriivrlly  loam. 


182  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

generally  somewhat  open  and  granular,  but  becoming  more  compact 
and  stiller  with  increased  depth.  The  type  is  derived  from  limestone, 
which  is  frequently  encountered  2  to  5  feet  below  the  surface.  The 
type  occupies  level  to  rolling  prairies  and  is  well  drained  except  in 
depressions  and  flat  areas,  where  it  is  generally  best  suited  to  pastures. 
The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  corn,  but  all  general  farm  crops,  as  well 
as  fruit  and  vegetables,  do  fairly  well. 

1284         5         «         7 

Soil  (6) 0          1          1          39        68.       18 

Subsoil  '6) 1          1          1          4          6        64        23 

Acres. 

Allen  County,  Kans <*  75, 239 

Wichita,  Kans a  136, 320 

Crawford  clay. — The  soil  is  a  brown  or  slightly  reddish  clay  or  clay 
loam  10  inches  deep,  stiff  and  tenacious  when  wet,  but  friable  and 
granular  when  dry  and  well  cultivated.  The  subsoil  is  a  stiff,  tena- 
cious clay  of  a  lighter  reddish-brown  color,  becoming  stiffer  and  more 
compact  with  increased  depth.  It  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of 
limestone,  which  is  frequently  found  at  a  depth  of  3  or  4  leet  below 
the  surface.  The  type  occupies  gently  rolling  to  rolling  upland  pla- 
teaus and  is  naturally  well  drained.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to 
wheat,  while  corn,  cotton,  alfalfa,  clover,  and  timothy  do  well. 

1.284        5         (i         7 

Soil  (5) 1          2          1          5        10        50        31 

Subsoil  (5) 1         2          1         5         8       43       39 

Acres. 

Parsons,  Kans &  08, 544 

Waco,  Tex 112,320 

VEKNON    SERIES. 

The  Vemon  series  includes  the  upland  sands,  loams,  and  clays 
derived  from  the  weathering  of  the  Permian  Red  Beds.  The  surface 
soils  are  gray  and  brown,  while  the  subsoils  are  brown  to  red.  This 
series  occurs  in  the  prairie  regions  of  northern  Texas  and  in  the  Indian 
Territory  and  Oklahoma.  The  soils  are  productive  and  well  adapted 
to  general  farm  crops. 


«  Mapped  as  Sedgwick  clay  loam. 
t>  Mapped  as  Yazoo  clay. 


Residual  Soils  of  the  Prairie  Regifm.        183 

Vernon  sand. — The  soil  is  a  loose  gray  to  reddish-brown  medium 
sand  about  18  inches  deep,  underlain  by  slightly  more  compact 
reddish-yellow  sand  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  The  surface  is 
hiimmooky  to  dunelike,  and  the  type  is  well  drained.  The  soil  has 
IMVII  formed  largely  by  wind  action.  Kafir  corn,  sorghum,  and  cotton 
an-  the  principal  crops.  Apples,  peaches,  and  melons  do  well. 

1         884         5          (i         7 

Soil  (2) 0          7         19        40         19          9          G 

Subsoil  (2) 0          5        15        38        19        16          9 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex a  56, 448 

Vernon  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-red  to  reddish-brown  sandy 
loam  from  12  to  18  inches  deep,  and  is  mellow,  friable,  and  easily  worked. 
The  subsoil  to  a  depth  of  36  inches  is  heavier  in  texture  and  varies  in 
color  from  red  to  brown.  The  soil  has  lx>en  formed  by  the  intermingling 
of  wind-blown  sand  with  the  Vernon  silt  loam,  and  is  generally  well 
drained.  Corn,  wheat,  Kafir  corn,  oats,  and  cotton  are  the  principal 
crops  grown  on  this  soil  type. 

4        5        «        7 
25        22        14        11 
23        19        16        18 
Acres. 
30,592 

Vernon  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  fine  to  very  fine  brownish-red 
sand  alxmt  22  inches  deep,  carrying  much  silt.  The  subsoil  is  the  same 
as  the  soil,  except  that  it  is  a  little  lighter  in  color  in  the  lower  depths. 
From  4  to  (>  feet  the  material  is  generally  a  yellowish-red  fine  sand. 
The  surface  is  slightly  rolling  and  the  drainage  excellent.  The  type  is 
derived  from  wind-blown  river  sand  when  the  streams  were  at  higher 
levels,  and  occupies  bluffs  along  rivers.  The  soil  is  used  principally  for 
pasturage,  but  is  adapted  to  wheat,  corn,  oats,  cotton,  and  other  farm 
crops. 

1284         :>         (1          7 

Soil  (2) 0  1  2          :<        :«'>        54  7 

Subsoil  (2) 0          0  1  2        .'C>        :>.•)          «) 

Acres. 
Yernoti,  Tex 5. 2«s 

"ll  is  now  recoiniizinl  thtit  the  bottom-land  phase  of  tliis  soil  should  have 
been  correlatnl  with  the  Miller  line  Mainly  loam. 


Soil  (1)    

1 
.  1 

8        17 

Subsoil  (1) 

1 

7        15 

Vernon,  Tex  . 

184:  Soil  $wny  FiM  Bool: 

Vernon  silt  loam. «--The  surface  soil  is  a  reddish-brown  to  dark- 
brown  silt  loam  12  inches  deep,  and  mellow, friable, and  easily  worked. 
The  subsoil  is  a  light  reddish-brown  silt  loam,  heavier  in  texture  than 
the  soil,  and  at  from  3  to  G  feet  is  underlain  by  a  friable  red  clay.  The 
type  occupies  level  and  slightly  rolling  areas  of  the  prairie  upland,  is 
fairly  well  drained,  and  is  derived  from  the  weathering  of  material  form- 
ing the  Permian  Red  Beds.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  Kafir  corn,  and  sorghum 
are.  the  principal  crops  grown  on  the  type. 

1         •_'        :t        4        5        «        7 

So'l  (3) 0          1          1          3        15        70        10 

Subsoil  (3) 0          1          2          0     .  13        03        14 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex >>  59, 392 

Vernon  clay. — This  is  a  red  clay  to  heavy  clay  loam  about  9  inches 
deep,  in  some  localities  containing  a  small  percentage  of  rounded  quart/ 
gravel.  The  subsoil  is  a  heavy,  sticky  red  clay.  It  often  contains 
waterworn  gravel  from  3  to  4  inches  in  diameter.  The  type  is  de- 
rived from  the  Permian  Red  Beds,  and  is  the  underlying  basal  clav  of 
the  Vernon  loam.  The  soil  is  principally  used  for  pasture. 

1234         5         <i          7 

Soil  (2) 0          1          1          2        23        59        14 

Subsoil  (2) 0         0         1         2        17       02        18 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex 22,592 

MISCmLANKOlS    lil  MIH   \l.   SOILS    OK  THK    WKSTKKX    IMUIIUK 
BEG10N. 

Derby  loam. — This  type  is  a  mellow  yellowish-brown  to  reddish- 
brown  silty  loam,  10  inches  deep,  grading  almost  imperceptibly  into  a 
rather  heavy,  reddish-brown  silty  loam  subsoil.  It  occupies  rolling 
upland  prairie  and  is  well  drained.  This  is  a  good  soil  for  general  agri- 
culture. v\>rn  and  wheat  are  the  chief  crops,  corn  yielding  about  2.5 
bushels  and  wheat  about  IS  bushels  per  acre. 

1         2         »         4         o         <>          7 

Soil  (2) 1          2          1          7        28        42        19 

Subsoil  (2) 0          2          3          9        21         45        20 

Acres. 
Wichita,  Kans 20,410 

"See  also  Miller  silt  loam,  p.  91. 

^Mapped  as  Vernon  loam,  but  now  brought  into  the  proper  place  in  the  series. 


Soils  of  the  Great  Basin.  185 

Sedgwick  black  clay  loam. — The,  soil  is  a  fine-grained  black  silty 
loam,  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  tough,  heavy,  bluish-gray  to  drab 
clay  extending  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  The  type  occupies  flat 
or  depressed  areas  on  upland  prairie  and.  is  poorly  drained.  The  soil 
is  formed  by  the  wash  from  the  surrounding  soils.  It  is  generally 
used  only  for  pasture,  although  thorough  drainage  converts  it  into 
a  soil  well  adapted  to  wheat  and  corn. 

1          2         'A         4         .')         «          7 

Soil  (1) o         i         l         s       :ii       4S        9 

Subsoil  (1) 0         1          1          1        l.r)       .r>2       :n 

Acres. 
Wichita,  Kans .VH58 

SOILS   OK   THK   UKKAT   BASIX. 

With  the  exception  of  one  soil  type  recognized  in  the  Laramie  area, 
Wyoming,  the  soils  in  this  group,  so  far  as  mapped,  are  confined  to  the 
Great  Interior  Basin  region.  They  are  derived  from  a  great  variety  of 
rocks,  and  consist  of  colluvial  soils  of  the  mountain  slopes,  deep  lacus- 
trine and  shore  deposits  of  the  Bonneville  period,  and  of  recent  stream 
valley  sediments  and  river  delta  deposits. 

When  not  situated  above  or  outside  the  limits  of  irrigation,  or  ren- 
dered unfit  for  cultivation  by  accumulation  of  alkali  or  seepage  waters, 
they  an1  of  great  agricultural  importance,  and  are  devoted  mainly  to 
the  production  of  grains,  sugar  l>eets,  alfalfa,  stone  or  other  tree  fruits, 
and  vegetables. 

BINGHAM    SERIES. 

This  series  covers  lower  mountain  slopes,  upper  valley  slopes,  and 
valley  plains.  It  consists  of  colluvial  mountain  wash  or  of  old  alluvial 
torrential  or  intermittent  streams,  delta  cone  deposits,  or  of  a  mixture 
of  these-  materials.  The  soils  are  usually  gravelly  and  generally  treeless, 
cxce.pt  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  stream  courses.  The  more  ele- 
vated areas  are  frequently  rough  and  hilly  and  marked  by  the  pres- 
ence of  rock  outcrop  and  bowlders.  They  are  frequently  cut  by  washes 
or  intermittent  stream  channels  and  are  well  drained,  except  in  the 
lower-lying  areas  occupying  depressions. 

These  soils  are  derived  principally  from  eruptive,  early  sedimentary, 
and  altered  sedimentary  rocks  of  all  ages,  and  modified  particularly  by 
material  derived  from  limestone,  granites,  shales,  slates,  etc.  They 


186  Soil  Surrey  Field  Bool'. 

occur  as  irregular  and  frequently  extensive  bodies,  often  lying  above 
the  limits  of  irrigation.  When  capable  of  irrigation,  the  soils  are  often 
well  adapted  to  peaches  and  other  fruits. 

Bingham  stony  loam. — The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  or  fine  sandy  loam, 
generally  of  a  dark  or  drab  color  and  loose,  porous  structure,  typically 
4  to  6  feet  deep,  containing  gravel,  stones,  and  bowlders,  and  is  under- 
lain by  gravel  beds  or  bowlders,  or  by  rock,  which  frequently  outcrops 
upon  the  surface.  The  type  occurs  along  lower  mountain  slopes,  high 
terraces,  and  elevated  parts  of  old  alluvial  delta  cones,  and  has  a  slop- 
ing and  frequently  rough  or  hilly  surface.  It  is  well  drained  and 
free  from  alkali  salts.  It  has  been  formed  by  coliuvial  mountain  wash 
and  by  sedimentary  material  deposited  by  intermittent,  shifting 
streams  or  mountain  torrents,  and  occupies  irregular  and  sometimes 
extensive  areas.  The  soil  has  little  agricultural  value  at  present, 
being  too  stony,  and  usually  lying  too  high  for  irrigation.  But  for 
this  disadvantage  of  position  in  most  areas  and  the  scarcity  of  water  in 
others,  some  areas  of  this  soil  might  be  used  in  fruit  growing. 


Acres. 

Sevier  Valley,  Utah Hi,  (KM) 

Weber  County,  Utah ">,  700 


Acres. 

Bear  River,  Utah 1,9X4 

Provo,  Utah a  33, 728 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 4,210' 

Bingham  gravelly  loam. — -The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  or  fine  sandy 
loam  of  open,  porous  structure  and  dark  or  drab  color,  generally  from 
18  inches  to  6  feet  or.  more  in  depth,  usually  underlain  by  gravel, 
bowlders,  or  rock.  It  occurs  as  extensive  areas  covering  lower  moun- 
tain slopes,  upper  valley  slopes,  and  sloping  alluvial  delta  cone  plains, 
generally  lying  slightly  below  areas  covered  by  the  Bingham  stony 
loam,  to  which  it  is  similar  in  origin  and  mode  of  formation.  Flat 
shaly  to  well-rounded  gravel  varying  in  size  from  fine  fragments  to 
3  or  4  inches  in  diameter  occurs  either  upon  the  surface  or  within  a 
depth  of  3  feet.  The  surface  is  generally  free  from  rock  outcrop  or 
bowlders  and  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  The  type  frequently 
lies  above  the  limits  of  irrigation  and  is  sometimes  dry-farmed  to 
grains.  Where  capable  of  irrigation,  it  is  frequently  well  adapted  to 
truck  crops  and  orchard  and  small  fruits. 


"  Mapi>o(l  as  Murioopa  stony  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Great  Basin.                    1ST 

1  £          3         4         o  6  7 

Soil  (12) 2  3          ,r>        12        26  33  16 

Subsoil  (4) 3  6          5        19        27  26  10 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Bear  River,  Utah 10,304     Salt  Lake,  Utah 3.r>,2XO 

'Provo,  Utah «48, 128  !  Sevier  Valley,  Utah 38; 400 

BingHam  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark  or  drab  loam,  usually  4  feet  in 
depth,  underlain  by  a  clay  loam  subsoil.  The  type  is  similar  to  the 
Ringham  gravelly  loam  in  origin  and  mode  of  formation,  but  is  com- 
posed of  finer  alluvial  and  colluvial  material,  is  further  removed  from 
the  mountains,  and  occupies  lower  levels  and  depressions.  Drainage 
is  often  poor  and  the  soil  contains  considerable  alkali,  but  when 
drained  and  free  from  alkali  it  is  excellent  for  general  farming  purposes. 

1          -2          :{         4        .">         0  7 

Soil  (2) 1  1          1          -»        11        40        L>S 

Subsoil  (3) 2          2          2          7        ir>        4r>        24 

Acres. 
Sevier  Valley.  Utah ''12,  10" 

REDFIKLD    SKKIKS. 

The  Kedfield  series  extends  from  mountain  bases  across  plateaulike 
plains,  upper  valley  slopes,  and  sloping  plains  of  narrow  valleys  to 
nearly  level  plains  adjacent  to  the  valley  trough.  The  soils  of  this 
series  are  formed  of  colluvial  mountain  wash,  or  sometimes  of  residual 
material,  mingled  with  alluvial  delta  cone  deposits  of  intermittent  or 
torrential  streams.  They  are  generally  treeless,  often  gravelly,  some- 
times marked  by  rock  outcrop,  and  frequently  cut  by  washes  and  inter- 
mittent stream  channels.  The  soils  are  derived  primarily  from  red 
sandstone  modified  in  places  by  an  admixture  of  material  derived  from 
shales,  slates,  eruptive  rocks,  etc.,  and  are  typically  of  vermilion  or 
bright  red  color.  They  generally  occur  as  extensive  areas.  The  lowe<- 
lying  and  heavier  members  of  the  series  are  often  poorly  drained  HIM' 
alkaline. 

Bedfteld  fine  sandy  loam.  c — The  soil  is  a  fine  sandy  loam,  <>  feet  in 
depth,  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  red  sandstones,  sometimes 
mingled  with  limestones,  and  is  usually  well  drained.  In  some  areas 
the  soil  contains  well-rounded,  medium-sized  gravel  within  'A  feet  of  the 

"  M.i|ip  'I  us  Marici)|in  jrnivplly  IIWIM. 

'•  M.i|i|>i'i|  us  (ilemvocxl  I. .am. 

•  M.t|>l»L'l  us  I.V'llii'M  sanilv  louiu. 


188  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool', 

surf  HOP,  and  this  gravel  increases  in  quantity  and  size  in  the  lower 
depths.  Some  areas  are  underlain  by  sandstone  and  limestone  rooks 
outcropping  in  high  places.  The  type  occupies  valley  floors  sloping 
gently  from  the  mountains,  upper  bench  lands,  and  elevated,  undulat- 
ing plains.  It  is  adapted  to  alfalfa  and  grain  when  so  situated  that' 
irrigation  is  possible. 

12          S        4          o         «  7 

Soil(r>) 1          4          3        24        33        27         11 

Subsoil  (13) n        3        4       i.r>       31       3.r>       13 

Acres. 

Sevier  Valley,  Utah 44, 20() 

Laramio,  Wyo 42, 644 

Kedfield  loam. — The  soil  is  a  vermilion-colored  loam,  4^  or  .5  feet  deep, 
underlain  by  a  clay  loam  or  occasionally  by  a  sandy  loam  or  sand  sub- 
soil. The  type  occupies  level  valley  floors  and  is  frequently  poorly 
drained  and  contains  alkali.  It  is  an  excellent  soil  for  general  fanning 
when  drained  and  free  from  alkali. 

i       2      a       4      r> 

Soil  (2) 0          1          1          8        10 

Subsoil  (4) 0          1          1          0        17 

Acres. 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah 14, 1(K) 

Reclfiold  clay  loam, — The  soil  is  a  clay  5  feet  in  depth,  of  vermilion- 
red  color,  underlain  by  a  sand  subsoil.  The  soil  is  quite  tenacious  and 
difficult  to  till.  The  type  occupies  low  and  level  land,  is  poorly  drained, 
and  contains  considerable  alkali.  The  soil  is  of  little  agricultural  value 
except  as  meadow  land. 

1234         5        ft  7 

Soil  (2) 1          1129        .r>4        28 

Subsoil  (4) 0          0          1          2        10        ,r>3        33 

Acres. 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah 3,800 

MALADE    SERIES. 

This  series  occurs  along  valley  troughs  and  in  the  vicinity  of  river 
flood  plains,  and  consists  of  stream  sediments  of  recent  date  or  in  proc- 
ess of  formation.  The  soils  occupy  low  or  slightly  elevated  valley 
plains  of  smooth,  nearly  level  surface,  frequently  marked  by  the  pres- 
ence of  stream  channels  or  sloughs.  They  are  derived  mainly  from 
?niptive,  early  sedimentary,  and  altered  sedimentary  rocks,  and  occur 


Soih  of  the  Great  Baxin.  189 

as  small  narrow  to  broad  extensive  areas.  The  soils  are  generally  dark 
in  color  arid  are  underlain  by  light-colored  sands  or  sandy  loams  or  by 
heavy  red  subsoils.  The  heavy  members  are  compact.  The  areas  are 
generally  "well  drained. 

Malade  fine  sand. — This  consists  of  a  fine  sand  without  much  change 
in  texture  to  a  depth  of  6  feet.  It  has  been  formed  from  materials  de- 
posited by  river  overflows,  and  is  usually  found  adjacent  to  the  stream 
channels,  sometimes  occupying  the  higher  forelands.  It  is  adapted  to 
sugar  beets  under  irrigation  and  to  other  crops  suited  to  the  climatic 
conditions. 

1          '_»         3        4567 

Soil  (3) 0          1          7        .50        28          8          7 

Subsoil  (1) 0          0          0        35        39        10        10 

Acres. 
Bear  Uiver,  Ttah 6,080 

Malade  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  fine  sandy  loam  to  a  depth 
of  nboiit  12  inches,  and  is  underlain  to  5  or  6  feet  by  a  coarse  sandy 
loam  subsoil  often  containing  a  high  percentage  of  clay,  and  this  in  turn 
is  underlain  by  a  fine  sandy  loam  or  fine  sand.  The  surface  foot  is 
usually  quite  loose  in  texture,  but  below  this  the  material  is  generally 
very  compact.  The  type  owes  its  origin  to  river  deposits.  The  sur- 
face is  level,  but  is  higher  than  surrounding  land,  the  type  usually 
occupying  forelands  adjacent  to  the  streams.  The  soil  is  well  drained 
ami  free  from  alkali,  and  is  well  adapted  to  alfalfa,  grasses,  wheat,  and 
other  grain  crops.  It  is  an  excellent  soil  for  sugar  beets  when  irriga- 
tion is  practiced. 

1        -2        »       4        5        (i        ; 

Soil  (1) 0          0  1         4fi        23         10        20 

Acres. 
Hear  Hiver.  I'tah 3, 2<U 

Malade  fine  sandy  loam.  —The  soil  is  a  gray  fine  sandy  loam  to  a 
depth  of  from  2  to  2J  feet,  underlain  to  (>  feet  with  a  red  loam  or  clay 
loam  subsoil.  The  heavy  subsoil  has  been  deposited  in  quiet  waters 
from  silt  and  clays  brought  down  by  river  overflows,  while  the  top  cover- 
ing of  line  sandy  loam  ha.s  been  formed  colluvially  from  surrounding 
higher  lands.  The  type  is  generally  wvll  drained,  and  contains  very 
little  alkali,  the  subsoil  l>eing  comparatively  free  from  it.  The  soil  is 
adapted  to  sugar  beets,  alfalfa,  and  to  some  orchard  fruits. 


190  Soil  Survey  Field 

\         2          .S          4          5          0         7 

Soil  (3) 0          0          1        16        31        37        10 

Subsoil  (3) 0          0          0        11        23        40        25 

Acres. 
Bear  Hivcr,  Utah 10,112 

Malade  loam. — To  a  depth  of  about  12  inches  this  is  a  fine  sandy 
loam  soil,  underlain  to  3  or  4  feet  by  a  loam  or  occasionally  by  a  clay 
loam  subsoil,  which  is  in  turn  underlain  to  6  feet  by  a  fine  sandy  loam, 
fine  sand,  sandy  loam,  or  sand.  The  type  has  been  formed  by  deposits 
from  river  flood  waters.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  the  soil  is 
naturally  well  drained,  except  where  it  lies  adjacent  to  streams.  Where 
free  from  alkali  it  is  well  adapted  to  sugar  beets  and  grain,  and  where 
the  water  table  is  not  too  near  the  surface,  to  fruit  and  alfalfa. 

1         2         3         4         5  <>  7 

Soil  (3) 0          1          1         13        25  43  17 

Subsoil  (3) 0          1          1        12        24  33  29 

Lower  subsoil  (1)  0         0         0       32        43  14  11 

Acres. 
Boar  Kiver,  Utah 10,040 

JORDAN    SERIES. 

The  Jordan  series  consists  of  old  stream  sediments,  probably  deposited 
to  a  large  extent  in  the  waters  of  former  lakes  and  modified  by  later 
shore  and  stream  deposits.  It  thus  consists  of  a  mixture  of  stream  and 
lacustrine  sediments  and  occurs  upon  low,  level  or  sloping  valley  plains 
covering  the  bed,  benches,  and  shores  of  ancient  Lake  Bonneville.  The 
soils  are  not  subject  to  present  extensive  stream  modification  and  are 
treeless  except  in  the  vicinity  of  streams  or  lakes.  With  the  exception 
of  the  lowerlying~bodies  the  soils  are  usually  well  drained.  The  materii.1 
is  derived  from  a  great  variety  of  rocks  of  all  ages,  consisting  of  lavas, 
sandstones,  shales,  limestones,  slates,  quartzites,  granites,  etc.  The 
soils  occur  as  irregular  and  frequently  as  extensive  areas,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  members  of  lighter  texture,  and  are  dark  in  color  and  agri- 
culturally important,  except  where  poorly  drained  and  alkaline.  They 
are  generally  devoted  to  grain,  alfalfa,  fruits,  and  truck  crops. 

Jordan  sand." —  The  soil  is  a  medium  to  rather  fine  sand  of  light-gray 
color,  and  loose,  incoherent  structure  generally  6  feet  or  more  in  deptii. 
The  lower  portion  of  the  section  is  sometimes  coarser  in  texture  than  the 


a  See  also  Jordan  fine  sand,  p.  191. 


Soils  of  the  Great  Basin.  191 

overlying  material.  The  type  occurs  as  small,  narrow  to  broad  extensive 
areas  covering  low,  level  to  somewhat  elevated,  and  sloping  valley  plains. 
The  more  elevated  areas  are  well  drained,  often  of  uneven  surface,  and 
frequently  gravelly,  supporting  only  desert  vegetation.  The  lower  lying 
areas  are  sometimes  poorly  drained  and  somewhat  alkaline.  The  type 
is  formed  of  assorted  stream-borne  material,  probably  deposited  subse- 
quent to  the  Bonneville  period. 

1          '234567 

Soil  (5 1 2        13        13        42        15          7          7 

Subsoil  (4) 1          3          8        36        23        19          9 

Acres. 

Provo.  Utah «  10,3(18 

Weber  County,  Utah a  21 ,800 

Jordan  fine  sand.b — This  is  a  sand  of  light  color,  line  texture,  and  loose, 
incoherent  structure,  usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  but  sometimes  less, 
overlying  sandy  loam  or  loam.  The  type  usually  occurs  as  small,  nar- 
row, or  irregular  and  extensive  areas  often  occupying  a  somewhat  ele- 
vated position.  The  surface  isoften  barren  and  marked  by  irregularities 
and  drifting  dunes.  The  soil  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  but 
generally  of  little  agricultural  importance. 

1          •-»         «        4         5          «         7 

Soil  (1) 0          4        13        00        18          1          4 

Acres. 

WdxT  County,  Utah 1 ,900 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 3,020 

Jordan  fine  sandy  loam.  <• — This  consists  of  a  sandy  loam  of  medium 
to  line  texture,  generally  from  1  to  several  feet  in  depth.  The  subsoil 
is  subject  to  considerable  variation,  but  the  soil  is  generally  underlain 
at  alxiut  2  feet  by  alxiut  1J  feet  of  loam,  then  by  1  foot  of  fine  sand 
grading  into  clay.  It  usually  occupies  lower  valley  plains  and  is  un 
important  agricultural  soil  where  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali. 

1        2        :t        4        :•        «        7 

Soil  (7) 1  2          7        20        2t>        2X         13 

Subsoil  (4) 1116        37        34        16 

Acres. 
Suit  Lake.  Utah...  ..   4S.C.20 


"  Map|w<l  as  Fresno saiiil. 
*  M.ip|»-<l  as  .Ionian  sniiil. 
r.VlappH  as  .Ionian  sandy  loam. 


192  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool: 

Jordan  loam." — The  soil  consists  typically  of  3  or  4  feet  of  loam 
underlain  by  a  clay  subsoil.  Occasionally,  however,  the  surface  to  the 
depth  of  from  1  to  2J  feet  is  a  fine  sandy  loam.  The  lower  portion  of 
the  soil  section  is  also  subject  to  considerable  variation,  the  loam  some- 
times extending  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more,  while  layers  or  lenses  of 
sand  often  occur  in  the  subsoil.  The  type  generally  occurs  as  isolated 
and  rather  small  bodies  covering  parts  of  the  lower  level  valley  plains, 
depressions,  or  lower  benches.  The  lower  lying  areas  are  generally 

poorly  drained  and  alkaline. 

1          1          3         4         5         (J          7 

Soil  (11) 1          1          2          7        22        37        26 

Subsoil  (12) 2         227        18       38       25 

Acres. 

Provo,  Utah '>  38, 400 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 41,900 

Weber  County,  Utah 15,400 

Jordan  clay  loam,  c — This  consists  of  a  dark -gray  or  sometimes  reddish 
clay  loam  soil  usually  extending  to  a  depth  of  about  3  feet.  The  soil  is 
often  friable,  resembling  in  field  characteristics  a  soil  of  much  lighter 
texture.  The  subsoil  is  sometimes  a  sandy  loam,  but  is  usually  a  heavy 
clay  loam  or  clay  of  yellow  or  red  color.  The  type  occurs  as  extensive 
areas  covering  lower  level  valley  plains  or  lower  benches.  The  lower 
lying  areas  are  often  poorly  drained,  alkaline,  and  of  a  compact  struc- 
ture, making  them  difficult  to  cultivate.  The  soil  produces  alfalfa, 

grain,  and  sugar  beets. 

1          284         5         (5          7 

Soil  (4) 1          1          4          2        14        45        34 

Subsoil  (3) 0         0         0          1          7       39       53 

Acres. 

Provo,  Utah 99,648 

Bear  River,  Utah 61,632 

Jordan  clay.f? — This  consists  of  about  1  foot  of  heavy  clay  loam  or 
clay  underlain  to  6  feet  or  more  by  a  tenacious  clay  subsoil,  usually  of 
light-yellowish  color.  The  subsoil  is  sometimes  marked  by  thin  strata 
or  lenses  of  sand  or  fine  sand.  The  type  occurs  upon  valley  plains 
extending  from  lower  limits  of  the  mountain  slopes  to  recent  lake  bot- 
toms. The  more  elevated  areas  are  generally  well  drained  and  com- 


a  See  also  Jordan  clay  loam,  p.  192. 
6  Mapped  as  Jordan  sandy  loam. 
c  Mapped  as  Jordan  loam. 
d  See  also  Salt  Lake  clay  loam,  p.  194. 


Soils  of  the  Great  Basin.  193 

prise  valuable  farming  lands.     The  lower  lying  areas  are  generally 
poorly  drained,  alkaline,  and  of  but  little  agricultural  importance. 

1          234567 

Soil  (4) .......: 0  1  1  5  13  30  52 

Subsoil  (2) 0  0  0  8  20  39  35 

Acres. 

Bear  River,  Utah 2,688 

Provo,  Utah 3,840 

SALT   LAKE    SERIES. 

The  Salt  Lake  series  consists  of  lacustrine  sediments  and  material 
derived  from  stream  deltas.  The  soils  of  this  series  occur  upon  low,  level 
plains,  marking  the  site  of  recent  lake  bottoms.  They  are  generally 
barren,  deficient  in  drainage,  and  heavily  impregnated  with  alkali 
salts.  They  are  derived  from  eruptive,  sedimentary,  and  altered  rocks 
of  various  ages  and  are  without  gravel.  They  cover  extensive  areas, 
are  usually  dark  in  color,  and  usually  have  little  or  no  agricultural  im- 
portance. 

Salt  Lake  sand. — This  is  a  sand  consisting  of  about  80  per  cent  of 
medium-sized  egg-shaped  or  spherical  particles,  largely  calcareous.  The 
type  occupies  level  or  dune  areas.  Near  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  the 
type  is  derived  from  the  breaking  up  of  lime  hardpan,  the  peculiar  and 
regular  shape  of  the  particles  resulting  from  the  wearing  and  polishing 
action  of  wind  and  water.  As  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Great  Salt  Lake 
the  soil  is  of  no  agricultural  value,  because  of  its  limited  extent  and  its 

position. 

1234          567 

Soil  (2) 1        15        49        27          5          1          2 

Acres. 

Provo,  Utah 1, 152 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 1,140 

Salt  Lake  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  from  IS  inches  to  2  feet 
of  sandy  loam  soil  underlain  by  a  fine  sand  subsoil,  or  of  0  feet  of  loam 
interstratified  with  lx>ds  or  lenses  of  fine  sands,  fine  sandy  loams,  or 
light  loams.  It  occupies  level  plains  and  recent  lake  bottoms.  The 
soil  is  poorly  drained,  contains  an  excess  of  alkali,  and  is  bare  of  vegeta- 
tion. For  these  reasons  it  has  no  present  agricultural  value. 

Acr<>8. 

Bear  Kiver.  Utah 1,408 

\Vel>er  County.  Utah 49,900 

32075-06 13 


194  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Salt  Lake  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  2  to  3J  feet  of  loam,  generally 
containing  a  large  amount  of  fine  sand  or  silt,  usually  underlain  to  a 
depth  of  6  feet  or  more  by  a  fine  sand,  fine  sandy  loam,  or  sandy  loam 
subsoil.  It  occupies  level  plains,  representing  recent  lake  bottom,  is 
poorly  drained,  and  contains  excessive  amounts  of  alkali.  The  soil  is 
not  adapted  to  agriculture  at  present,  on  account  of  its  low-lying  posi- 
tion, imperfect  drainage,  and  high  salt  content. 

1          234567 

Soil  (2) 1          1          1        10        27        37        25 

Subsoil  (3) 0         1         1        20        41        20        12 

Acres. 

Bear  River,  Utah 6,912 

Provo,  Utah 3,456 

Weber  County,  Utah 9,603 

Salt  Lake  clay  loam. — This  is  a  loam  containing  a  relatively  large 
quantity  of  silt,  generally  6  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  becoming  some- 
what heavier  in  texture  and  structure  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  sec- 
tion. The  type  covers  large  areas  of  recent  lake  bottom.  The  areas 
are  low,  level,  and  poorly  drained,  and  are  frequently  marked  by  the 
presence  of  meandering  sloughs  and  stream  courses.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally filled  with  alkali  and  is  of  but  little  agricultural  importance, 
only  small  areas  being  devoted  to  hay  and  grazing. 

1284          567 

Soil  (6)   1         1          14          20        43        25 

Subsoil  (5) 5          3          28          12        35        35 

Acres. 

Bear  River,  Utah 70,656 

Salt  Lake,  Utah « 18, 510 

MISCELLANEOUS  SOILS  OF  THE  UREAT  BASIN. 

Elsinore  sand. — This  type  consists  of  rather  coarse  sand  of  light  color 
and  porous  structure,  generally  carrying  considerable  waterworn 
gravel,  extending  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more.  It  is  usually  underlain 
by  gravel  beds.  The  type  occupies  recent  stream  sediments  covering 
narrow  areas  in  the  vicinity  of  stream  channels  and  is  derived  from  a 
variety  of  rock  material  transported  for  considerable  distances  by  val- 
ley streams.  The  soil  is  well  drained,  but  is  of  little  agricultural  im- 
portance. 

Acres. 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah 1,900 

a  Mapped  as  Jordan  clay. 


Soils  of  the  Intermountain  Region.  195 

Elsinore  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-colored  fine  sandy  loam 
4  feet  in  depth,  underlain  by  a  coarse  sand  subsoil  grading  into  gravel. 
The  type  occupies  low,  level  parts  of  the  Sevier  Valley,  Utah.  It  is 
derived  from  river-transported  material,  is  poorly  drained,  and  con- 
tains considerable  alkali  near  the  surface.  At  present  the  soil  is 
adapted  only  to  salt-grass  meadows. 

1284          5         G         7 

Soil  (5) 0          2          3        15        30        37        12 

Subsoil  (5) 2          3          4        27        30        25          8 

Acres. 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah a 7, 800 

Weber  fine  sandy  loam,  b — The  soil  is  rather  sticky  and  heavy  fine 
sandy  loam  of  dark  color,  usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth.  Where  less 
than  6  feet  deep,  it  is  generally  underlain  by  a  sand  or  sandy  loam  sub- 
soil. The  type  occurs  as  extensive  areas  from  the  base  of  mountain 
slopes  to  recent  lake  bottoms,  or  as  low,  level,  or  slightly  sloping  recent 
stream  delta  deposits.  In  the  vicinity  of  recent  lake  or  lagoon  bot- 
toms it  sometimes  occurs  as  small  mounds  or  elevations  from  a  Tew  to 
20  feet  high.  The  lower  lying  areas  are  often  poorly  drained  and  filled 

with  alkali. 

1234  5  fi  7 

Soil  (10) 1          2          4        17  X}  25  8 

Subsoil  (7) 1          1          5        35  28  17  12 

Acres. 

Bear  River.  Utah 21 ,504 

Weber  County,  Utah 80,400 

SOILS  OF  THK  MOKTHWKSTKK.X  I\-KKMOl>TAI.\   III  i.loV 

The  most  extensive  and  uniform  soil  types  of  this  region  consist  of 
residual  materials  overlying  and  derived  from  extensive  basaltic  lava 
plains  and  in  some  cases  from  granitic  rocks  or  of  ancient  lacustrine  sedi- 
ments or  extensive  lake  beds  now  more  or  less  modified  by  erosion  or 
fRoliana  gencies.  Owing  to  erosion  by  streams  and  to  movements  of 
the  earth's  crust,  these  soils  now  generally  occupy  more  or  less  elevated 
sloping  or  rolling  plains.  About* the  margins  of  the  lacustrine  or  re- 
sidual deposits  they  are  covered  by  sloping  plains  and  fans  of  colluvial 
wash  from  the  adjacent  mountain  borders,  while  in  the  vicinity  of  the 

»  Mapped  as  Elsinore  sun<ly  loam. 

*  MnpiM'il  us  Fresno  fine  sandy  loam.  A  part  of  the  ty|x>  should  have  Ixvn 
mapped  us  Bingham  gravelly  loam. 


196  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

larger  streams,  which  have  carved  and  terraced  the  lacustrine  beds  and 
residual  soils,  occur  other  series  of  recent  alluvial  stream  sediments 
derived  from  reworked  materials  of  the  lake  beds  or  from  the  weath- 
ered products  of  the  mountains.  It  is  the  soils  of  this  region  that  con- 
stitute a  large  portion  of  the  great  grain-producing  lands  of  the  North- 
west. 

BRIDGER    SERIES. 

The  soils  constituting  this  series  occur  upon  mountain  foot  slopes, 
lower  foothills,  high  or  sloping  plains,  mesa  lands,  and  alluvial  fans  or 
fan  deltas,  and  consist  of  colluvial  mountain  waste  mixed  with  stream- 
delta  cone  deposits.  The  higher  lying  areas  are  often  rough  and  hilly, 
marked  by  rock  outcrop,  bowlders  or  glacial  morainic  debris,  and  deeply 
cut  by  stream  channels.  The  soils  are  generally  treeless  or  sparsely 
timbered,  except  in  the  vicinity  of  streams.  The  members  of  this  series 
are  derived  from  granitic  rocks,  gneiss,  basaltic,  andesitic,  or  other  vol- 
canic rocks,  with  an  admixture  of  materials  derived  from  sedimentary 
rocks  and  occupy  small,  irregular  to  broad  extensive  areas.  The  soils 
are  generally  of  dark  color,  and  are  underlain  by  sticky  subsoils  of  light- 
gray  or  yellow  color.  The  soils  and  subsoils  are  generally  gravelly,  the 
gravel  varying  from  fine  angular  chips  to  large,  well-rounded  or  angular 
blocks  and  cobbles.  The  soils  are  dry  farmed  to  grains  or,  when  not 
occupying  too  high  a  position,  are  irrigated  and  devoted  to  grains, 
alfalfa,  clover,  and  fruits. 

Bridger  gravelly  loam. — This  consists  of  a  rather  fine  sandy  loam  or 
loam  from  1  to  3  feet  deep,  carrying  an  appreciable  amount  of  coarse, 
sandy  material  composed  of  fine  angular  rock  fragments,  giving  it  a 
somewhat  loose  porous  structure.  The  soil  is  generally  underlain  by  a 
sticky,  compact  subsoil  of  fine  texture  and  lighter  color,  although  in  the 
vicinity  of  canyon  streams  it  is  sometimes  underlain  by  gravel  and 
bowlders.  The  type  occurs  as  small  local  to  broad  extensive  areas  cov- 
ering mountain  foot  slopes  and  alluvial  cones  and  fans.  The  surface  is 
frequently  dissected  by  minor  streams,  broken  by  rock  outcrop,  or 
marked  by  glacial  debris  and  bowlders.  The  soil  and  subsoil  are  gener- 
ally gravelly,  the  gravel  consisting  of  angular  to  partially  rounded  frag- 
ments. The  soil  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  but  is  generally 
somewhat  deficient  in  organic  matter.  It  is  dry  farmed  to  grains  and 
when  irrigated  produces  grain,  alfalfa,  and  fruits. 

Acres. 

Baker  City,  Oreg a  17, 216 

Gallatin  Valley,  Mont 12,544 

"Mapped  as  Maricopa  gravelly  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Jhtermountain  Region.          197 

Bridger  loam." — This  type  consists  of  a  loam,  sometimes  approaching 
a  fine  sandy  loam  of  rather  loose  porous  structure,  from  12  to  24  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  a  gritty  subsoil  of  lighter  color,  compact  structure, 
and  heavy  texture.  Fine  angular  gravel  frequently  occurs.  In  the 
subsoil  this  is  sometimes  cemented  together  with  a  calcareous  material, 
forming  a  hardpan.  The  type  occurs  upon  mesa  lands  and  lower  foot 
slopes  and  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  Under  irrigation  it  is 
adapted  to  the  production  of  alfalfa,  clover,  timothy,  grains,  and  fruits. 

1          '1          34         5         6          7 

Soil  (3) 2          5          3        12        17        50        12 

Subsoil  (3) 4         9         5        1.5        15       38        15 

Acres. 
Baker  City,  Oreg 30,784 

Bridger  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark -colored  to  black  tenacious  clay 
loam  from  1  to  3  feet  in  depth,  of  a  fine  silty  texture,  and  frequently  of 
compact,  adobelike  structure,  usually  carrying  considerable  fine  angu- 
lar gravel.  The  subsoil  is  a  tenacious  silty  clay  loam  of  light-yellow  to 
gray  color,  frequently  carrying  large  amounts  of  lime.  The  type  occurs 
as  irregular  areas  covering  parts  of  sloping  terraces  adjacent  to  moun- 
tain ranges,  foothills,  and  foot  slopes.  The  soil  is  generally  retentive  of 
moisture,  and  is  productive  either  when  dry  farmed  or  irrigated. 

l        •_'        3        4       :.        «        7 

Soil  (1) 0          2          1          4        10        58        26 

Subsoil  (2) 1          2          1          4        11        50        32 

Ac-res. 
Gallatin  Valley,  Mont 1, 472 

YAKIMA    SEKIKS. 

The  memlx'rs  of  this  series  consist  of  ancient  lake  sediments,  with  an 
admixture  of  volcanic  dust  or  of  residual  soils  of  fine  texture  or  a  mix- 
ture of  both.  The  materials  have  lx>en  derived  mainly  from  basaltic 
and  andesitic  or  granitic  rocks.  The  soils  occur  upon  mountain  foot 
slopes,  elevated  lava  plateaus,  table-lands,  ridges,  or  rolling  hills,  with 
intervening  depressions,  sloping  valley  plains,  and  elevated  stream  ter- 
races. The  higher  areas  are  often  rough  and  broken  and  are  marked  by 
rock  outcrop  and  forest  growth.  The  lower  lying  areas  are  generally 
gently  sloping  or  undulating,  dissected  by  minor  stream  channels,  and 


•<  M;i|'|>i-i|  us  Marirojia  sanity  loam. 


198  Soil  Survey  Field  Book, 

marked  by  bind  and  terrace  lines  usually  strewn  with  waterworn 
gravel.  The  soils  of  this  series  generally  occur  as  extensive  areas. 
Both  soils  and  subsoils  are  of  a  light-gray  to  light-brown  or  buff  color, 
usually  porous  structure,  and  ashy  texture  from  a  few  to  many  feet  in 
depth.  A  thin  layer  of  compact  adobelike  structure  sometimes  occurs 
in  the  subsoils,  which  are  underlain  by  parent  rock  or  by  gravel  beds 
occurring  at  considerable  depths.  The  soils  usually  erode  rapidly  under 
the  influence  of  streams  or  irrigation.  The  subsoils  are  frequently 
marked  by  the  presence  of  pockets  of  volcanic  ash  and  are  friable  and 
easily  cultivated.  The  soils  are  well  drained  and  productive  and  are 
extensively  cultivated  to  grains,  hay,  hops,  and  vegetables. 

Yakima  stony  loam. — This  type  consists  of  basaltic  ledges,  bowlders, 
and  gravel  outcrops  generally  in  too  great  quantity  to  permit  of  culti- 
vation. The  space  between  the  bowlders  is  occupied  by  small  patches 
of  Yakima  sandy  loam.  The  type  occurs  on  hillsides  and  plateaus  in 
valleys  and  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  The  bowlders  are 

sometimes  removed  and  the  soil  cultivated. 

Acres. 
Yakima,  Wash 8,960 

Yakima  sand. — This  type  consists  of  a  gray  to  dark-gray  sand  of 
medium  texture,  usually  1  to  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  underlain  by 
a  sandy  loam  of  the  same  composition  as  the  Yakima  fine  sandy  loam. 
The  type  occurs  in  extensive  bodies,  occupying  ridges,  hillocks,  and 
dunes,  with  intervening  narrow  depressions.  The  soil  is  frequently 
drifted  badly  by  winds.  It  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  The 
type  is  derived  mainly  from  basaltic  rocks,  the  finer  material  having 
been  removed  by  winds.  It  is  difficult  to  cultivate  on  account  of  its 
high  position,  porous  structure,  and  driftin  . 

1         2         «         4         5          6         7 

Soil  (1) 1        18        23        39        12          4          3 

Acres. 
Blackfoot,  Idaho 31,104 

Yakima  fine  sand.a — This  is  a  fine  sand  of  loose  porous  structure, 
from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  in  depth.  It  is  similar  to  the 
Yakima  sand  in  color,  topographic  position,  origin,  and  mode  of 
formation,  but  is  generally  somewhat  less  drifted.  The  soil  is  well 
drained,  free  from  alkali,  and  when  capable  of  irrigation  and  cultiva- 
tion is  adapted  to  tree  fruits,  truck  crops,  berries,  alfalfa,  and  clover. 

o  See  also  Gallatin  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  202. 


Soils  of  the  Intermountain  Peg  ion.  199 

1         2         S       4          5          67 

Soil  (3) 1  2  0  45  28  15  4 

Subsoil  (2) 1  1  2  19  50  21  5 

Acres. 

Boise,  Idaho «  17, 430 

Yakima,  Wash 620,660 

Takima  fine  sandy  loam,  c — This  consists  of  a  gray  fine  sandy  loam 
of  a  light  friable  structure  from  a  few  inches  to  many  feet  in  depth. 
Alternating  strata  of  fine  sand  and  fine  sandy  loam,  with  occasional 
gravel,  often  occur  throughout  the  lower  portion  of  the  soil  section. 
Where  the  soil  is  shallow  it  is  directly  underlain  by  basaltic  rock. 
Strata  of  volcanic  ash  frequently  occur  at  varying  depths  throughout 
the  soil  section  as  beds  from  a  few  inches  to  2  feet  in  thickness.  The 
type  generally  occurs  as  extensive  bodies  covering  ridges  or  hilltops, 
elevated  slopes,  and  valley  plains.  On  account  of  its  friable,  porous 
structure  it  is  easily  washed  by  streams.  The  type  consists  primarily 
of  preglacial  lake  sediments,  the  surface  often  being  strewn  with 
glacial  gravel  and  bowlders.  The  soil  is  well  drained  and  free  from 
alkali,  except  where  subject  to  seepage  from  more  elevated  lands,  and 
is  adapted  to  hops,  alfalfa,  clover,  timothy,  fruits,  and  cereals. 

1         2        8        4        S        6         7 

Soil  (2) 2          4          5        14        29        39          7 

Subsoil  (5) 1         2         4        11        29       42         7 

Acres. 
Yakima,  Wash <*  149,580 

Yakima  loam,  t — The  soil  consists  of  a  light  loam  of  fine  silty  texture 
and  porous  structure,  approaching  a  fine  sandy  loam  in  field  properties, 
of  a  light-brown  to  bufT  or  gray  color,  generally  extending  to  a  depth 
of  from  2  to  4  feet.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellow  to  light-brown  rather 
compact  loam  in  residual  areas,  grading  into  decomposing  crystalline 
rocks.  Rock  fragments  are  encountered  in  both  soil  and  subsoil. 
The  type  consists  mainly  of  residual  or  colluvial  material  derived 
from  granitic  or  basaltic  rocks,  covering  rough  hills  or  gently  sloping 
foot  slopes  and  plains.  The  higher  lying  bodies  are  often  forested 

«  Mapped  as  Snake  Hiver  sand. 

'•  Mapped  as  Sunnyside  sand. 

'See  also  Columbia  silt  loam.  p.  20ii,  and  Yakima  silt  loam   p.  200. 

d  Mapped  as  Yakima  sandy  loam 

<  Mapped  as  Yakima  sandy  loam.     See  HisoCiiiiatin  toani   p  203. 


200  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool'. 

and  little  cultivated,  owing  to  the  rough  character  of  the  surface. 
The  soil  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  and  where  capable  of 
cultivation  is  well  adapted  to  alfalfa,  timothy,  clover,  and  grains. 

1          2          »         4          5         «          7 

Soil  (3) 2          5          4        12        12        49        13 

Subsoil  (2) 1          1         2        11        ir>       62         9 

Acres. 

Baker  City,  Oreg 10,810 

Lewiston,  Idaho 6,208 

Yakima  silt  loam.« — This  type  consists  of  a  hud'  to  light-brown  silt 
loam,  6  feet  deep,  often  containing  a  layer  of  brown  silt  loam  of  compact 
adobelikc  structure  from  a  few  to  10  inches  in  thickness.  This  compact 
stratum  erodes  less  easily  than  the  overlying  soil  or  the  subsoil,  hut 
offers  little  hindrance  to  cultivation  or  root  penetration.  Upon  the 
steeper  slopes  the  soil  is  often  of  somewhat  lighter  color  and  looser 
structure  than  over  the  more  nearly  level  bodies.  The  soil  is  some- 
times of  a  somewhat  compact  structure  with  slight  puddling  tendencies, 
but  is  generally  friable  under  ordinary  cultivation.  It  is  underlain  gen- 
erally by  a  friable  and  often  distinctly  porous,  and  ashy  subsoil  of  yel- 
low, light-gray,  or  buiT  color  and  fine  silty  texture,  frequently  rich  in  lime 
and  containing  small  pockets  of  volcanic  ash.  The  type  usually  occurs 
as  extensive  bodies  covering  rolling  hills  and  intervening  narrow  valleys, 
mounds,  ridges,  or  elevated  sloping  treeless  plains  and  mesa  lands  fre- 
quently deeply  dissected  by  intermittent  streams.  The  material  con- 
sists of  ancient  lake  deposits,  derived  mainly  from  basaltic  and  other 
volcanic  rocks  partially  reworked  or  modified  by  subsequent  stream 
wash,  or  in  certain  cases  derived  from  deep  weathering  of  basaltic  or 
crystalline  rocks  in  place.  The  surface  is  frequently  marked  by  bluff  or 
terrace  lines,  which  are  usually  thickly  strewn  with  waterworn  gravel. 
The  soil  is  deficient  in  organic  matter,  but  is  usually  well  drained,  free 
from  alkali,  and  productive,  being  devoted  mainly  to  grains,  alfalfa, 

and  clover. 

123450  7 

Soil  (9) 0          0          0          3        18        70  9 

Subsoil  (7) 0         0         0         2         9        7»  10 

Acres. 

Gallatin  Valley,  Mont 53, 824 

Lewiston,  Idaho ft  172, 992 

Walla  Walla,  Wash ^64, 896 


a  See  also  Gallatin  silt  loam,  p  203. 
6  Mapped  as  Yakima  fine  sandy  loarn. 
<•  Mapped  as  Yakima  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Inter  mountain  Region.  201 

GALLATIN    SERIES. 

The  Gallatin  series  occupies  lower,  nearly  level,  or  slightly  sloping 
stream  terraces  or  alluvial  river  valley  plains  adjacent  to  stream  chan- 
nels. The  soils  of  this  series  are  formed  by  recent  flood-plain  deposits 
with  an  admixture  of  reworked  lake  sediments.  They  are  underlain 
by  beds  of  gravel  and  cobbles,  usually  at  a  depth  of  from  a  few  inches  to 
a  few  feet,  sometimes  partially  cemented  by  lime.  The  areas  are  often 
marked  by  shallow  beds  or  channels  of  meandering  streams,  and  are 
frequently  timbered  or  covered  with  willow  or  brush  thickets  in  the 
vicinity  of  streams.  The  members  of  this  series  are  derived  mainly 
from  basaltic,  andesitic  or  other  volcanic  rocks,  with  an  admixture  of 
material  derived  from  granites,  gneiss,  sedimentary,  or  altered  sedimen- 
tary rocks.  They  usually  occur  as  small  irregular  to  broad  extensive 
areas.  The  lighter  members  are  of  a  light-gray  color  and  porous  struc- 
ture, and  arc  usually  gravelly,  the  gravel  consisting  of  well-rounded  peb- 
bles. The  heavier  members  are  brown  to  black  in  color,  compact  in 
structure,  usually  poorly  drained,  are  sticky  when  wet,  and  have  a  ten- 
dency to  puddle.  The  areas  are  often  subject  to  overflow.  The  soils 
are  underlain  by  light-gray  or  yellowish  ashy  to  dark  compact  subsoils 
with  frequent  occurrences  of  a  compact  adobelike  structure.  They  are 
generally  rich -in  organic  matter  and  of  a  mucky  consistency,  except  in 
the  lighter,  higher  lying  members.  The  soils  sometimes  contain  alkali, 
and  are  generally  devoted  to  hay,  grains,  vegetables,  and  pasture. 

Gallatin  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  rather  compact,  moderately 
heavy,  and  sticky  loam  of  dark-gray  to  dark-brown  color,  varving 
from  a  few  inches  to  3  foot  in  depth  and  carrying  a  large  amount  of  flat- 
tened or  rounded  gravel,  chiefly  of  basaltic  or  other  volcanic  rocks, 
from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  in  diameter  to  the  si/.e  of  cobbles.  The  sur- 
face is  often,  but  not  always,  strewn  with  cobbles  and  gravel.  The 
soil  is  underlain  by  a  sticky,  gravelly  loam  of  fine  texture  and  light- 
gray  color,  grading  to  gravel  l>cds,  or  frequently  underlain  directly  by 
Ix-ds  of  river  sands  and  reworked  pebbles  and  cobbles  often  partially 
cemented  by  lime.  The  tvpc  generally  occurs  as  extensive  areas  cov- 
ering nearly  level  or  slightly  sloping  stream  flood  plains  or  valley  l>ot- 
toms  skirting  stream  channels.  The  surface  is  broken  only  by  shallow 
stream  channels  or  minor  stream-formed  terraces  and  is  frequently  cov- 
ered by  heavy  thickets  of  willow  and  light  timber.  The  soil  is  well 
drained,  except  in  the  level  areas,  which  an-  subject  to  overflow.'  Tho 


202  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

type  is  formed  by  a  mixing  of  recent  stream  alluvium  with  original 
gravel  sheets  underlying  lake  beds.  The  soil  is  frequently  too  shallow 
and  gravelly  to  admit  of  profitable  cultivation,  but  the  favorably  situ- 
ated areas  are  adapted  to  grains  and  hay. 

183456         7 

Soil  (2) 3          6          6        16        19        42          9 

Acres. 

Oallatin  Valley,  Mont 32,576 

Walla  Walla,  Wash « 10, 048 

Oallatin  fine  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  light-brown  to 
light-gray  fine  sandy  loam,  rather  light  jn  texture,  grading  toward  a 
fine  sand.  The  soil  has  a  loose,  friable  structure  to  a  depth  of  from 
1  to  6  feet,  and  is  usually  underlain  by  a  gray  or  light-colored  fine  sandy 
or  silty  subsoil,  often  containing  small  well-rounded  gravel  which 
grades  into  beds  of  river  sands  and  gravel.  The  sand  and  gravel  beds 
sometimes  underlie  the  soil  directly.  The  type  occurs  in  small,  irregu- 
lar to  broad,  extensive  areas,  covering  valley  plains  and  low,  nearly 
level  to  slightly  elevated  and  sloping  stream  terraces.  The  surface  is 
generally  smooth,  except  in  the  vicinity  of  bluff  or  terrace  lines  or  where 
cut  by  stream  channels,  and  is  treeless.  The  soil  is  often  strewn  with 
waterworn  gravel  or  slightly  drifted  by  winds.  It  is  seldom  subject 
to  overflow,  and  is  generally  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  except 
when  subject  to  seepage  from  more  elevated  soils.  Stream  sediments 
are  sometimes  mingled  with  the  earlier  lake  deposits.  The  soil  is  often 
somewhat  deficient  in  organic  matter.  Under  irrigation  it  is  adapted 
to  trees  and  small  fruLs,  truck  crops,  grains,  alfalfa,  and  clover. 

1          2346 

Soil  (4) 0  2  5  26  30 

Subsoil  (4) 1  6  7  28  20 

Acres. 

Boise,  Idaho f>  33, 100 

Gallatin  Valley,  Mont 6, 464 

Lewiston,  Idaho c  2, 112 

a.  Mapped  as  Yakima  gravelly  loam. 
6  Mapped  as  Caldwell  sandy  loam, 
c  Mapped  as  Yakima  fine  sand. 


Soils  of  the  Intermountain  Region.  203 

Gallatin  loam. a — This  type  consists  of  a  dark-gray  or  brown  to  dark- 
brown  or  nearly  black  loam,  from  3  to  6  feet  deep,  of  a  fine  silty  texture 
and  friable  under  cultivation.  The  soil  is  underlain  by  a  gravelly  loam 
or  waterworn  gravel  or  by  a  gray  or  yellow  sticky  loam  grading  into 
gravelly  loam  or  river  gravel.  The  lighter  phases  are  frequently  of 
porous  structure  and  ashy  texture.  The  type  occupies  extensive  areas 
covering  low-lying  plains  or  terraces  and  stream  flood  plains,  and  is 
subject  to  overflow  and  sometimes  poorly  drained.  Both  soil  and  sub- 
soil are  sometimes  marked  by  pockets  of  volcanic  ash.  The  type  is 
composed  of  recent  stream  alluvium  with  an  admixture  of  older  degraded 
lacustrine  material.  The  soil  is  generally  rich  in  organic  matter,  and 
in  the  poorly  drained  districts  is  sometimes  filled  with  alkali.  Where 
cultivated  it  is  adapted  to  vegetables,  hay,  and  grain.  . 

1          234          567 

Soil  (6) 0         2          2        13        24        13        16 

Subsoil  (6) 2         4         3        15       20       39        19 

Acres. 

Baker  City,  Oreg 29,760 

Blackfoot,  Idaho . .  t 241, 216 

Walla  Walla   Wash 3,392 

Gallatin  silt  loam. — The  soil  of  this  type  is  a  dark-gray  or  brown  to 
black  heavy  sticky  silt  loam,  sometimes  containing  gravel.  It  has 
rather  a  compact  structure,  but  is  generally  friable  under  cultivation. 
The  soil  is  from  10  to  36  inches  deep,  and  is  underlain  by  a  dark-gray 
or  black  to  light-colored  heavy,  sticky  silty  loam,  generally  of  rather 
compact  adobelike  structure,  which  usually  extends  to  a  depth  of  6  feet 
or  more,  and  is  in  turn  underlain  by  rounded  river  gravels.  The  type 
occupies  small  to  extensive  areas  covering  nearly  level  valley  depres- 
sions, river  flood  plains,  and  stream  bottoms.  The  areas  are  often 
marked  by  willow  thickets  or  small  timber  and  are  cut  by  meandering 
stream  channels.  The  soil  is  often  subject  to  overflow,  is  usually 
jM)orlv  drained,  and  sometimes  contains  alkali.  The  type  is  composed 
of  stream  sediments  derived  from  rocks  of  adjacent  mountains  and  by 
degradation  and  reworking  of  earlier  lake  beds.  The  soil  is  generally 
rich  in  organic  matter  and  is  frequently  of  a  somewhat  mucky  consist- 
ency. It  is  devoted  to  pasture,  hay,  grains,  vegetables,  and  forage 
crops. 


Maj)|K><l  as  Yakimu  loam. 


204  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1234567 

Soil  (6) 0          2          2          5         9        66        16 

Subsoil  (6) 0          1          1          8        15        62        15 

Acres. 

Boise,  Idaho a  1, 500 

Lewiston,  Idaho &  15,936 

Gallatin  Valley,  Mont 23, 808 

Gallatin  clay  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  dark  chocolate-brown 
heavy  sticky  clay  loam  soil  of  compact  adobelike  structure,  generally 
about  3  feet  in  depth,  and  underlain  by  a  heavy  silty  clay  loam  subsoil 
of  lighter  color,  or  by  waterworn  gravel.  The  soil  puddles  readily, 
bakes  and  cracks  upon  exposure,  and  frequently  carries  small  angular 
rock  fragments.  The  typo  occurs  as  small  bodies  occupying  local  de- 
pressions in  the  vicinity  of  the  valley  trough  and  is  often  poorly  drained. 
It  is  composed  of  heavy  stream  alluvium,  partially  derived  from  the 
reworking  of  earlier  lake  beds.  The  soil  is  generally  devoted  to  grains 
and  hay. 

1234567 

Soil  (1) 0         1         1         7        11        50       30 

Subsoil  (1) 0         2         2        15       17        39       24 

Acres. 
Gallatin  Valley,  Mont 896 

MISCELLANEOUS  SOILS  OK  THE  NORTHWESTERN  INTERMOUNTAIN 
REGION. 

Deer  Flat  fine  sandy  loam,  c — This  is  a  red,  micaceous  fine  sandy  loam 
from  a  few  inches  to  3  feet  in  depth.  The  subsoil  is  a  sandy  loam  or 
sand  from  50  to  100  feet  deep.  The  type  occurs  in  higher  lying  valley 
areas  and  has  a  generally  level  surface.  The  soil  is  free  from  alkali,  but 
only  a  small  proportion  is  cultivated,  owing  to  lack  of  water  for  irriga- 
tion. It  is  a  good  soil  for  truck,  grain,  clover,  and  fruit. 

123          4567 

Soil  (2) 1          3          2          8        49        27          9 

Subsoil  (3) 2          3          2        13        47        23          8 

Acres. 
Boise,  Idaho 45,380 

a  Mapped  as  Caldwell  loam. 

6  Mapped  as  Yakima  silt  loam. 

c  Mapped  as  Deer  Flat  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Intennountain  Region.  205 

Boise  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  red  or  yellow  loam  from  6  inches 
to  several  feet  in  depth,  underlain  by  alternating  strata  of  sandy  loam 
and  sand,  the  latter  often  being  cemented  into  a  hardpan  by  calcium 
carbonate.  The  particles  in  the  upper  stratum  of  the  soil  are  also 
usually  cemented  together,  but  not  into  a  compact  mass.  The  surface 
is  generally  covered  with  a  coating  of  sandy  loam  of  varying  depth  and 
having  the  texture  of  the  Boise  sandy  loam.  The  type  occurs  in  mesa 
plains,  is  derived  fron.  lake  sediments,  and  often  contains  alkali.  When 
the  subsoil  is  broken  up  it  is  a  good  soil  for  grain,  fruit,  and  alfalfa. 

1          234          5         fi          7 

Soil  (1) 2          2          1          5        26        44        18 

Subsoil  (3) 4         5         3         9       24       35        18 

Acres. 
Boise,  Idaho 61 ,960 

Boise  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  silt  loam  of  a  micaceous, 
loose,  and  ashy  texture,  from  a  few  inches  to  40  or  50  feet  in  depth. 
To  a  depth  of  6  feet  it  is  often  interstratified  with  a  loam  or  with  sand 
or  sandy  loam  lime  hardpan,  and  in  places  the  sandy  loam  extends  to 
bed  rock.  The  soil  rests  upon  beds  of  coarse  gravel  and  cobbles.  The 
type  is  usually  found  on  mesa  lands,  and  is  composed  of  lake  sediments, 
probably  derived  from  basalt.  Some  alkali  occurs  in  local  spots  in  the 
loam  subsoil.  The  soil  is  well  drained  and  is  adapted  to  truck,  grain, 
and  clover.  Where  the  hardpan  is  not  very  thick  fruit  and  alfalfa  do 
well. 

4567. 

3        16        68          9 
9        15        46        11 
Acres. 
095,850 

Bozeman  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  to  nearly  black,  heavy 
sticky  silt  loam,  generally  of  compact  structure,  usually  alxMit  1  f<x>t  in 
depth.  When  poorly  drained  a  refractory,  adobelikc  structure  pre- 
vails and  small  puddled  and  Imrreu  spots  occur.  The  subsoil  consists 
of  a  dark-brown,  sticky  silty  loam  or  clay  loam  of  adolx-like  structure, 
underlain  at  3  feet  by  stream  gravel  or  by  a  light-yellow  to  light -grav 
silt  loam  of  ashy  texture.  Medium  fine  to  coarse  rounded  gravel  and 
cobbles  frequently  occur  in  Imth  soil  and  subsoil.  The  type  cx-curs  as 

a  M .1 1'|>.  < I  as  Hoist-  sandy  loum. 


Soil  (2)  

1 

.  0 

a 

1 

:t 
1 

Subsoil  (4)  

.  5 

8 

4 

Boise.  Idaho. 

206  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

irregular  and  extensive  areas  upon  treeless  foot-slopes  and  elevated 
sloping  plains  and  sloping  to  nearly  level  valley  plains.  The  lower 
lying  bodies  are  somewhat  deficient  in  drainage  and  sometimes  contain 
alkali.  The  type  has  been  formed  by  a  partial  degradation  of  ancient 
lake  sediments  modified  by  an  admixture  of  alluvial  material  derived 
from  adjacent  mountains  and  valley  borders. 

1284  5  6  7 

Soil  (1) 0         1         1          1  8  72  18 

Subsoil  (1) 0         1          1         2  9  (19  17 

Lower  subsoil  (1) 0         1          1         2  14  64  19 

Acres. 
Gallatin  Valley,  Montana 76,608 

Columbia  silt  loam. — This  is  a  light-gray  silt  loam  of  a  friable  ashy 
texture,  resembling  in  field  properties  a  fine  sandy  loam.  The  soil  is 
usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  and  sometimes  contains  hardpan  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  section.  The  type  occupies  extensive  bodies 
covering  rolling  hills  with  intervening  valleys  and  is  usually  but  not 
always  well  drained.  It  is  composed  of  ancient  lake  sediments  modi- 
fied by  an  admixture  of  fine  volcanic  material.  It  sometimes  contains 
alkali  in  low,  poorly  drained  sections.  The  soil  is  generally  devoted 
to  grains. 

123456          7 

Soil  (5) 0         1         1         6        16       67         8 

Acres. 
Walla  Walla,  Wash a  26, 688 

Walla  Walla  silt  loam  — This  type  consists  of  a  very  sticky  brown  or 
black  silt  loam  or  loam  to  a  depth  of  3  feet,  underlain  by  a  sandy  loam 
similar  to  the  subsoil  of  the  Yakima  sandy  loam.  In  places  the  sub- 
soil from  3  to  6  feet  is  a  sticky  yellow  plastic  sandy  loam,  but  in  most 
cases  below  3  feet  the  soil  is  a  sandy  loam.  The,  type  occupies  very 
high,  steep  hills.  It  is  well  adapted  to  wheat  and  barley,  giving  very 
large  yields  of  both. 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 0         0         0         3       13       70        14 

Subsoil  (3) 0         2         1         3        15       67       11 

Acres. 
Walla  Walla,  Wash &23.360 

o  Mapped  as  Yakima  fine  sandy  loam. 
f>  Mapped  as  Walla  Walla  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.        207 

SOILS  OF  THE  BOt'KY  MOUNTAIN1  VALLEYS,  PLATEAUS,  AND  PLAINS. 

The  soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  valleys,  plateaus,  and  plains  are 
derived  from  a  wide  range  of  igneous,  eruptive,  metamorphic,  and 
sedimentary  rocks.  The  plateau  and  plain  types  occupy  a  more  or  less 
elevated  position  and  have  sloping,  undulating,  or  irregular  surface 
features.  They  are  derived  from  underlying  sedimentary  rocks,  or  con- 
sist of  the  remnants  of  ancient  extensive  mountain  foot-slope  material, 
or  of  alluvial  deposits  along  streams  trenching  and  terrac  ng  the  sedi- 
mentary rocks  of  the  plateaus  and  plains.  The  mountain  slope  and 
intermountain  valley  types  consist  of  residual  and  colluvial  deposits,  or 
of  ancient  lacustrine  or  later  stream  sediments,  occupying  mountain 
foot  slopes  and  narrow  valleys. 

The  soils  of  the  mountain  slopes  are  usually  of  little  agricultural 
value,  owing  to  their  rough  surface,  elevated  position,  and  the  conse- 
quent impracticability  of  irrigation.  Those  of  the  plateaus,  valleys, 
and  plains  vary  widely  in  economic  importance,  depending  largely 
upon  climatic  features,  topographic  position,  and  water  supply  for 
irrigation.  The}7  range  from  grazing  lands  of  nominal  value  to  soils 
adapted  to  the  most  important  and  intensively  cultivated  fruit,  melon, 
sugar  beet,  and  other  special  crops. 

LARAMIE  SERIES. 

The  Laramie  series  occurs  upon  mountain  foot  slopes  and  high, 
broken,  sloping  or  undulating  plains.  The  surface  is  often  gravelly  or 
strewn  with  cobbles  or  bowlders,  and  is  frequently  cut  by  intermittent 
stream  channels  or  marked  by  rock  outcrop.  Depressions  or  basins  of 
intermittent  lakes  frequently  occur.  The  soils  consist  of  colluvial 
mountain  waste  modified  by  alluvial  stream  wash  or  glacial  debris,  and 
are  derived  from  granitic  rocks,  gneiss,  schist,  quartzites,  etc.,  with  an 
admixture  of  material  from  sedimentary  rocks.  They  occur  as  exten- 
sive areas  of  dark-colored  soils,  generally  underlain  by  light-colored 
gravelly  subsoils,  and  are  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali  except  for 
local  poorly  drained  depressions. 

Laramie  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  of  loose  porous 
structure  containing  considerable  coarse  material  and  carrying  a  large 
quantity  of  rather  small  or  medium  gravel.  It  is  usually  from  2  to  3 
feet  in  depth,  of  a  yellowish  or  dark-gray  color,  and  is  underlain  to  (> 
feet  or  more  by  light  sandy  loams,  sand,  and  gravel.  The  subsoil  con- 
sists largely  of  torrential  stream  deposits,  the  gravel  ranging  in  size 


208  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

from  small  pebbles  to  bowlders,  and  resting  upon  sedimentary  rocks. 
The  type  occupies  elevated,  nearly  level  to  broken  and  hilly  plains.  It 
is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  but  owing  to  its  porous  structure 
and  topographic  position  it  is  of  but  little  agricultural  value  save  for 

grazing. 

Acres. 
Laramie,  Wyo 19,200 

Laramie  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  coarse  sandy  loam  2  to  6 
feet  deep,  and  is  underlain  by  sand  and  gravel.  Some  gravel,  gen- 
erally quart/.,  sandstone,  and  limestone,  occurs  scattered  through  the 
surface  soil.  The  type  occupies  uplands  and  is  of  colluvial  origin.  It 
is  well  adapted  to  general  farm  crops.  Wheat  yields  from  20  to  30 
bushels,  oats  from  30  to  50  bushels,  potatoes  from  100  to  175  bushels, 
and  alfalfa  about  4  tons  per  acre. 

4567 

20  16        11        26 

21  12        16        27 
Acres. 

..  86,272 

COLORADO    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Colorado  series  consist  of  colluvial  and  alluvial  mate- 
rial of  ancient  mountain  foot  slopes,  more  or  less  modified  by  or  mingled 
with  recent  alluvial  wash  and  with  residual  material  derived  from  under- 
lying sandstones,  limestones  or  shales.  They  occupy  elevated  undulat- 
ing prairies  or  treeless  plains,  marked  by  occasional  low,  rounded  ridges  or 
hills,  deep,  narrow  arroyos,  or  broad,  gently  sloping  valleys.  In  eroded 
districts  bluflf  or  terrace  lines,  strewn  with  waterworn  pebbles,  and  out- 
cropping ledges  of  sedimentary  rocks  are  frequent.  The  smaller  stream 
valleys  are  often  subject  to  overflow,  and  the  uplands  are  frequently 
marked  by  depressions  or  local  drainage  basins.  The  transported 
material  is  derived  largely  from  granitic  and  allied  rocks  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  soils  and  subsoils  are  generally  of  light-gray  to 
reddish-brown  or  light-brown  color,  and  frequently  occur  as  extensive 
areas.  They  are  generally  productive  under  irrigation,  but  sometimes 
poorly  drained  and  alkaline  in  depressions  when  subject  to  seepage  from 
higher  elevations. 


Soil  (2)      .  . 

1 
6 

2 

12 

8 

9 

Subsoil  (3) 

4 

11 

9 

Laramie.  Wvo.  .  . 

Soils  of  tfie  Rocky  Mountain  Region.         209 

Colorado  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  of  this  type  consists  of  a  gray  to 
dark-colored  heavy  fine  sandy  loam  or  loam  of  fine  silty  texture,  gen- 
erally 6  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  including  considerable  gravel.  The 
gravel  consists  of  fragments  of  granite,  shale,  or  sandstone  ranging  in 
size  from  small  fragments  to  5  or  6  inches  in  diameter  and  increasing  in 
quantity  as  the  base  of  the  mountains  is  approached.  The  soil  erodes 
easily,  and  in  arroyos  or  cuts  the  subsoil  often  exhibits  a  compact, 
adobelike  structure.  The  type  occurs  along  mountain  foot  slopes  and  is 
formed  largely  of  colluvial  material.  It  is  frequently  found  as  pronounced 
hills  and  ridges  and  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  It  usually  occu- 
pies elevations  above  the  limits  of  irrigation. 

123456          7 

Soil  (1) 2          3          2        10        10        51         10 

Acres. 
Greeley,  Colo 33,408 

Colorado  sand. — The  soil  is  a  medium  to  rather  fine  sand  of  generally 
loose-porous  structure,  and  often  of  wind-blown  drifting  surface,  but 
sometimes  sticky  and  compact ,  owing  to  more  complete  weathering.  It 
is  light-gray  to  yellowish  or  reddish-brown  in  color  and  generally  6  feet  or 
more  in  depth, although  sometimes  less  about  margins  of  areas  where  it  is 
blown  over  adjacent  soil  types.  The  soil  is  usually,  but  not  always,  free 
from  gravel  or  rock  outcrop.  It  carries  a  large  proportion  of  micaceous 
and  feldspathic  material.  The  type  occurs  on  sloping  or  rolling  plains 
and  dome-like  elevations  and  ridges.  It  consists  mainly  of  ancient 
stream  borne  material  deposited  in  extensive  foot  slopes  and  derived 
from  the  harder  rocks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  with  the  addition  in 
places  of  recent  stream-borne  and  wind-drifted  material  and  of  residual 
material  from  underlying  sandstone.  It  is  well  drained  and  free  from 
alkali.  It  is  adapted  to  fruit  and  truck  crops  when  not  too  loose  and 
l.-achy,  but  generally  lies  al>ove  the  limits  of  irrigation. 

1        •_•       :t        4        5        (i        ; 
Sou  (7i i        '.»      n;      :«•      ->•-'       c,       7 

Subsoil  (4) 1          7        13        :<4       'JJ        1J        II 

Acres. 

Garden  City,  Runs 10,944 

Grit-Icy,  Colo IH.tlSS 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo,  a  109..S88 


Of  this,  !»'>,<Vso  urn's  was  m.i  |>|»-'l  as  Fresno  sund  and  14,208  as  Maricopu  sund. 
:i2075— (Hi 14 


210  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Colorado  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  reddish  or  yellowish-brown 
sandy  loam  of  medium  to  fine  texture  and  rather  compact  structure,  but 
friable  under  cultivation.  It  is  usually  from  1  to  3  feet  in  depth  and  is 
underlain  by  a  compact,  sticky  reddish-brown  or  yellowish-brown  sub- 
soil of  adobe  structure  and  of  loam  or  sandy  loam  texture.  The  tex- 
ture and  structure  of  the  type  is,  however,  subject  to  considerable 
variation,  being  modified  in  some  areas  by  wash  from  adjacent  soils.  It 
occurs  typically  on  the  slopes  of  the  Great  Plains  or  similar  prairie  or 
plateaulike  regions.  It  is  frequently  marked  by  gravel-strewn  bluff 
or  terrace  lines  and  outcropping  ledges  of  shales,  sandstones,  or  lime- 
stones. The  soil  often  carries  a  small  quantity  of  small  gravel.  The 
type  comes  from  ancient  foot-slope  material  derived  largely  from  granitic 
rocks  modified  by  later  stream  erosion,  alluvial  deposition,  and  by 
residual  and  wind-blown  material.  Usually  well  drained,  free  from 
alkali,  easily  cultivated,  retentive  of  moisture,  and  adapted  to  alfalfa, 
melons,  sugar  beets,  fruit,  and  vegetables  when  favorably  situated  and 

capable  of  irrigation. 

1234          567 

Soil  (8) 1          8        12        22        24        22        11 

Subsoil  (7) 1         6         8        18        19       27       21 

Acres. 

Russell,  Kans o 24, 064 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo..  6156,096 
Wichita,  Kans o3,136 

Colorado  fine  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  from  2  to  4  feet  of  a 
light  to  dark  brown  fine  sandy  loam  of  friable  structure,  underlain  by  a 
heavy  fine  sandy  loam  or  loam  frequently  carrying  a  stratum  of  material 
of  compact  structure  and  slightly  heavier  texture.  This  soil  occurs  as 
extensive  areas  covering  rough  and  hilly  to  gently  undulating  elevated 
plains,  cut  by  deep,  narrow  valleys  formed  by  intermittent  streams  and 
frequently  marked  by  local  swampy  depressions  or  closed  drainage 
basins.  Formed  largely  by  residual  material  derived  from  underlying 
shales,  shaly  sandstone,  and  sandstone.  The  type  is  sometimes  gravelly, 
generally  well  drained,  and  free  from  alkali,  except  in  local  depressions. 
Under  irrigation  adapted  to  grains,  alfalfa,  potatoes,  and  sugar  beets. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 1          2          2        20        35        29        11 

Acres. 
Greeley,  Colo 190,480 

a  Mapped  as  Sedgwick  sandy  loam.          t>  Mapped  as  Maricopa  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.        211 

Colorado  loam. — A  loam  of  rather  fine  silty  texture  and  usually  red 
dish-brown  color,  extending  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more,  but  frequently 
marked  by  a  compact  adobelike  stratum  of  several  inches  thickness 
occurring  below  the  first  6  inches  or  underlain  at  the  depth  of  1  to  2  feet 
by  a  tough  reddish  sandy  clay  of  compact  adobe  structure.  This  is 
underlain  by  Tertiary  deposits  or  by  sedimentary  rocks.  It  is  some- 
times gravelly,  the  gravel  consisting  of  angular  fragments  of  sandstone 
and  shale.  This  type  of  soil  occurs  both  in  small  and  extensive  areas  in 
elevated  treeless  plains  of  gently  rolling  or  rather  hilly  topography.  The 
higher  elevations  are  rounded  and  often  broken  by  outcropping  sedi- 
mentary rocks.  In  more  elevated  districts  the  surface  is  dissected  by 
narrow  valleys  and  deep  perpendicular-sided  arroyos  or  marked  by  local 
drainage  depressions.  It  is  derived  from  underlying  unconsolidated 
Tertiary  deposits  or  consists  of  residual  material  from  shales,  sand- 
stones, and  limestones.  It  is  usually  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali, 
except  in  local  depressions,  and  is  well  adapted  to  alfalfa,  sugar  beets, 
small  fruits,  and  ordinary  farm  crops. 

1234567 

Soil  (6) 0         2         3         9       20       50        15 

Subsoil  (4) 1         3         4         9        19       50        14 

Acres. 

Oroeley,  Colo , ,      78,784 

Wichita,  Kans a  47,040 

Colorado  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  tenacious  clay  loam  of  dark  red- 
dish-brown color  and  compact  adobelike  structure,  generally  6  feet  or 
more  in  depth.  The  type  occurs  in  depressions  and  over  lower  slopes  of 
local  closed  drainage  basins  of  elevated  treeless  plains.  It  consists  of 
finer  Tertiary  foot-slope  deposits,  modified  by  further  weathering  and  allu- 
vial wash  or  sedimentation.  Gypsum  frequently  occurs  as  small  flakes 
or  granules.  The  surface  is  nearly  level  and  unmarked  by  terrace  or 
blulF  lines,  gravel,  or  rock  outcrop.  The  soil  is  generally  poorly  drained 
and  charged  with  alkali. 

1         2        :{       4         507 

8oil(l) 0          4          II        1.'          '.I        3S        31 

Subsoil  (1) 0          1179        53        •£) 

Acres. 
Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo.        &  K32 

a  Mapped  as  Sedgwick  loam.  6  Mapped  us  Mitrifopu  cliiy  loiun. 


212  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Colorado  loam  adobe.— This  is  a  soil  of  marked,  compact  adobe  struc- 
ture, checking  into  cubical  blocks  upon  exposure,  but  breaking  up  into  a 
loam  when  cultivated  in  a  favorable  moisture  condition.  It  grades  from 
a  fine  sandy  loam  to  a  heavy  loam  in  texture,  is  of  a  yellowish  or  reddish- 
brown  to  dark-brown  or  dark-gray  color,  is  usually  6  feet  or  more  in 
depth,  and  is  underlain  by  Tertiary  foot-slope  deposits  or  by  sand- 
stones, limestones,  and  shales.  The  type  occurs  upon  hilly  to  lower 
gently  undulating  slopes,  in  local  drainage  depressions,  and  in  narrow 
areas  bordering  arroyos,  and  is  usually  without  gravel.  It  is  derived 
from  underlying  Tertiary  deposits  and  sedimentary  rocks,  modified  by 
alluvial  washings  from  higher  slopes  and  by  wind-blown  material.  Gyp- 
sum and  lime  are  frequently  found  in  large  quantities.  The  soil  is  reten- 
tive of  moisture  and  is  adapted  to  alfalfa  and  grains  when  capable  of  irri- 
gation. It  is  not  damaged  by  accumulation  of  seepage  waters  or  alkali 
from  irrigation  of  higher  lying  lands. 

12          34567 

Soil  (4) 0          1          3        18        23        37        18 

-  Subsoil  (4) 0         1         2        19        21        29       27 

Acres. 

Greeley,  Colo....' «5,632 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo. .  &  37,284 

BILLINGS    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Billings  series  consist  of  ancient  stream-deposited 
material,  with  an  admixture  of  residual  and  colluvial  material  de- 
rived from  shales,  sandstones,  or  adjacent  soil  bodies.  They  occur  in 
old,  elevated  stream  terraces,  stream  flood  plains,  and  in  sloping  val- 
ley plains  or  as  second  bottoms  of  stream  valleys  carved  from  the 
sedimentary  rocks  of  elevated  plains  and  plateaus.  The  surface  is 
frequently  cut  by  arroyos  or  intermittent  stream  channels.  The  soils 
often  cover  extensive  areas  and  are  prevailingly  of  dark  or  nearly 
black  color,  and  frequently  of  compact,  sticky,  adobelike  structure. 
In  depressions  or  along  lower  slopes  subject  to  seepage  from  irrigation 
from  more  elevated  soil  bodies  they  are  frequently  poorly  drained 
and  filled  with  alkali.  When  properly  drained  and  cultivated  they 
are  valuable  and  productive  soils. 

a  Mapped  as  Colorado  adobe.  &  Mapped  as  Maricopa  sandy  adobe. 


Soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.        213 

Billings  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  loam  from  0  to  18  inches  deep 
and  is  underlain  by  a  loam  or  light  clay  loam  3  feet  deep,  beneath 
which  is  found  waterworn  gravel.  Both  the  soil  and  subsoil  contain 
gravel.  Th*e  type  is  found  in  terraces  which  were  formerly  river 
banks  and  is  free  from  alkali  and  well  drained.  Where  occurring  on 
plateaus  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  grain  and  alfalfa. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 1          3          4        12        20        36        26 

Acres. 
Billings,  Mont 11,776 

Billings  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  to  brown  fine 
sandy  loam,  about  1  foot  in  depth,  and  is  underlain  by  light-colored 
fine  sandy  loam,  sands,  or  gravel,  often  imperfectly  stratified.  The 
soil  sometimes  extends  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more  with  but  little 
change  in  texture  or  structure.  It  has  a  somewhat  compact  structure, 
but  is  friable  under  cultivation.  The  type  occurs  upon  gently  sloping 
valley  plains  in  the  vicinity  of  bluff  lines  or  rock  outcrop,  and  is  often 
cut  by  arroyos  or  gullies  with  perpendicular  walls.  It  consists  of  old 
alluvial  deposits  modified  by  colluvial  and  alluvial  wash  from  adja- 
cent sandstone  and  shale  material  and  from  more  elevated  soil  bodjes. 
It  is  generally  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  and  is  adapted  to 
alfalfa,  sugar  beets,  fruits,  vegetables,  and  general  farm  crops. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 0          1          1        21        36        27        16 

Subsoil  (2) 0          0          1        41        34        13        11 

Acres. 

Billings,  Mont "  13,568 

Grand  Junction,  Colo 26,944 

Billings  loam.'' — The  Billings  loam  varies  widely  in  texture  and  in 
character  of  subsoil,  but  consists  in  general  of  a  reddish-brown  to  dark- 
gray  or  nearly  black  loam,  which  is  underlain  by  sand  or  sandy  loam 
or  loam  of  lighter  color.  Fine  gravel  frequently  occurs  in  both  soil 
and  subsoil.  The  type  usually  occurs  as  rather  narrow  bodies  occu- 
pying nearly  level  valley  slopes,  and  is  frequently  marked  by  the 
presence  of  stream  channels  or  swampy  depressions.  It  consists  of 
alluvial  and  colluvial  wash  from  shales,  limestones,  and  more  elevated 


o  Mapped  its  Billings  sandy  loam.        '•  Srf  also  Billings  clay  loam.  p.  214. 


214  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

soil  bodies,  nv'ngled  with  older  alluvial  deposits.  Where  well  drained 
and  free  from  alkali  it  is  adapted  to  sugar  beets  and  general  farm 
crops. 

1234567 
Soil  (2) 1          2          3        16        20        32        26 

Acres. 
Grecley,  Colo 41 .984 

Billings  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  to  dark-brown  silt  loam, 
generally  3  feet  or  more  in  depth,  and  is  underlain  by  lighter  or  heavier 
subsoils,  varying  from  sands  to  clays,  which  in  turn  are  sometimes 
underlain  by  gravel.  The  soil  is  usually  of  compact  adobelike  struc- 
ture, is  very  sticky  when  wet,  puddles  readily,  and  bakes  and  checks 
upon  exposure,  but  is  generally  friable  under  proper  cultivation.  The 
type  occurs  as  a  second  bottom  soil  along  lower  valley  plains  and  adja- 
cent to  recent  stream  deposits.  The  surface  is  level  except  for  minor 
terrace  lines,  arroyos,  or  other  old  or  intermittent  stream  channels. 
The  lower  lying  bodies  are  often  poorly  drained  and  contain  alkali,  but 
otherwise  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  sugar  beets,  grains,  and  alfalfa. 

1234567 

fc      Soil  (2) 0          0          0          4        11        57        28 

Acres. 

Grand  Junction,  Colo 5, 632 

Greeley.  Colo 4,032 

Billings  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  to  dark-brown  or  black  plastic 
clay  loam  from  1  to  6  feet  in  depth,  of  heavy  compact  structure,  some- 
what given  to  puddling  when  wet  and  baking  upon  exposure.  Where 
less  than  6  feet  in  depth  it  is  underlain  by  clay  and  occasionally  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  section  by  coarse  sandy  loam,  loam,  or  gravel.  The 
subsoil  is  generally  of  dark-gray  to  black  color.  The  type  usually 
occurs  upon  old  stream-formed  terraces  and  low,  nearly  level  valley 
plains,  and  is  frequently  marked  by  the  presence  of  slough  or  stream 
channels,  gullies,  or  swampy  depressions.  Small  gravelly  ridges  some- 
times occur  in  the  vicinity  of  stream  channels.  It  consists  largely  of 
shale  and  sandstone  material  and  is  formed  by  old  stream  deposits  and 
by  colluvial  wash  from  bluffs  and  higher  lying  soil  bodies.  With  the 
exception  of  poorly  drained  and  alkali-impregnated  depressions  and 
lower  slopes  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  alfalfa,  grains,  and  vegetables,  and 
sometimes  to  fruits. 


Soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.        215 

1234567 

SoU  (4) 0          1          1          9        14        42        33 

Subsoil  (3) 0         1          1        14        21        36       26 

Acres. 

Billings.  Mont "14, 144 

Grand  Junction,  Colo 3,328 

Greeley,  Colo 12,800 

Billings  clay. — The  soil  is  a  yellowish-gray  to  black  clay,  generally 
extending  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more,  but  is  sometimes  underlain  at 
less  than  6  feet  by  strata  of  dark-gray  to  black  clay  loam  or  loam,  or  by 
sand  and  gravel.  It  is  generally  of  compact,  refractory,  adobelike 
structure,  puddles  readily,  bakes  and  checks  upon  exposure,  and  is  of  an 
impervious  nature  and  very  tenacious  when  wet.  The  type  occurs  upon 
old  stream  terraces  and  lower  valley  plains  and  in  depressions  marking 
swampy  areas  or  former  lagoons  or  slough  beds.  It  has  generally  a 
nearly  level  or  only  slightly  sloping  surface,  and  is  unmarked  by  gravel, 
except  in  the  vicinity  of  upland  bluff  lines,  where  fragments  of  shales  or 
sandstone  may  occur.  The  soil  is  usually  rich  in  organic  matter  and  is 
often  poorly  drained  and  alkaline.  In  origin  and  mode  of  formation  it 
is  similar  to  the  Billings  clay  loam.  It  is  generally  best  adapted  to  pas- 
turage, hay,  grains,  and  sugar  beets. 

1234567 

Soil  (5) 0          0          0          5          8        40        47 

Subsoil  (5) 0         0         1         6         9       41        43 


Acres. 

Billings,  Mont 17.088 

Grand  Junction,  Colo...  .     1,664 


Acres. 

La  ramie,  Wyo 16, 064 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo  ..  *4,096 


FRUITA    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Fruita  series  are  similar  in  origin,  mode  of  formation, 
and  topographic  features  to  those  of  the  Billings  and  the  Mesa  series. 
They  are  usually  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  somewhat  compact  struc- 
ture, though  friable  under  cultivation,  and  in  lower  depressions  are 
often  poorly  drained  and  filled  with  alkali. 

Fruita  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  reddish-brown  fine  sandy  loam, 
generally  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  interstratified  with  layers  of  sand 
and  loam.  It  is  of  friable,  pervious  structure,  and  has  a  slightly  slop- 
ing or  nearly  level,  smooth  surface,  sometimes  cut  by  washes  formed 


<>  Mii|i|x-<!  a.s  Hilling*  loam. 

'  Mapped  aa  San  Joaquin  black  adobe. 


216  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

by  intermittent  streams.  The  type  consists  mainly  of  alluvial  and 
colluvial  material  derived  from  washing  of  sandstones  and  higher  lying 
upland  or  mesa  lands  and  deposited  over  intermittent-stream-formed 
fans.  It  is  subject  to  considerable  damage  from  alkali  and  seepage 
waters,  but  when  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali  is  adapted  to  alfalfa, 
sugar  beets,  fruits,  and  truck  crops. 

1234567 

Soil  (1) 0          1          2        24        27        35        11 

Acres. 
Grand  Junction,  Colo 3,968 

Fruita  loam. — This  type  is  similar  in  color,  topographic  and  drain- 
age features,  origin  and  mode  of  formation,  to  the  Fruita  fine  sandy 
loam.  It  consists  of  a  sticky  loam  of  compact,  adobe  structure  usually 
from  1  to  3  feet  in  depth,  resting  upon  a  silt  loam  subsoil.  The  soil 
possesses  marked  puddling  tendencies  and  bakes  upon  exposure.  The 
type  occurs  in  local  depressions  or  upon  lower  slopes  and  is  generally 
rather  poorly  drained  and  filled  with  alkali.  When  well  drained  and 
free  from  alkali  it  is  well  adapted  to  alfalfa,  grains,  and  general  farm 

crops. 

123456         7 

i:oil  (2) 0          1         3        17        18       39       22 

Subsoil  (1) 0          0          0          2          6        65%       27 

Acres. 
(irand  Junction,  Colo 512 

MESA    SERIES. 

In  origin,  mode  of  formation,  and  topographic  features  the  soils  of 
the  Mesa  series  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Billings  and  the  Fruita  series. 
They  consist  •  of  former  flood-plain  deposits  now  existing  as  old  ele- 
vated river  terraces  or  mesa  lands.  The  surface  is  often  rough  and 
hilly.  The  soils  generally  vary  from  light  gray  to  chocolate-brown  in 
color,  are  friable  to  compact  in  structure,  and  are  underlain  by  shale 
and  sandstone  rock.  They  are  sometimes  poorly  drained  and  impreg- 
nated with  alkali  in  small  local  depressions. 

Mesa  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  reddish  to  chocolate-brown  fine 
sandy  loam,  of  light  friable  and  often  porous  and  leachy  structure, 
extending  to  a  depth  of  from  4  to  20  feet  or  more  and  underlain  by 
shale  and  sandstone.  The  type  occurs  as  elevated  level  to  broken  and 
hilly  mesa  lands,  often  marked  by  gravel-strewn  bluff  lines.  It  con- 
sists probably  of  old  flood-plain  deposits  derived  from  sedimentary, 


Soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.        217 

granitic,  and  volcanic  rocks,  and  modified  by  subsequent  erosion  and 
jeolian  agencies.  The  soil,  when  within  the  reach  of  irrigation,  is  best 
adapted  to  fruits  and  tilled  crops. 

123456  7 

Soil  (1) 0          1          3        18        21        31        25 

Acres. 
Grind  Junction  Colo 34,432 

Mesa  clay  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  stiff,  plastic,  refractory  and  com- 
pact reddish  to  chocolate-brown  clay  loam,  usually  from  4  to  6  feet  in 
depth  and  underlain  by  sandy  and  gravelly  material  grading  to  shale 
and  sandstone.  The  type  occurs  in  depressions  and  is  probably  formed 
largely  of  the  finer  wash  from  the  Mesa  fine  sandy  loam.  It  is  generally 
free  from  alkali,  productive,  and  well  adapted  to  alfalfa,  sugar  beets, 
and  grains. 

1234567 

Soil  (1) 1          2          3        12        20        25        37 

Acres. 
Grand  Junction,  Colo 2,240 

Mesa  clay. — The  soil  is  a  sticky  clay  of  rather  heavy  texture  and  of 
compact,  refractory  structure,  puddling  and  baking  upon  exposure  and 
difficult  to  till.  It  is  of  light-gray  to  a  dark  slaty  color,  from  1  to  6  feet 
or  more  in  depth,  and  is  underlain  by  shale  rock.  The  type  occurs  upon 
elevated  mesa  lands  of  slightly  undulating  or  nearly  level  to  rough  hilly 
outline,  broken  by  perpendicular  cliffs,  and  is  partially  residual  in  origin, 
Ix-ing  derived  from  the  underlying  shale.  Local  depressions  are  often 
unproductive  because  of  the  accumulation  of  seepage  waters.  Where 
well  drained  the  soil  is  adapted  to  the  production  of  alfalfa  and  sugar 
Iwets. 

1          234         5         «          7 

Soil  (1) 0          3          1          4          G        43        43 

Acres. 
Grand  Junction,  Colo 22, 4*14 

SAN    MTIS  SERIES. 

The  material  forming  the  San  Luis  series  was  derived  originally  from 
volcanic  rocks,  principally  trachyte,  and  represents  ancient  lacustrine 
sediments  or  lake  beds,  more  or  less  modified  by  subsequent  alluvial 
wash,  wind-drifting,  and  weathering.  The  soils  occupy  filled  valleys  as 
broad,  nearly  level,  or  gently  sloping  plains,  the  surface  Ix-ing  broken 


218  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

only  by  small  mounds  or  ridges  or  by  forms  produced  by  wind-drifting. 
They  occur  as  small  irregular  to  broad,  extensive  areas,  often  gravelly, 
the  gravel  consisting  of  medium  to  fine  fragments.  The  soils  are  of 
reddish-brown  color,  porous  structure,  and  are  underlain  by  sands  and 
coarse,  rounded  gravel.  The  lower  lying  bodies  are  often  subject  to 
injury  from  seepage  and  accumulation  of  alkali  from  irrigation  upon 
higher  adjacent  soils. 

San  Luis  sand. — The  soil  is  a  coarse  to  medium  incoherent,  loose,  red- 
dish-brown sand  containing  a  large  proportion  of  fine  gravel,  and  under- 
lain at  a  depth  of  from  2  to  4  feet  by  a  coarser  material  which  can  not  be 
penetrated  with  the  auger.  The  soil  is  composed  of  minute  fragments  of 
volcanic  rock,  and  is  light  and  easily  shifted  by  the  wind.  In  origin  it 
is  without  doubt  a  lacustrine  deposit  and  the  generally  level  surface  is 
crossed  by  minor  ridges  thought  to  be  the  result  of  varying  deposition 
taking  place  in  currents  of  different  velocities.  There  are  also  some 
dunes  from  1  to  6  feet  high.  These  irregularities  are  a  great  hindrance 
to  cultivation  and  irrigation.  The  drainage  is  excessive  and  constant 
irrigation  is  necessary.  This  has  swamped  some  areas,  and  brought 
about  the  rise  of  alkali  over  large  tracts  of  the  type.  Much  of  the  origi- 
nally productive  land  has  been  abandoned  for  this  reason.  Fair  crops 
of  the  small  grains  are  grown.  The  yield  per  acre  of  wheat  is  15  to  30 
bushels;  of  oats  from  20  to  40.  Pease  are  grown  for  pasture  and  for  hay. 

1234         o          «          7 

Soil  (4) 10        20        15        19        12        10          8 

Acros. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo 136,960 

San  Luis  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  coarse  gravelly  reddish-brown 
loam  from  18  inches  to  3  feet  deep,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  almost  pure 
gravel  and  sand, which  extends  to  indeterminate  depths.  Near  the  moun- 
tains the  surface  soil  is  shallower,  more  sticky,  and  the  gravel  larger  and 
more  waterworn.  Heavier  phases  of  the  soil  are  known  locally  as 
"adobe."  The  type  occupies  imperceptibly  sloping  plains,  the  surface 
of  which  is  broken  by  many  knolls  and  ridges  from  8  inches  to  not  more 
than  2  feet  in  height.  The  soil  is  a  lacustrine  deposit.  Near  the  moun- 
tains the  soil  is  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  The  lower  areas  are 
filled  with  alkali.  Nearly  all  the  cultivated  areas  are  sown  to  cereals 
and  pease.  It  is  well  adapted  to  these  crops  and  also  to  potatoes  and 
truck  crops. 


Soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.         219 

12          34567 

Soil  (3) 7        19         9        16       16       20       13 

Subsoil  (1) 2         5         1         6       27       52         6 

Acres. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo 196,992 

San  Luis  loam. — The  soil  is  a  plastic  and  sticky  reddish-brown  loam 
containing  some  gravel,  24  to  36  inches  deep,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of 
sand  or  sandy  loam,  beneath  which  occurs  sand  and  gravel.  The  sur- 
face is  level  and  uniform  and  well  adapted  to  irrigation.  The  soil  is  a 
lacustrine  deposit  formed  by  further  breaking  down  of  materials  of  San 
Luis  sandy  loam,  contains  more  or  less  alkali,  and  is  not  at  present  cul- 
tivated. When  irrigated  the  soil  produces  a  good  crop  of  wild  hay  and 
would  be  well  adapted  to  the  grain  crops.  ' 

1284         5         «         7 

Soil  (1) 1          7          7        23        16        12        34 

Acres. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo 9,088 

LAUREL   SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Laurel  series  occupy  low,  nearly  level  or  slightly  slop- 
ing stream  terraces  and  river  flood  plains,  of  more  elevated  slopes  adja- 
cent to  intermittent  streams  subject  to  flood.  They  consist  of  recent 
alluvial  sediments  deposited  from  the  turbid  flood  waters  of  wide,  shal- 
low, shifting  streams  traversing  elevated  valleys,  plains,  or  plateaus. 
The  soils  vary  in  color  from  light-gray  to  reddish-brown  or  black,  ac- 
cording to  position  and  the  quantity  of  organic  matter  present,  and 
are  often  poorly  drained  and  filled  with  alkali. 

Laurel  fine  sand. — The  soil  is  a  micaceous  fine  sand  of  light-gray  to 
reddish-brown  color  and  loose,  porous  structure.  It  is  from  1  to  6  feet 
or  more  in  depth  and  is  underlain  by  coarser  river  sands  and  gravels  or 
sometimes  by  heavier  alluvial  deposits.  The  type  frequently  occurs  in 
long,  narrow  IxKiies covering  river  flood  plains  and  lower  stream  terraces 
and  is  often  cut  by  sloughs,  stream  channels,  or  depressions  and  slight 
ridges,  and  is  subject  to  overflow.  It  consists  of  recent  stream  deposits 
and  generally  shows  considerable  variation  in  texture  and  structure. 
It  frequently  supports  a  considerable  growth  of  willows  and  cottonwood. 
The  soil  is  sometimes  used  for  alfalfa  and  truck  crops. 


220  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1        2        S        4        i        6        7 

Soil  (1) 0          1          4        64        23          5          3 

Subsoil  (1) 0         1         5        75        17         1         1 

Acres. 

Grand  Junction,  Colo 3,008 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo <»5,952 

Sarpy  County,  Nebr 5, 440 

Laurel  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  an  alluvial  sandy  loam  or  fine  sandy 
loam  2  to  6  feet  deep,  light-yellow  to  black  in  color,  and  is  underlain  by 
waterworn  gravel  and  sand.  The  surface  is  usually  level  and  is  marked 
by  sloughs,  old  river  channels,  and  swampy  areas  due  to  seepage  from 
irrigating  ditches.  Except  where  affected  by  alkali,  the  soil  is  excellent 
for  grain,  vegetables,  and  fruits. 

1          2         »         4         5         «          7 

Soil  (11) 1          6          7        23        25        25        13 

Subsoil  (5) 6        18        16       27        14        11         8 


Acres. 

Billings,  Mont 8,832 

Garden  City,  Kans 16, 000 


Acres. 

Greeley,  Colo 33,792 

Laramie,  Wyo 29, 440 


Grand  Junction,  Colo 3,072     San  Luis,  Colo 635,776 

Laurel  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  to  brown  fine  sandy 
loam  from  0  to  15  inches  in  depth,  resting  on  a  lighter  colored  material 
slightly  more  sandy  than  the  soil.  The  type  occupies  low,  flat  areas  bor- 
dering streams  and  is  purely  alluvial  in  origin.  It  is  not  subject  to  over- 
flow and  in  general  is  well  drained.  The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  corn 
and  alfalfa,  which  sometimes  suffer  from  drought,  owing  to  the  loose, 
porous  nature  of  the  soil. 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 0          1          3        36        32        18          9 

Subsoil  (3) 0         1         3       30       33       22        10 

Acres. 

Russell,  Kans c8,832 

Sarpy  County,  Nebr 5,760 

Laurel  loam, — The  soil  is  a  rather  heavy  dark-brown  or  dark -gray 
"loam  varying  considerably  in  texture.  The  color  usually  becomes 
lighter  as  the  depth  increases.  It  is  usually  underlain  by  waterworn 
gravel  or  sand  at  from  3  to  6  feet  and  is  frequently  interstratified  with 


a  Mapped  as  Fresno  fine  sand. 

&  Mapped  as  Rio  Grande  sandy  loam. 

t  Mapped  as  Lincoln  sandy  loam. 


Soil 8  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region.        221 

layers  of  sandy  loams  and  silt  loams  of  yellowish,  gray,  or  mottled 
colors.  The  soil  is  of  porous  structure,  readily  permeable  to  water  and 
sometimes  of  a  leachy  character.  The  type  occurs  in  long,  narrow 
strips  covering  stream  bottoms  or  lower  stream  terraces,  and  when 
well  drained  and  not  subject  to  destructive  overflow  is  adapted  to 
alfalfa,  sugar  beets,  grains,  etc. 

1284         5         fi         7 

Soil  (8) 0          2          3        10        22        41        21 

Subsoil  (6) 1          5          8        21        20        29        15 

Acres. 

Garden  City,  Kans 8,704 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo. .  o  37, 760 
Wichita,  Kans 645,568 

Laurel  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  sticky,  plastic  black  loam  contain- 
ing considerable  gravel,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  sand  and  gravel  which 
extends  to  undetermined  depths.  The  soil  contains  considerable 
organic  matter  and  is  found  along  small  streams  and  in  depressions. 
The  type  is  formed  partially  from  materials  brought  by  the  streams 
from  the  mountains  and  partially  by_  the  further  disintegration  of  the 
materials  forming  the  adjacent  soils.  The  soil  is  very  difficult  to  culti- 
vate. When  wet  it  is  a  sticky  mass  of  mud  and  when  dry  it  bakes 
similarly  to  the  adobes  of  the  Pacific  coast.  It  is  not  esteemed  a  very 
desirable  soil  for  grain  or  alfalfa  and  at  present  is  used  mainly  for 
pasturage.  The  drainage  is  rather  poor  and  would  be  difficult  to 
improve. 

1284687 

Soil  (4) 2          5          3          9        14        36        31 

Acres. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo «23, 104 

Laurel  loam  adobe.  -The  soil  consists  of  a  reddish-brown  or  choco- 
late-brown loam  of  rather  heavy  texture  and  usually  of  compact, 
refractory,  impervious  adobe  structure,  exhibit  ing  pronounced  puddling 
tendencies.  It  is  very  sticky  when  wet  and  bakes  and  checks  into 
cubical  blcK-ks  upon  exposure.  The  soil  often  contains  a  noticeable 
quantity  of  coarse  sand  and  fine  gravel  and  generally  extends  to  a 
depth  of  from  3  to  0  feet  or  more  and  is  underlain  by  sandy  loam, 


"  MapiMfl  as  Santiago  silt  loam. 
'•  Mu  p|  My  I  as  Arkansas  loam. 

•  M:I|I|PI-.|  us  Uio  (irandc  loam. 


222  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

sand,  aHd  gravel.  The  type  occurs  upon  lower  stream  terraces, 
river-bottom  lands,  and  along  the  trough  of  small  tributary  stream 
valleys.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  frequently  marked  by  willow 
or  other  tree  growth, and  is  cut  by  stream  channels.  It  consists  of  stream 
deposits  modified  by  weathering  and  wash  from  adjacent  heavy  soils, 
and  is  in  places  subject  to  overflow  or  to  injury  from  the  accumulation 
of  alkali  or  seepage  waters.  Where  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali 
it  is  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  grains,  sorghum,  alfalfa,  or 
sugar  beets. 

1834567 

Soil  (1) 3          r,         4        11        27        X)        17 

Subsoil  (1) 1         2         2         9        15       45       26 

Acres. 
Garden  City,  Kans "  1,472 

MISCELLANEOUS  SOILS  OF  THE  KOl'KY  MOUNTAIN  VALLEYS,  PLATEAUS, 
AND  PLAINS. 

Finney  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  medium  to  fine  sandy  loam  rang- 
ing in  depth  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  and  is  always  underlain 
by  a  silt  loam,  sometimes  quite  heavy  and  usually  extending  to  a 
great  depth.  The  type  is  formed  largely  of  wind-blown  sandy  material 
overlying  Plains  marl.  Since  the  deposition  of  the  sand  weathering 
has  produced  marked  effects  on  the  texture  of  the  soil,  which  contains 
a  good  percentage  of  clay  and  silt.  It  is  free  from  alkali,  but  the  sub- 
soil contains  considerable  lime.  The  surface  of  the  type  is  generally 
rolling,  especially  in  upland  areas.  It  has  good  drainage  and  by 
reason  of  the  heavy  subsoil  it  has  also  an  excellent  moisture-holding 
capacity.  Sorghum  and  alfalfa  are  the  crops  principally  grown. 
Much  of  this  type  is  used  for  grazing. 

1284567 

Soil  (3) 1          8        11        23        20        25        12 

Subsoil  (2) 0         1          1         6        19       53        20 

Acres. 
Garden  City,  Kans 6,272 

Fort  Collins  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  or  reddish-brown  to 
almost  black  loam  from  4  to  12  inches  in  depth  and  is  underlain  by  a 
layer  of  heavy  loam  from  1  to  4  feet  in  thickness,  beneath  which  the 
subsoil  grades  into  a  light  loam  similar  to  the  surface  soil  and  extending 


a  Mapped  as  Colorado  adobe. 


Soils  of  the  Arid  Southwest.  223 

to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more.  The  soil  becomes  very  sticky  when  wet, 
and  bakes  badly,  often  breaking  into  rough  cubical  blocks  upon  ex- 
posure after  puddling.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  though  occa- 
sionally slightly  rolling  or  undulating,  and  sometimes  pitted  by  erosion 
and  cut  by  small  intermittent  streams.  This  is  for  the  most  part  a 
residual  type  formed  by  the  weathering  in  place  of  clayey  or  shaly 
sandstones  and  sandy  shales.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  wheat,  oats, 
barley,  alfalfa,  sugar  beets,  potatoes,  and  apples. 

1234567 

Soil 1          2          2        14        29        33        19 

Acres. 
Greeley,  Colo 14,144 

Finney  clay. — The  soil  is  a  dark  tenacious  clay  from  2  to  6  feet  deep, 
overlying  a  silt  loam  or  Plains  marl  of  great  depth.  When  dry,  large 
cracks,  often  2  inches  or  more  in  width,  occur  in  the  soil.  The  type  is 
found  mostly  in  upland  prairies,  occupying  small  local  depressions 
known  as  "  buffalo  wallows,"  the  soil  being  formed  by  the  wash  from 
the  surrounding  higher  levels.  It  has  no  agricultural  value,  and  the 
areas  are  usually  covered  with  a  poor  quality  of  swamp  grass. 

1          2         3          4         5         0          7 

Soil  (1) 0          1          1          4        14        41        39 

Subsoil  (1) 0         1         0         1        14       59       2r> 

Acres. 
Garden  City,  Kans 2,240 

SOILS  OK   III!    ARID  SOITHWKST. 

The  soils  of  the  arid  Southwest  are  mainly  of  colluvial,  alluvial,  and 
lacustrine  origin,  modified  by  the  addition  of  recent  stream  sediments. 
They  occupy  mountain  foot  slopes,  alluvial  fans,  debris  aprons,  or 
sloping  plains  of  filled  valleys, sloping  or  nearly  level  plains.and  IxUtoms 
of  stream  valleys  or  sinks  and  drainage  basins.  The  principal  culluvial 
soils  of  this  region  are  also  common  to  the  Pacific  coast.  The  climate 
of  the  arid  Southwest  is  characterized  by  aemi tropical  desert  conditions, 
and  where  the  soils  are  not  capable  of  irrigation  tiiey  have  little  or  no 
present  agricultural  value. 

I  Mil '•    SERIES. 

The  Fndio  series  occurs  in  desert  valbys,  covering  sloping  valley  plains, 
u|)|)ri  valley  slopes  at  the  foot  of  mountain  ranges  and  mountain 


224  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

foot  slopes.  The  soils  are  derived  mainly  from  granitic  rocks,  mingled 
with  some  shale  and  sandstone  material,  and  are  formed  by  coliuvial 
and  alluvial  wash  from  intermittent  or  torrential  streams,  and  in  cer- 
tain cases  have  been  deposited  in  the  waters  and  modified  by  the 
shore  deposits  of  ancient  lakes  or  bays.  They  are  generally  of  light 
color  and  porous  structure,  usually  underlain  by  coarser  sands  and 
gravels,  and  their  surface  is  rough  and  hilly,  scarred  by  the  channels  of 
intermittent  streams,  or  drifted  by  winds. 

Indio  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  about  2  feet  deep, 
and  is  underlain  by  clay  to  a  depth  of  0  feet  or  more.  In  some  of  the 
areas  the  interstitial  material  becomes  quite  sandy.  The  gravel  con- 
sists of  agate,  quartz,  chert,  limestone,  granite,  obsidian,  and  indurated 
clay,  varying  in  size  from  1  inch  to  5  or  6  inches  in  diameter.  The  type 
represents  old  beach  lines  or  alluvial  cones.  In  the  lighter  phases  the 
soil  contains  little  alkali,  but  elsewhere  the  alkali  content  is  high.  The 
soil  is  subject  in  places  to  destructive  erosions  by  mountain  floods,  and 
much  of  it  lies  too  high  or  is  too  rough  for  cultivation.  When  irrigable 
and  not  too  alkaline  it  is  suitable  for  fruits  and  vegetables. 

i      a      a      4      r>       «      i 

Soil  (1) 2          8        12        39        13          7        16 

Subsoil  (1) 1         3         3        12         5       25        f,l 

Acres. 
Imperial,  Cal "43,328 

Indio  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  a  medium  to  rather  coarse  sand  c  f 
light-gray  color  and  loose,  porous  structure,  and  is  composed  of  slightlv 
rounded  quartz  particles,  mingled  with  micaceous  and  granitic  material. 
It  is  usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  is  underlain  by  coarser  material 
of  the  same  character.  The  type  occurs  upon  sloping  valley  plains  and 
covers  extensive  areas  of  the  higher  slopes  skirting  the  mountains.  The 
higher  bodies  are  formed  mainly  by  wash  from  the  adjacent  mountains, 
distributed  over  sloping  fans  and  debris  aprons  by  intermittent  streams. 
The  lower  lying  bodies  consist  of  old  beach  sands  mingled  with  and 
modified  by  alluvial  and  colluviul  mountain  wash.  The  more  ele- 
vated areas  are  generally  gravelly,  sometimes  strewn  with  bowlders,  and 
are  of  rough,  broken  outline.  The  soil  is  well  drained  and  free  from 
alkali,  but  generally  lies  above  the  limits  of  irrigation,  and  is  therefore 

of  no  agricultural  value. 

Acres. 
Indio,  Cal...  ..  *>50, 112 


a  Mapped  as  Imperial  gravelly  loam.  h  Mapped  as  Fresno  sand. 


Soils  of  the  Arid  Southwest.  225 

Indio  fine  sand. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  micaceous  sand,  usually  of 
•loose,  friable  structure  and  of  fine  sandy  texture,  but  sometimes  of  a 
rather  heavy,  loamy  nature.  It  is  from  3  to  6  feet  in  depth  and  is  un- 
derlain by  coarse  sand.  The  type  occurs  upon  lower  and  intermedi- 
ate uniformly  sloping  plains  formed  by  erosion  from  adjacent  mountains. 
The  surface  is  marked  by  minor  scoriations  and  wind-formed  ridges. 
With  the  exception  of  the  lower  lying  bodies  it  is  well  drained  and 
free  from  alkali  and  is  adapted  to  grains,  sweet  potatoes,  melons,  etc. 

1234507 

Soil  (5) 0          1          2        19        C5        25        18 

Subsoil  (2) 0         1          1        15       35       33        16 

Acres. 
Indio,  Cal   "30,032 

Indio  fine  sandy  loam. — This  is  a  fine  sandy  loam  subject  to  consid- 
erable variation  in  texture,  of  micaceous,  porous,  friable  structure  and 
of  slate  color.  It  is  from  2J  to  5  feet  in  depth  and  is  underlain  by  sandy 
loam  or  sand.  The  type  covers  extensive  areas  over  lower  valley  plains. 
It  was  probably  deposited  in  the  waters  of  an  ancien^,  bay  or  an  arm  of 
the  sea,  but  has  subsequently  suffered  considerable  modification  through 
the  erosive  and  distributing  forces  of  winds  and  intermittent  streams, 
the  surface  being  now  rather  rough  and  badly  wind  drifted.  The  soil 
possesses  marked  capillary  powers  and  the  lower  lying  bodies  are  often 
poorly  drained  and  filled  with  alkali. 

4        5  «  7 

24        40  19  14 

24        28  20  10 
Acres. 


OILA    SERIES. 

The  Gila  series  consists  of  recent  stream  deposits  derived  from  a  va- 
riety of  rocks  arid  occurs  over  river  flood  plains  and  lower  stream-formed 
terraces.  The  soils  of  this  series  are  generally  subject  to  overflow,  and 
are  often  eroded  or  modified  by  torrential  floods,  cut  by  stream  chan- 
nels, more  or  less  wind-drifted,  and  frequently  covered  with  dense 
thickets  of  willows,  cotton  woods,  mesquite,  canaigre,  or  other  small 


Soil  (4)             

1 

..  0 

t 

1 

8 
3 

Subsoil  (4)  

..  0 

1 

4 

Indio.  Cul... 

us  Krosiio  finr  sandy  loum. 
'•  Mup|N>d  us  Krt'siio  -.ni'ly  loum. 


226  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

timber  or  bushes.  They  are  of  light  to  dark  brown  color.  The,  soils  of 
this  series  are  sometimes  interstratified  with  minor  layers  of  heavier 
sediments  and  are  distinguished  from  those  of  the  Imperial  series  by 
being  underlain  at  varying  depths  by  coarse  river  sands  and  gravels. 

Gila  fine  sand. — This  is  a  rather  coarse,  porous,  incoherent  fine  sand  of 
yellowish  to  reddish-brown  color,  generally  from  3  to  6  feet  or  more  in 
depth,  underlain  by  coarser  river  sands  and  gravels  or  bowlders.  The 
type  lies  along  rivers,  by  which  its  materials  have  been  transported.  The 
soil  lias  been  blown  about  by  the  winds  and  the  surface  is  generally 
covered  with  dunes.  The  characteristic  vegetation  consists  of  mesquite, 
willow,  canaigre,  yucca,  and  cottonwood.  The  soil  is  often  calcareous 
and  frequently  contains  small  quantities  of  alkali,  although  not  enough 
to  injure  plants.  It  is  generally  well  drained  and  is  adapted  to  truck, 
fruit,  melons,  potatoes,  root  crops,  and  sometimes  alfalfa. 

1         "2         ii        4         5         «          7 

Soil  (5) 0          1          5        48        30        11          4 

Acres. 

Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex "2,810 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz a  13, 960 

Yuma,  Ariz *>  14, 272 

Gila  fine  sandy  loain.c — The  soil  is  a  loose,  friable,  porous  fine  sandy 
loam  of  light-gray  to  reddish-brown  color,  from  3  to  6  feet  or  more  in 
depth,  and  is  underlain  by  coarser  sands  and  gravels.  Layers  of  heavier 
sediments  sometimes  appear  in  the  subsoil.  The  type  occurs  as  long 
and  narrow  to  broader  bodies  covering  lower  valley  plains  and  stream 
bottoms.  The  surface  is  frequently  wind  blown,  cut  by  stream  chan- 
nels, and  covered  with  brush  or  timber  growth.  The  soil  possesses  high 
capillary  power,  and  is  usually  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  except 
upon  lower  lying  bodies  subject  to  stream  overflow  or  seepage  from 
higher  elevations.  It  is  generally  adapted  to  alfalfa,  truck,  and  fruit 

crops. 

1234567 

Soil  (8) 0         0         0         5       32        49        10 

Subsoil  (3) 0         0         1        23       26       33        17 

Acres. 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 18, 578 

*  Solomonsville,  Ariz "6,720 

Yuma,  Ariz.-Cal d  IS,  496 


a  Mapped  as  Pecos  sand.  «See  also  Gila  loam,  p.  227. 

fc  Mapped  as  Imperial  sand.  d  Mapped  as  Imperial  sandy  loam. 


»      Soils  of  the  Arid  Southwest.  227 

Gila  loam. — This  is  a  loam  approaching  in  texture  a  fine  to  very 
fine  sandy  loam.  The  soil  is  from  3  to  20  feet  deep,  and  is  nearly 
always  underlain  by  a  coarser  sand  or  by  river  gravel.  In  some  in- 
stances areas  of  shallow  soil  have  a  stratum  of  heavier  material  between 
the  surface  covering  of  fine  sandy  loam  and  the  underlying  sand.  It 
is  a  valley  or  bottom  typo  occurring  usually  as  long,  narrow  bodies 
adjacent  to  streams.  The  sandy  subsoil  insures  good  drainage  where 
there  is  an  outlet  for  the  ground  water.  The  surface  is  level  or  slightly 
ridged  by  wind  drifting  and  stream  erosion,  and  the  soil  is  composed  of 
sediments  deposited  by  annual  flood  waters.  Some  areas  of  this  soil 
contain  small  quantities  of  alkali.  It  is  a  good  soil  for  all  crops  suit- 
able to  the  climate,  especially  for  alfalfa. 

1284567 

Soil  (4) 0         0         0         5        34       48        12 

Subsoil  (1) 0         2         2        19        31        33        11 

Acres. 

Solomonsville,  Ariz 09,000 

Yuma,  Ariz 638,848 

Imperial,  Cai "30,784 

Oila  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  gray  to  brown  silt  loam  containing  con- 
siderable clay,  from  12  to  ,30  inches  deep,  and  usually  underlain  by 
sand,  but  in  rare  instances  by  loam  or  clay.  It  is  a  valley  or  bottom 
type  occupying  low  places  such  as  the  beds  of  former  river  channels, 
flood  plains,  or  drainage  depressions.  The  soil  is  composed  of  sedi- 
ments deposited  by  overflow  waters.  It  is  often  subject  to  overflow, 
and  sometimes  poorly  drained  and  filled  with  alkali.  It  is  a  rich  soil, 
easily  cultivated,  and  is  adapted  to  a  variety  of  crops  suitable  to  the 
climate. 

1884         5         6         7 

Soil  (7) 0         0          0          2          8        01        28 

Subsoil  (2) 0          2        12'     55        23          0          2 

Acres. 
Yuma,  Ariz.'. <-12,G72 


n  Mapped  as  Oila  fine  sandy  loam. 

fc  Mapped  as  Oila  fine  sandy  loam  in  survey  of  1902.  Mapped  as  Imperial  fine 
sandy  loam  in  survey  of  1904. 

'Mapped  as  Santiago  silt  loam  in  survey  of  1902.  Mapped  as  Imperial  silt 
loam  in  survey  of  1904. 


228  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Gila  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  sticky  plastic  clay  loam  of  chocolate- 
brown  color,  containing  considerable  organic  matter.  It  is  from  3  to  6 
feet  or  more  in  depth,  and  is  generally  underlain  by  sand,  but  some- 
times by  minor  strata  of  heavy  sediments,  which  are  in  turn  underlain 
by  sands.  It  is  an  extensive  type  of  wide  distribution.  The  surface  is 
generally  nearly  level  and  above  present  stream  overflow.  The  soil  is 
fairly  well  drained,  but  is  frequently  filled  with  alkali. 

1234507 

Soil  (5) 0         0         1         5        14       47       33 

Subsoil  (2) 0         0         0         1         0       CO       33 

Acres. 
Yuma,  Ariz.-Cal a 24,384 

Gila  clay,  b — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown  to  black  sticky  plastic  clay  of 
compact  adobelike  structure,  puddling  readily  and  checking  upon 
exposure.  It  is  from  1  to  3  feet  in  depth  and  is  underlain  by  sandy 
loam,  fine  sand,  or  fine  sandy  loam.  The  type  usually  occurs  as  bodies 
of  level  surface,  often  of  small  extent,  covering  flood-plain  depressions, 
slough  and  lagoon  bottoms,  and  stream  beds.  It  is  generally  subject 
to  overflow,  and  frequently  poorly  drained  and  filled  with  alkali.  In 
the  Salt  River  Valley  it  is  probably  formed  largely  from  sediments  of 
prehistoric  irrigation  with  muddy  water. 

1234567 

Soil  (6) 0         1         2         7       21        33       31 

Subsoil  (4) 0          0          1        29        29        19        18 

Acres. 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 13,655 

Yuma,  Ariz.-Cal 4,096 

IMPERIAL   SERIES. 

The  Imperial  series  consists  of  old  marine  or  lacustrine  sediment's 
more  or  less  covered  or  modified  by  subsequent  river  overflow  deposits. 
The  soil  types  of  this  series  are  derived  from  a  variety  of  rocks  and 
usually  occur  as  extensive  bodies  covering  low,  level,  or  slightly  sloping 
valley  floors.  Unlike  the  soils  of  the  Gila  series  they  are  underlain  to 
great  depths  by  heavy  sediments  of  close  and  more  or  less  impervious 
nature.  The  surface  is  sometimes  marked  by  bluff  or  shore  lines, 
slough  or  other  stream  channels,  and  is  usually  considerably  modified 


<»  Mapped  as  Imperial  loam.  >>  Mapped  as  Salt  River  adobe. 


Soils  of  the  Arid  Southwest.  229 

• 

by  wind  drifting.  The  soils  are  generally  of  light  or  reddish  color,  and 
in  the  heavier  members  are  frequently  poorly  drained  and  filled  with 
alkali. 

Imperial  sand. a — The  soil  consists  of  medium  to  rather  fine  sand 
about  5  feet  deep  and  is  generally  underlain  by  loam  or  clay.  The 
soil  is  generally  well  drained  and  free  from  harmful  quantities  of  alkali, 
but  the  loam  or  clay  subsoil  contains  alkali  in  excess,  which  will  rise  to 
the  surface  should  excessive  irrigation  be  practiced.  The  soil  is 
adapted  to  any  of  the  crops  suited  to  the  climate. 

128456         7 

Soil  (1) 0     '   18        22        34        24          02 

Subsoil  (1) 0         0         1        55       32         5         8 

Acres. 
Imperial,  Cal 1,792 

Imperial  sandy  loam.'' — The  soil  is  a  fine-grained  sandy  loam  3 
feet  deep  and  is  underlain  by  clay  or  loam.  The  type  has  been  formed  of 
the  coarsest  sediments  carried  by  the  Colorado  River.  The  surface  is 
irregular  and  covered  with  dunes.  Where  free  from  excessive  alkali  the 
soil  is  adapted  to  any  crop  suited  to  the  southern  arid  regions. 

1         2        8        4        5         0        7 

Soil  (4) 0         0         0        12       30        36       22 

Subsoil  (4) 0          0          0          8        22        45        20 

Acres. 
Imperial,  Cal 126,656 

Imperial  clay  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  fine-grained  sticky  clay 
loam  with  an  average  depth  of  5  feet,  and  is  underlain  by  clay  or  clay 
loam.  The  soil  is  very  productive,  but  frequently  contains  an  excess  of 
alkali  salts.  Drainage  of  this  soil  is  costly  and  difficult  on  account  of  its 
close  structure.  When  free  from  alkali  it  is  adapted  to  most  of  the  crops 
suited  to  the  climate,  but  as  it  is  likely  to  pack,  annual  or  cultivated 

crops  will  prove  most  profiable. 

Acres. 
Imperial,  Cal . . .' «341 ,056 

Imperial  clay. — This  is  a  heavy  clay  soil  with  a  depth  of  6  feet  or 
more.  The  surface  is  usually  level,  though  in  places  small  dunes  are 
seen.  It  is  derived  from  deposition  of  the  finest  river  sediment.  When 


a  See  also  (iilu  fine  sand,  p.  220. 

«>  So«>  also  (lila  fine  sandy  I  on  in,  p.226. 

••  Mapped  u.s  Imperial  loam. 


230  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

dry  and  in  its  natural  state,  it  exists  in  hard  cakes  and  lumps.  In  dry- 
ing after  irrigation  the  soil  becomes  very  hard  and  cracks  intersect  the 
surface  in  all  directions.  It  is  difficult  to  till  and  is  often  filled  with 
alkali  and  is  but  little  cultivated.  It  is  best  adapted  to  the  production 
of  sorghum  and  millet. 

12          34507 

Soil  (9) 0          0          0          3        10        35        50 

Subsoil  (9) 0         0         0         5         5       35       50 

Acres. 

Imperial,  Cal 33,792 

Indio,  Cal 13,120 

MISCELLANEOUS  SOILS  OF  THE  AKIft  SOUTHWEST. 

Pecos  conglomerate. — This  is  a  sandy  loam  to  a  depth  of  2  feet  con- 
taining a  high  percentage  of  rounded  gravel,  resting  upon  conglomerate 
or  gravel  beds.  The  type  occupies  bench  lands  and  bluffs.  The  soil  is 
derived  from  disintegration  of  conglomerate  beds,  is  well  drained  and 
free  from  alkali  salts,  and  readily  transmits  seepage  waters.  It  is  not 
adapted  to  agriculture  at  present. 

1          234          567 

Soil  (2) 0          1          2        13        43        19        18 

Acres. 
Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex 11,680 

Yuma  sand. — The  soil  is  a  rather  compact,  coarse  to  medium  or  fine 
sand  containing  sufficient  finer  material  to  give  it  a  slightly  loamy  char- 
acter. When  dry  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  sand,  but  upon  irrigation  it 
becomes  almost  a  sandy  loam.  It  is  underlain  at  a  depth  of  from  2  to  6 
feet  by  a  succession  of  layers  in  which  the  soil  particles  are  slightly  ce- 
mented, the  binding  material  being  calcium  carbonate,  nodules  of  which 
are  also  found  in  the  subsoil.  The  subsoil  to  a  great  depth  is  of  the 
same  sandy  nature  as  the  surface.  This  soil  is  found  on  mesa  lands  and 
is  generally  level,  smooth,  and  well  drained,  but  where  the  texture  is 
finer  small  dunes  may  be  found.  Nearly  all  of  this  mesa  soil  contains 
some  alkali,  but  not  usually  in  harmful  quantities.  It  is  adapted  to  cit- 
rus fruits,  figs,  grapes,  garden  vegetables,  melons,  etc. 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 1          7        10        55        16          2          3 

Acres. 
Yuma  area,  Ariz 94,400 


Soils  of  the  Arid  Southwest.  231 

Pecos  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  fine-grained  gray  sandy  loam  30 
inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  gray  light  loam,  slightly  heavier  than  the 
soil.  The  type  occupies  high,  level  valley  land,  is  derived  from  lacus- 
trine deposits,  and  is  well  drained  and  generally  free  from  alkali.  This  is 
recognized  as  the  best  general  farming  land  of  the  localities  in  which  it 

occurs. 

1          2          S         4         5         6         7 

Soil  (7) 0          0          2        11        42        25        18 

Acres. 

Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex 24,770 

Roswoll,  N.  Mex 11,540 

Roswell  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  gray  fine  sandy  loam 
about  12  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  light  loam  underlain  by  clay  at 
a  depth  of  5  feet.  The  type  occupies  level  second-bottom  land  derived 
from  lacustrine  deposits,  is  poorly  drained,  and  often  contains  alkali. 
Where  drained  and  free  from  alkali  it  is  considered  a  good  farming  soil. 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 0          0          1        15        32        24        16 

Acres. 
Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex a  9, 090 

Roswell  loam. — The  type  consists  of  a  loam  about  4  feet  deep,  under- 
lain by  a  clay  loam  and  clay.  It  is  formed  of  old  lacustrine  deposits  occur- 
ring upon  low,  level  bench  land.  The  soil  is  naturally  poorly  drained 
and  contains  alkali,  but  when  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali  it  is 
recognized  as  well  adapted  to  general  farm  crops. 

Acres. 
Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex 2, 730 

Glendale  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  6  feet  or  more  in  depth, 
of  fine  texture,  eroding  vertically,  and  of  compact,  adobclike  structure. 
The  typo  occupies  the  level  plain  forming  a  low  divide  between  Salt 
River  and  Agua  Fria  River,  Arizona,  and  has  been  formed  by  wash  from 
Cave  Creek.  The  soil  is  generally  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  It 
is  adapted  to  grain  and  alfalfa,  and  the  lighter  phases  to  fruit. 

1        8        S        4       6        6        7 

Soil  (7) 0          1          2          ft        21        42        23 

Subsoil  (2) : 0          2          2          8        34        39        12 

Acres. 
Salt  Itiver  Valley.  Ariz &ft2,040 


Mapped  a*  Roswell  sandy  loam.  6  Mapped  as  Glendale  loess. 


232  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

SOILS  OF  THK  PACIFIC  COAST. 

The  soils  of  the  Pacific  coast,  including  those  of  the  coastal  and  inte- 
rior mountain  ranges,  foothills,  and  valleys,  have  been  classified  into  a 
number  of  series  varying  in  field  characteristics,  topography,  origin  and 
mode  of  formation,  and  agricultural  importance.  They  range  from 
residual  and  colluvial  soils  of  the  mountain  sides,  foot  slopes  and  foot- 
hills, to  deep  and  extensive  river  flood  plain  and  delta  sediments, 
and  ancient  and  modern  shore  and  marine  and  lacustrine  deposits. 
While  some  of  these  series  are  confined  to  a  single  coastal  or  interior 
mountain  range  or  valley,  others  are  of  wider  range  and  extend  over 
several  different  physiographic  regions.  The  value  of  these  soils  and 
their  adaptation  to  crops  is  dependent  largely  upon  the  possibilities  of 
irrigation  and  upon  local  climatic  conditions  of  rainfall  and  temperature, 
all  of  which  are  to  a  great  extent  dependent  upon  topography.  They 
range  in  agricultural  importance  from  those  devoted  only  to  extensive 
grain  farming  to"  the  most  valuable  and  intensively  cultivated  lands 
devoted  to  citrus  and  deciduous  fruits,  vines,  small  fruits,  and, other 
special  crops. 

SIERRA    SERIES. 

These  are  residual  soils  derived  from  weathering  in  place  of  granit'c 
rocks,  diabase,  and  more  or  less  altered  rocks,  such  as  amphibolites, 
slates,  serpentine,  and  volcanic  materials,  with  a  slight  admixture  of 
colluvial  and  alluvial  material  from  the  same  sources.  They  are  pre- 
vailingly of  light-red  to  deep-red  color,  and  generally  of  somewhat  com- 
pact structure.  They  are  underlain  by  parent  rocks  sometimes  sepa- 
rated from  the  overlying  soil  by  a  thin  stratum  of  adobelike  material. 
The  soils  are  frequently  very  shallow  and  marked  by  abundant  rock 
outcrops,  bowlders,  and  rough,  rocky  areas  unsuitable  for  agriculture. 
The  soils  of  this  series  occupy  rolling  and  frequently  mountainous  dis- 
tricts and  foothills,  usually  support  a  more  or  less  heavy  growth  of 
brush  and  forest  trees,  and  are  generally  well  drained.  This  series  cov- 
ers large  areas  of  valuable  fruit  and  grazing  lands  along  the  western 
slope  and  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  California. 

Sierra  stony  loam. — This  type  is  derived  from  volcanic  andesitic 
breccias  and  mud  flows.  The  soil  is  a  heavy  loam  of  smooth  silty  tex- 
ture and  compact  structure,  frequently  gravelly,  generally  dark  in  color 
at  the  surface,  but  sometimes  grading  into  light  red  below.  The  soil  is 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  233 

from  6  to  30  inch.es  deep,  and  'M,  underlain  by  volcanic  muds  and  brec- 
cias. The  type  generally  occupies  flat-topped  ridges  or  elevated,  nearly 
level  table-lands.  The  surface  is  generally  strewn  with  rounded  ande- 
sitic  cobbles  and  bowlders.  The  type  sometimes  supports  a  sparse 
growth  of  brush  or  timber,  but  is  usually  treeless.  It  is  frequently 
poorly  drained  in  local  depressions.  The  soil  is  usually  shallow  and 
unproductive,  and  is  ur>ed  for  grazing  purposes. 

1284567 

Soil  (3) 5          9          5        15        11        32        23 

Subsoil  (1) 10       30         9        18         4        19       20 

Acres. 
Sacramento,  Cal 30:080 

Sierra  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  coarse  sandy  loam  of  granitic  origin 
marked  by  the  presence  of  a  large  proportion  of  light-colored  angular 
rock  particles  of  the  size  of  fine  gravel.  It  is  generally  plastic  when  wet 
and  has  a  somewhat  compact  structure,  but  is  friable  under  cultivation. 
The  color  of  the  soil  is  light  red  or  reddish  gray.  The  soil  is  generally 
underlain  at  a  depth  of  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  by  a  thin  zone  of 
dark-red  adolx;  similar  in  texture  to  the  overlying  soil  and  grading  into 
underlying  parent  granitic  rock.  The  type  occupies  rolling  foothills 
and  sometimes  precipitous  mountain  slopes  and  is  frequently  marked  by 
rounded  masses  of  the  outcropping  rock.  The  areas  of  this  type 
are  generally  well  drained,  except  for  occasional  small  local  spots.  The 
type  is  well  adapted  to  citrus  fruits,  peaches,  cherries,  plums,  small 

fruits,  and  grapes. 

1          2         S         4         a         0          7 

Soil  (2) 13        24        10        18          7        ['>        13 

Subsoil  (2) 12       22        10        16         7        14        19 

Acres. 
Sacramento,  Cal 64, 448 

Sierra  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  bright  to  dark  red  clay  loam  of  fine, 
smooth,  silky  texture,  sticky  and  plastic  when  wet  and  slightly  given  to 
puddling,  but  is  generally  friable  under  cultivation.  The  soil  varies  in 
depth  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet,  the  average  depth  In'ing  about 
W>  inches.  It  is  frequently  gravelly,  the  gravel  consisting  of  rather  fine 
flat  or  angular  rock  fragments  and  chips.  The  type  is  derived  chiefly 
from  the  weathering  of  diabase,  limestone,  and  amphibolites,  which 
underlie  the  soil.  It  covers  extensive  areas  of  foothill  slopes  and  is  fre- 
quently precipitous  and  marked  by  rock  outcrop  and  mountainous 


234  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

topography.  The  type  is  often  quite  heavily  timbered.  Drainage  is 
generally  good,  although  in  local  depressions  occurring  along  ravines  the 
soil  is  frequently  cold  and  wet.  The  type  is  devoted  to  grazing  and 
growing  hay  and  grains.  In  favorable  locations  it  is  well  adapted  to 
peaches,  cherries,  and  other  deciduous  and  small  fruits. 

1          '>         S         4         5         «         7 

Soil  (2) "...  2          6          4          9          S        47        24 

Subsoil  (2) 3         9         4        10         6       43       25 

Acres. 
Sacramento,  Cal 128, 183 

Sierra  sandy  adobe. — The  soil  is  a  red  adobe  of  compact,  close  struc- 
ture, tenacious  when  wet  and  checking  upon  exposure.  It  is  subject  to 
much  variation  in  depth  and  is  underlain  by  disintegrating  granite. 
Tin's  type  is  similar  in  origin,  texture,  topography,  drainage  features, 
etc.,  to  the  Sierra  sandy  loam.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  dry  farming  to 
grain  along  lower  and  less  pronounced  slopes  and  is  excellent  for  fruits 
when  irrigated. 

1884567 
Soil  (11) 3          3          7        25        31        20          9 

Acres. 
Fresno  Cal 113,376 

Sierra  loam  adobe. — The  soil  is  a  dark-red  heavy  loam  of  close,  com- 
pact adobe  structure,  very  sticky  when  wet,  readily  puddled,  and  check- 
ing upon  exposure.  The  soil  varies  in  depth  from  only  a  few  inches  to 
several  feet,  the  adobe  structure  being  more  pronounced  in  the  lower 
depths.  The  type  owes  its  origin  generally  to  the  weathering  of  gabbro- 
diorite  rock,  which  underlies  the  soil  and  frequently  outcrops  in  angular, 
rugged  ledges  over  extensive  areas.  It  usually  occurs  on  high,  rugged 
hills  and  intervening  valleys  and  is  frequently  covered  with  a  dense 
growth  of  brush  or  small  timber.  In  favorably  located  areas  where  the 
soil  i?  deep  it  posse'sses  well-developed  moisture-retaining  properties 
and  is  adapted  to  grains,  hay,  and  grapes  with  or  without  irrigation. 


1 

2 

S 

4         6 

6 

7 

Soil  (2) 

.  6 

14 

7 

16        11 

25 

21 

Subsoil  (2) 

6 

15 

7 

15          9 

24 

24 

Acres. 

Sacramento,  Cal.  .  . 

610,944 

«  Mapped  as  Sierra  adobe.  6  Mapped  as  Sierra  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  235 

MARICOPA    SERIES. 

The  Maricopa  series  consists  of  unassorted  colluvial  and  only  partially 
assorted  alluvial  material  formed  by  soil  creep  and  direct  washing  from 
the  mountain  sides  and  by  the  deposits  of  intermittent,  shifting,  torren- 
tial streams.  The  soils  of  this  series  are  derived  from  a  variety  of  rocks, 
but  generally  from  those  of  granitic  and  volcanic  character.  They 
occupy  mountain-foot  slopes,  delta  cones  or  fans,  d4bris  aprons,  and 
sloping  plains  of  filled  valleys  and  also  occur  in  stream  valleys  as  the 
product  of  a  series  of  minor  secondary  fans  or  cones  emerging  from 
adjacent  more  elevated  slopes  or  mesa  lands.  They  are  generally  tree- 
less and  support  only  a  desert  vegetation,  except  when  irrigated,  are 
frequently  cut  by  arroyos,  and  the  lighter  members  are  usually  gravelly 
and  often  strewn  with  bowlders.  These  soil  bodies  vary  from  small 
areas  of  irregular  outline  to  broad,  extensive,  uniform  sheets.  The  soils 
are  generally  of  dark  color  and  loose,  porous  structure.  They  are  gen- 
erally well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  and  where  capable  of  irrigation 
are  generally  well  adapted  to  fruits,  vines,  and  general  farm  crops. 

Maricopa  gravelly  sand. — This  soil  consists  of  a  rather  ligljt  to  dark- 
gray  sand  of  medium  to  fine  texture,  usually  carrying  an  appreciable 
quantity  of  coarse,  sharp  particles.  It  is  generally  6  feet  or  more  in 
depth.  In  its  virgin  condition  the  soil  is  often  of  a  somewhat  com- 
pact structure,  but  under  cultivation  it  becomes  of  a  loose  and  permea- 
ble character  and  washes  readily  under  irrigation.  The  soil  carries  a 
large  quantity  of  fine  or  small  gravel  of  angular  .or  subangular  outline, 
usually  occurring  as  fine  angular  granitic  chips.  This  soil -frequently 
packs  firmly  in  roads  and  forms  a  natural  macadamized  surface.  The 
type  is  formed  largely  of  unassorted  colluvial  granitic  material  distril>- 
uted  by  torrential  and  intermittent  mountain  streams  as  broad,  gently  to 
abruptly  sloping  fans  and  de'bris  aprons.  The  soil  is  generally  well 
drained  and  free  irom  alkali  and  when  favorably  situated  for  irrigation 
is  well  adapted  to  vine,  citrus,  and  deciduous  fruits.  It  is  sometimes 
adapted  to  the  production  of  vines  and  grains  without  irrigation. 

189        I        :>        «        7 

Soil  (4) 14        14        10        24        17        14          (» 

Acres. 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  C'ul « 7, (XX) 

San  Bcrnunlino.  Cjil 157 ,0.% 

San  r.abriel.  ('ill ...  . .  »  30.230 


"  M;i  |>|»'<|  us  Solcduil  Kriivclly  s.-unl. 
6  Mup|M><l  us  Sun  Unlirii'1  Kruvclly  suiul. 


236  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam. a — The  soil  of  the  Marioopa  gravelly  loam 
consists  of  a  light-brown  to  dark-brown,  almost  black  sandy  loam, 
grading  in  texture  from  coarse  to  rather  fine,  and  is  gei.erally  6  feet  or 
more  in  depth.  It  is  usually  of  loose,  porous,  permeable,  and  some- 
what leachy  structure,  although  over  limited  areas  it  sometimes  assumes 
a  somewhat  compact  structure  in  its  virgin  condition.  It  carries  a 
considerable  quantity  of  fine,  subangular,  or  waterworn  gravel,  and 
when  less  than  6  feet  in  depth  is  underlain  by  sands  and  gravel  or  cob- 
bles, sometimes  cemented  by  lime  into  a  hardpan.  The  type  gener- 
ally occurs  as  extensive  soil  bodies  covering  mountain  foot  slopes,  roll- 
ing foothills,  and  broad,  abrupt  to  gently  sloping  debris  aprons  and 
fan-shaped  plains  consisting  of  colluvial  and  partially  assorted  allu- 
vial wash  and  material  distributed  by  torrential  streams.  It  some- 
times occurs  as  narrow  bodies  following  the  courses  of  minor  intermit- 
tent streams.  The  surface  is  sometimes  irregular  and  is  often  cut  by 
arrovos  and  strewn  with  angular  or  rounded  bowlders.  It  is  derived 
mainly  from  rocks  of  granitic  character  and  is  well  drained  and  free 
from  alkali.  Owing  to  its  elevated  position  and  its  irregularities  of 
surface,  it  is  often  incapable  of  irrigation  and  is  devoted  only  to  grazing 
or  is  dry-farmed  to  grains  or  vines.  In  California  extensive  areas  are 
irrigated  and  produce  heavy  yields  of  grains,  grapes,  and  citrus  and 

stone  fruits. 

1          '2          «         4         r,         «          7 
Soil  (9) 11        12          9        18        21        IS          8 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Lower  (Salinas  Valley,  Cal &  9,570   San  Gabriel,  Gal d  15,300 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 51 ,066  San  Jose,  Cal 6 7,010 

San  Bernardino,  Cal «10,304  Ventura,  Cal <*4,310 

Maricopa  sand. « — The  soil  consists  of  a  light-gray  to  reddish-gray 
sand  of  medium  texture,  usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  carrying  con- 
siderable coarse,  sharp  sandy  particles,  and  sometimes  marked  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  soil  section  by  partially  stratified  layers  of  fine  sands 
and  loams.  The  soil  is  of  a  loose,  porous  structure  and  usually  carries 
more  or  less  rounded  or  partially  rounded  grave],  the  fragments  grad- 
ing in  size  from  pebbles  to  cobbles'.  The  type  consists  of  colluvial  and 

o  See  also  Bingham  gravelly  loam,  p.  186;  Bridger  gravelly  loam,  p.  1%;  Mari- 
copa fine  sandy  loam,  p.  238;  Maricopii  loam,  p.  238. 
h  Mapped  as  Arroyo  Seco  sandy  loam. 
c  Mapped  as  Maricopa  sandy  loam, 
d  Mapped  as  San  Gabriel  gravelly  loam. 
t  See  also  Colorado  sand,  p.  209. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  237 

partially  assorted  alluvial  material  distributed  by  intermittent  streams 
and  occurring  as  small,  narrow  bodies  extending  along  the  course  of 
arroyos,  or  as  broader  sheets  covering  mountain  de"bris  aprons  or 
smaller  secondary  fans,  or  as  fan-shaped  plains  bordering  bluff  lines 
and  mesa  lands.  The  surface  is  usually  gently  sloping,  but  is  some- 
times broken  or  hilly,  slightly  wind-drifted,  or  traversed  by  intermit- 
tent stream  channels  or  arroyos.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  fruits,  vines, 
and  general  farm  crops  when  favorably  situated  for  irrigation. 

1234          5          I!          7 

Soil  (3) 3        10        15        29        20        18          7 

Subsoil  (1) 1         7        10       35        19       21          7 

Acres. 

Solomonsvillo,  Ariz 17,728 

Ventura,  Cal "  0,430 

Yuma,  Ariz.-Cal 6 4,160 

Maricopa  sandy  loam,  c — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  to  reddish-brown 
sandy  loam  of  medium  to  rather  fine  texture,  usually  G  feet  or  more  in 
depth,  generally  carrying  an  appreciable  quantity  of  coarse,  sharp  sand 
particles,  and  underlain  by  compact  sandy  loam  of  adobelike  structure, 
or  marked  in  the  lower  depths  by  layers  of  sands,  sandy  loams,  or  silt 
loam.  It  is  sometimes  of  compact  structure,  but  is  loose  and  friable 
under  cultivation.  The  type  consists  of  colluvial  and  partially  assorted 
alluvial  material  covering  mountain  foot  slopes,  sloping  plains,  debris 
aprons,  and  sloping  valley  plains  formed  by  wash  from  minor  secondary 
fan  deltas.  The  soil  is  usually  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  and 
under  irrigation  is  generally  adapted  to  fruits  and  general  farm  and 
truck  crops. 

1234567 

Soil  (6) 0        13          9        21        18        20        13 

Subsoil  (3) 6        11          7        19        15        27        15 

Acros. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 13,888 

San  Bernardino,  Cal <*23,424 

Solomonsvillo.  Ariz 10,308 


«  Mapped  as  Fresno  sand,  gravelly  phase. 
'•  Mapped  as  Fresno  gravelly  sand. 

r  S«>  also  Hridger  loam,  p.  197;  Colorado  sandy  loam,  p.  210;  Marieopa  lint 
sandy  loam,  p.  238;  Maricopa  gravelly  loam,  p.  236. 
''  Mapped  as  San  Gabriel  sandy  loam. 


238  Soil  Surrey  Field  Bool'. 

Maricopa  fine  sandy  loam.— The  soil  is  a  light-brown  to  dark-brown 
fine  sandy  loam,  from  3  to  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  usually  containing 
considerable  waterworn  gravel  varying  in  size  from  small  pebbles  to 
cobbles.  The  soil  is  generally  of  loose,  porous  structure,  and  is  under- 
lain by  sands  and  rounded  gravels,  sometimes  cemented  into  a  calcare- 
ous hardpan.  The  type  consists  of  torrential  stream  deposits  occur- 
ring upon  mountain  foot  slopes,  mesa  lands,  and  upper  valley  plains, 
and  is  frequently  more  or  less  modified  by  subsequent  weathering  and 
the  addition  of  alluvial  wash.  The  soil  is  well  drained,  free  from  alkali, 
and  adapted  under  irrigation  to  alfalfa,  grains,  and  citrus,  deciduous, 
and  small  fruits. 

1          2          !i         4          5         (i         7 

Soil  (10) 3          6          8         10        32        20        13 

Subsoil  (2) 5        11         8       25       20        19        12 

Acres. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal a5,952 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz b  10G,900 

Maricopa  loam,  c — The  soil  is  a  chocolate-brown  or  dark-brown  loam 
generally  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  of  rather  compact  structure,  sticky 
when  wet.  and  somewhat  given  to  puddling  and  baking,  and  is  under- 
lain by  heavier  loams  of  compact  adobe  structure  or  by  gravelly  lime 
hardpan.  It  usually,  but  not  always,  carries  considerable  rather  fine 
angular  or  partially  worn  gravel.  The  type  usually  occurs  as  exten- 
sive soil  bodies  covering  mesa  lands,  the  lower  margins  of  colluvial 
mountain  foot  slopes,  or  lower  sloping  valley  plains,  over  which  it  has 
been  distributed  by  intermittent  streams  traversing  secondary  fans. 
The  surface  of  the  higher  areas  is  often  marked  by  domelike  elevations, 
bluffs,  or  terrace  lines  thickly  strewn  with  cobbles  and  gravel  or  deeply 
cut  by  torrential  stream  channels.  The  lower  lying  areas  are  some- 
times poorly  drained  and  filbd  with  alkali.  Where  capable  of  irriga- 
tion the  soil  is  adapted  to  fruits  and  general  farm  crops. 

1234507 

Soil  (4) 2          4          5        10        19        27        28 

Subsoil  (3) 1         3         5        15       24        26       22 

Acres. 

Salt  Rh'er  Valley,  Ariz 20,650 

Solomonsville,  Ariz. . .  ...OJ2.864 


a  Mapped  as  Maricopa  gravelly  loam. 
6  Mapped  as  Maricopa  sandy  loam. 
cSee  also  Fresno  loam.  p.  256. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  23!) 

Maricopa  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  heavy  brownish  silt  loam  with  a 
depth  of  6  feet  or  more.  The  soil  has  an  exceedingly  fine  texture, 
crumbling  to  an  impalpable  powder  when  dry,  but  bocoming  very 
sticky  when  wet.  It  is  easily  puddled,  bakes  upon  exposure  to  the 
sun,  and  somewhat  resembles  an  adobe  in  physical  characteristics. 
It  erodes  into  vertical  walls,  washes,  and  gullies.  Except  as  very 
small  particles  the  occurrence  of  gravel  on  the  surface  is  rare.  The 
type  occurs  in  valleys  and  along  streams,  and  is  generally  level  except 
where  cut  by  washes.  The  native  vegetation  is  sparse  and  often  want- 
ing on  wind-swept  areas.  Both  surface  and  subdrainage  is  apt  to 
IK-  deficient.  Some  alkali  accumulations  occur  where  the  soil  is  irri- 
gated. This  soil  is  best  adapted  to  alfalfa,  wheat,  barley,  sorghum, 
Egyptian  and  Indian  corn,  and  sugar  beets. 

1284507 

Soil  (2) 0          0          0          2          5        68        25 

Subsoil  (3) 0         0         0         5        14       56       25 

Acres. 
Solomonsvillc,  Ariz 11,648 

Maricopa  clay  loam.a — The  soil  is  a  reddish  clay  loam  6  feet  or 
more  in  depth,  of  dense,  impervious  structure.  The  type  occurs  upon 
the  lower  level  valley  plains,  and  consists  of  fine  colluvial  material 
modified  by  subsequent  weathering  and  alluvial  wash  from  higher  soil 
bodies.  It  is  generally  adapted  to  grains,  but  is  rather  heavy  and 
compact  for  alfalfa. 

Acres. 
Salt  River  Valloy,  Ariz 8,713 

PLACENTTA    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Placentia  series  vary  considerably  in  origin,  mode 
of  formation,  and  topographic  position.  In  general,  however,  they 
consist  of  colluvial  waste  and  of  alluvial  and  colluvial  deposits  of 
intermittent  or  torrential  mountain  streams,  though  in  some  cases 
they  are  composed  essentially  of  residual  material.  In  nearly  all 
cases  they  have  been  subject  to  considerable  modification  subsequent 
to  their  formation  by  weathering  and  alluvial  wash  from  heavy  rains 
or  minor  streams.  They  occur  upon  undulating  hills,  mountain  foot 
slopes,  mesa  lands,  and  broad,  uniformly  sloping  fan  deltas  and  higher 

<>  So«  etao  Colorado  clay  loam,  p  211. 


240  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

valley  plains.  They  are  distinguished  from  the  soils  of  the  Maricopa 
series,  of  somewhat  similar  topographic  position  and  mode  of  forma- 
tion, by  the  prevailing  reddish-gray  to  reddish-brown  color  and  by 
being  underlain  by  indurated  sands,  shaly  sandstones,  disintegrated 
granite,  or  more  generally  by  heavy,  compact  red  loams  or  clay  loams 
of  tough,  impervious  adobe  structure.  The  soils  of  this  series  are 
derived  mainly  from  granitic  rocks,  shaly  sandstones,  and  sandstones 
carrying  a  large  amount  of  granitic  material.  They  are  generally 
well  drained,  free  from  alkali,  and  frequently  of  somewhat  refractory 
nature.  They  are  tilled  with  difficulty,  but  possess  marked  moisture- 
retaining  properties  and  include  large  areas  of  valuable  lands  devoted 
to  grains,  general  farm  crops,  citrus  and  deciduous  fruits,  beans,  and 
other  special  crops. 

Placentia  sandy  loam.a — The  soil  is  a  reddish-gray  or  reddish-brown 
sand}-  loam  of  rather  coarse  texture  and  compact  structure,  contain- 
ing considerable  sharp  sand  and  fine  gravel,  and  is  sticky  when  wet. 
The  soil  is  generally  underlain  at  from  12  inches  to  4  feet  by  a  red 
sandy  loam  or  heavy  loam  of  rather  coarse,  sharp  texture  and  com- 
pact, adobelike  structure,  and  in  the  lower  part  of  the  soil  section  it 
sometimes  grades  into  a  sandy  loam  of  looser  structure.  The  type 
occurs  in  rolling  or  hilly  to  gently  sloping  or  nearly  level  areas,  some- 
times only  slightly  ek-vated  above  more  recent  alluvial  deposits.  The 
soil  is  adapted  to  alfalfa  and  fruits  under  irrigation. 

1234567 

So'l  (4) 13        17          9        19        17        16          9 

Subsoil  (1) 6        11          6        17        23        15        21 

Acres. 

Bakersfleld,  Cal 4, 928 

San  Bernardino,  Cal 6  61, 760 

Placentia  fine  sandy  loam,  c — The  soil  is  a  light-yellowish  or  grayish- 
brown  to  reddish-brown,  sticky,  somewhat  plastic  loam  of  fine  sandy 
texture  and  of  rather  compact  structure,  sometimes  puddling,  baking, 
and  checking  slightly,  and  breaking  into  clods  when  dry,  but  friable 
under  cultivation  when  in  proper  moisture  condition.  It  usually  car- 
ries an  appreciable  quantity  of  rather  coarse  sharp  sand  and  sometimes 


a  See  also  Placentia  fine  sandy  loam.  p.  240,  and  Placentia  loam,  p.  241. 
*  Mapped  as  Placentia  coarse  sandy  loam, 
c  Mapped  as  Placentia  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  241 

a  small  to  moderate  quantity  of  rather  fine  angular  or  partially  rounded 
gravel.  The  soil  is  generally  from  15  inches  to  3  feet  in  depth,  and 
is  underlain  by  stiff,  tenacious,  and  relatively  impervious  sandy  or 
heavier  loams,  reddish  in  color  and  of  a  compact  hardpan  or  adobe- 
like  structure.  This  subsoil  checks  cubically  upon  exposure,  is  some- 
times penetrated  with  difficulty  by  tender  roots,  sometimes  has  a 
gray  or  drab  color,  and  frequently  reaches  the  surface  and  gives  rise 
to  the  adobe  soils  of  the  Placentia  series.  Occasionally  the  soil  readies 
a  depth  greater  than  3  feet  or  is  underlain  by  sandy  loams  or  loams 
of  less  dense,  compact  structure.  This  soil  consists  mainly  of  coliu- 
vial  soil  creep  and  of  colluvial  and  alluvial  products  of  torrential  and 
intermittent  streams,  and  occasionally  over  small  areas  of  residual 
material.  The  type  generally  occurs  as  extensive  areas  covering  sand- 
stone and  granitic  foothills  and  mountain  foot  slopes,  delta  fans,  and 
sloping  valley  plains.  Considerable  modification  by  subsequent 
weathering,  by  the  addition  of  alluvial  wash,  or  by  seolian  agencies  has 
generally  taken  place.  The  higher  lying  bodies  are  frequently  rough, 
broken  by  rock  outcrop,  deeply  cut  by  ravines  and  arroyos,  and  lie 
above  the  reach  of  irrigation  waters.  The  soil  is  productive,  easily- 
irrigated,  and  is  devoted  to  grains,  citrus  and  deciduous  fruits,  wal- 
nuts, grapes,  alfalfa,  and  general  farm  crops. 

1  2         3        4         5         G         7 

Soil  (13) 4  8          7        19        19        28        12 

Susboil  (9) 3  6          6        20        19        30        15 

Acres.  Acres 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 74,000  San  Gabriel,  Cal 48,820 

Los  Angeles.  Cal 66, 048  San  Jose  Cal 01 .  .168 

San  Bernardino,  Cal 87,040  '  Santa  Ana,  Cpl 10.  «.">7 

Placentia  loam. a — The  soil  is  a  light-brown  or  reddish-brown  loam, 
usually  from  1  toO  feet  or  more  in  depth, sometimes  gravelly, and  usually 
of  somewhat  compact  structure.  It  is  underlain  by  reddisli-lmnvii 
heavy  loams  of  compact,  dense,  adobelike  structure,  or  in  small  residual 
areas  by  disintegrating  rock.  The  type  i-  sinilar  in  topography,  origin. 
mode  of  formation,  and  crop  adaptation  to  the  Placentia  fine  sandy 
loam,  but  has  a  somewhat  fitter  and  heavier  texture. 


"Sec  HNo  Pliu'rntia  clay  loam.  p.  242. 
32075— (X5 1(> 


242  Soil  Survey  Field  Boole. 

1234567 

Soil  (5) 2          4          5        19        11        40        17 

Subsoil  (2) 1         6         6       20        17       37        13 

Acres. 

Los  Angoles,  Cal a 9, 024 

Ventura.  Cal i>23,880 

Placentia  clay  loam. — The  soil  is  a  reddish-brown,  sticky,  plastic  clay 
loam,  usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  of  compact  structure,  puddling 
readily  when  wet  and  baking  upon  drying.  It  consists  of  the  finer  mate- 
rial washed  from  higher  adjacent  soil  types  and  generally  occurs  in 
small  areas  occupying  local  depressions  or  lower  valley  blopes.  It  is 
sometimes  poorly  drained  and  contains  alkali,  but  is  otherwise  adapted 
to  the  same  crops  as  the  Flacentia  fine  sandy  loam. 

1         234567 
Soil  (1) 0          1          1          4        21        44        29 

Acres. 
San  Bernardino,  Cal co,816 

Placentia  sandy  adobe. — This  is  a  reddish-brown  or  red,  dense,  com- 
pact adobe  soil  of  tenacious,  refractory  nature  and  sandy  loam  texture, 
generally  carrying  a  noticeable  quantity  of  rather  coarse,  angular,  sand}' 
or  fine  gravelly  fragments.  The  soil  checks  into  small  cubical  blocks 
upon  exposure.  It  is  usually  from  3  to  6  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  is 
underlain  by  lighter  loams  or  sands  of  loose,  porous  structure,  or  by  disin- 
tegrating sandstone  or  shaly  sandstone.  The  soil  is  sometimes  overlain 
by  a  few  inches  of  sticky,  compact,  sandy  loam,  which  grades  into  the 
stiff,  dense  adobe  structure  of  the  typical  soil.  It  occurs  in  small  to 
extensive  areas  covering  rolling  foothills,  mesa  lands,  and  remnants  of 
elevated  sloping  valley  plains.  It  sometimes  contains  a  small  quantity 
of  alkali.  The  soil  is  generally  well  drained  and  retentive  of  moisture, 
and  is  dry  farmed  to  grains  or  irrigated  to  alfalfa  or  fruits. 

1          234567 

Soil  (2) 1          2          3          9        26        38        20 

Subsoil  (1) 0         1          1         9        18       48       23 

Acres. 

Bakersfield,  Cal df>,  120 

Santa  Ana,  Cal «  31, 334 


"Mapped  as  Los  Angeles  sandy  loam, 
b  Mapped  as  Placentia  sandy  loam, 
c  Mapped  as  Placentia  loam. 
d  Mapped  as  Maricopa  sandy  adobe. 
«  Mapper*  as  Fullerton  s-andy  adobe. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  243 

Placentia  loam  adobe. a — This  consists  of  a  dark-brown,  compact, 
plastic,  sticky  adobe  soil  of  loam  texture,  possessing  the  usual  adobe 
structural  characteristics,  checking  upon  exposure,  and  being  difficult 
to  cultivate.  The  soil  is  from  2  to  6  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  is  under- 
lain by  light-colored  loams  of  compact  adobe  structure  or  by  indurated 
sand  or  disintegrating  granitic  material.  The  type  consists  mainly  of 
colluvial  material  modified  by  recent  weathering,  erosion,  and  the  addi- 
tion of  fine  alluvial  material  washed  from  adjacent  soils.  It  occupies 
rolling  hills  and  sloping  plains  and  is  generally  devoted  to  citrus  and 
other  fruits,  grains,  olives,  walnuts,  etc. 

1         2        S        4         5         (i         7 

Soil  (4) 1  3  2  16  19  31  28 

Subsoil  (2) 2  5  6  24  21  24  18 

Acres. 

Los  Angeles.  Cal 7,040 

San  Bernardino,  Cal 9, 280 

Placentia  clay  loam  adobe. — This  consists  of  a  reddish-brown  or 
brown  compact  adobe  soil  of  clay  loam  texture,  generally  from  2  to  G 
feet  or  more  in  depth,  underlain  by  compact,  heavy  loam,  coarse  granitic 
sand,  and  fine  angular  gravel  or  disintegrating  sandstone.  Below  the 
surface  foot  of  the  soil  section  the  color  is  often  of  a  more  pronounced 
red  and  the  adobe  structure  more  evident.  The  type  consists  mainly  of 
colluvial  material  derived  from  disintegrating  granitic  rock  and  of 
residual  and  colluvial  material  from  sandstones,  subsequently  modified 
by  weathering  and  by  alluvial  wash.  It  usually  occurs  upon  rolling  hills 
and  sloping,  elevated,  and  somewhat  dissected  valley  plains,  is  well 
drained  and  free  from  alkali,  and  is  usually  dry  farmed  to  grains  or 
devoted  to  fruits  under  irrigation. 

1        2        :{        4        5        It        7 

Soil  (2) 1  2          2         14         12        4<>        21 

Subsoil  (2) 2          3          2         11         10        39        2S 

Acres. 

Los  AlK-eli-s.  Cnl ft fi, !I7<> 

Ventura,  (  a! <i  1,'MO 

o  Mapped  as  Knllerton  sandy  adobe.  *  Mapi>ed  us  Sierra  adobe. 


244  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

OXNARD    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Oxnard  series  consist  of  alluvial  delta  plain  deposits, 
colluvial  and  alluvial  wash  from  foothills  and  higher  adjacent  soil 
bodies,  and  occasional  small  areas  of  residual  material.  They  are  derived 
mainly  from  sandstones,  shaly  sandstones,  and  shales,  and  occur  upon 
rolling  hills,  sloping,  elevated,  and  dissected  mesa  lands  and  plains, 
and  lower  nearly  level  valley  and  delta  plains.  They  usually  occupy  a 
less  elevated  position  than  the  soils  of  the  Maricopa  series,  are  generally 
derived  from  less  elevated  foothills  and  ranges,  and  are  lacking  in  the 
granitic  material  of  the  former  series.  They  are  generally  of  dark  color 
and  are  most  frequently  underlain  by  heavier  subsoils,  which,  however, 
are  wanting  in  the  red  color  and  adobe  structure  of  the  subsoils  of  the 
Placentia  series,  occupying  a  similar  topographic  position. 

Oxnard  gravelly  loam.a — The  soil  consists  of  a  heavy  silt  loam  or  a 
light  clay  loam  of  dark-brown,  drab,  or  gray  color,  generally  6  feet  or 
more  in  depth,  the  lower  portion  of  the  section  usually  being  of  light- 
gray  color.  The  soil  is  frequently  gravelly  and  usually  carries  consider- 
able coarse  sandy  and  fine  gravelly  particles.  It  is  sometimes  of  rather 
compact  structure  in  the  virgin  condition,  but  is  light  and  friable  under 
cultivation.  The  type  consists  mainly  of  colluvial  and  alluvial  material 
deposited  over  sloping  plains  by  torrential  mountain  streams  and  is 
derived  largely  from  siliceous  and  bituminous  shales,  the  gravel  being 
made  up  of  light  or  light-brown  chalky  or  flinty  fragments.  The  soil  is 
very  light  in  weight  and  is  well  drained,  free  from  alkali,  and  is  generally 
devoted  to  grains  and  beans. 

1234567 

Soil  (3) 1          2          1          7        14        51        20 

Acres. 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 13, 730 

Ventura,  Cal 2, 544 

Oxnard  sand. — The  soil  is  a  yellowish-gray  to  brownish  sand  of 
porous,  often  incoherent  structure,  and  of  medium  to  fine  texture.  It 
is  generally  6  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  is  underlain  by  indurated  sand, 
or  in  low,  level  delta  plains  by  heavier  soils.  The  type  occupies  delta 
plains,  mesa  lands,  and  undulating  hills.  In  exposed  districts  the  soil 
is  often  wind-blown,  and  wind-breaks  are  sometimes  necessary  to  suc- 
cessful cultivation.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  lima  beans  and  English 


"Mapped  as  Salinas  sliale  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  245 

walnuts.     On   areas   containing   alkali   sugar   beets   are   successfully 
grown,  while  in  southern  California  grapes  and  citrus  and  deciduous 

fruits  are  also  produced. 

123458         7 

Soil  (5) 1  9  23  33  10  11  6 

Subsoil  (2) 1  17  32  24  7  11  8 

Acres. 

Los  Angeles,  (  al 35,840 

San  Bernardino,  (.  al 4,480 

Ventura,  Cal 16,200 

Oznard  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  brown  to  black  sandy 
loam,  generally  of  loose,  open  structure,  but  sometimes  compact  and 
with  a  tendency  to  break  up  into  clods.  It  is  from  4  too  feet  in  depth 
and  is  underlain  by  a  heavy  sandy  loam  or  a  loam.  The  typo  is  de- 
rived mainly  from  waste  from  sandstone  and  shale  hills  and  occupies 
gently  sloping  delta  plains,  elevated  plains,  and  rolling  hills,  small 
gravelly  areas  sometimes  occurring  in  the  more  elevated  locations. 
The  soil  in  the  lower  areas  is  generally  rich  in  organic  matter.  Where 
free  from  alkali  it  is  adapted  to  lima  beans,  grains,  and  sugar  beets,  and 
where  favorably  located  it  is  a  good  soil  for  fruits.  Where  the  soil  con- 
tains alkali  it  is  adapted  to  sugar  beets  and  barley.  It  is  generally  well 
drained,  except  in  local  areas,  but  frequently  contains  a  harmful  quan- 
tity of  alkali  salts. 

1234567 

Soil  (HI)  0          2          4        19        26        34        10 

Subsoil  (2)  1          4          6        20        18        25        18 

Acres. 

San  Bernardino,  ("al 22,400 

Ventura,  ("al .Vi.  2* Ml 

Oxnard  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  greenish-gray,  rather  sticky, 
micaceous  fine  sandy  loam  12  to  24  inches  in  depth,  underlain  by  a 
rather  heavy,  sticky  gray  sandy  loam  or  loam.  The  sand  particles  are 
line  and  the  sand  has  a  greasy,  soft  feel.  If  plowed  dry  the  soil  breaks 
up  into  large  clods,  but  when  moist  it  is  loamy  and  easily  cultivated. 
The  surface  is  smooth  and  level.  The  type  is  derived  from  the  weather- 
ing of  an  argillaceous,  incoherent  sandstone.  The  greater  part  is  well 
drained,  but  some  portions  contain  alkali, owing  to  inadequate  drainage. 
The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  wheat,  and  with  irrigation  alfalfa  would  do 
well. 

i        •_'       :<        4       :>       <:        7 

Soil  (2) 1          fi          7        :U        111        2.1          «J 

Acres. 
Sun  Her.  ifiii.io.  (  a! .  . .  ..   22, MS 


246  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Oxnard  loam.o — The  soil  consists  of  a  gray  or  dark-colored  sticky  loam 
3  to  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  sometimes  of  a  compact,  refractory  struc- 
ture. The  type  consists  of  the  finer  material  derived  from  shales  and 
sandstones  and  the  wash  from  adjacent  higher  lying  soil  types  or 
deposits  from  stream  flood  waters,  and  occupies  level  flood  plains  and 
higher  sloping  plains  adjacent  to  foothills.  The  soil  is  generally  well 
drained,  except  where  subject  to  overflow.  It  sometimes  contains 
alkali.  It  is  generally  devoted  to  lima  beans  and  English  walnuts. 

1          2         »        4          5         «         7 

Soil  (3)  0          2          2        23        16        39        16 

Acres. 

San  Bernardino,  Cal 6,912 

Ventura,  Cal &  12, 900 

Oxnard  silt  loam,  c — The  soil  is  a  brown,  sticky  silt  loam,  frequently 
of  somewhat  compact  structure  and  possessing  puddling  and  baking 
tendencies,  but  friable  under  cultivation.  The  soil  is  usually  6  feet  or 
more  in  depth  and  is  generally  derived  from  the  finer  sediments  of 
streams  draining  sandstone  areas.  It  is  usually  rich  in  organic  matter 
and  occupies  nearly  level  or  slightly  undulating  flood  and  delta  plains. 
It  is  sometimes  poorly  drained  and  underlain  by  heavy  impervious  sub- 
soils. When  well  drained  and  favorably  situated  it  is  devoted  to  lima 
beans,  corn,  and  barley  without  irrigation,  and  to  lima  beans,  walnuts, 
and  fruits  under  irrigation. 

1          234567 

Soil  (4)  0          0          1          8        11        56        20 

Subsoil  (4)  0         1          1        11        12       51        20 

Acres. 

San  Jose,  Cal 2o,920 

Ventura ,  Cal 5, 320 

Oxnard  clay  loam.rf — This  is  a  rather  tenacious  clay  loam  of  brown 
or  nearly  black  color.  The  soil  is  generally  of  a  somewhat  compact 
structure,  but  is  usually  friable  under  cultivation,  is  often  gravelly, 
and  is  underlain  at  from  2  to  4  feet  by  a  compact  and  heavier  phase  of 
the  same  material.  The  type  is  derived  mainly  from  sandstone  and 
shale  material  and  occupies  stream. flood. and  delta  plains,  or  more  ele- 
vated sloping  or  undulating  colluvial  and  alluvial  plains.  It  is  usually 

"See  also  Oxnard  clay  loam  p.  246    .     cSee  also  Hanford  clay  loam,  p.  200. 
b Mapped  as  Fresno  fine  sandy  loam,    d Mapped  ns  Oxnard  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  247 

rich  in  organic  matter,  is  sometimes  poorly  drained,  and  occasionally 
contains  alkali.  Under  favorable  conditions  it  is  well  adapted  to 
barley,  sugar  beets,  fruits,  small  fruits,  and  vegetables. 

1284          567 

Soil  (9)  0  2  2  11  15  40  28 

Subsoil  (7)  1  2  2  10  13  37  34 

Acres. 

Los  Angeles.Cal 19, 520 

San  Jose.  Cal 4,224 

Ventura,  Cul '. 6,  &30 

Oxnard  clay  loam  adobe.a — This  is  a  heavy,  dense,  compact  black  or 
dark-brown,  plastic,  adhesive  adobe  soil  of  clay  loam  texture,  usually 
from  3  to  6  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  underlain  by  heavy  loams,  sands, 
and  sandy  loam,  or  by  decomposing  rock.  It  occurs  as  alluvial,  col- 
luvial,  or  residual  deposits,  occupying  level  or  sloping  valley  plains  and 
rolling  foothills.  It  is  derived  mainly  from  shales  or  crystalline  rocks. 
The  soil  is  difficult  to  till,  but  is  retentive  of  moisture  and  productive. 
It  is  usually  dry  farmed  to  grains  or  is  devoted  to  the  production  of 
fruits,  sugar  beets,  small  fruits,  or  vegetables  under  irrigation. 

1284          5        «         7 

Soil  (12) 1          22          7          10        37        38 

Subsoil  (12) 1          11         7         11        41       35 


Acres. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 37,440 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 11 ,580 


San  Bernardino,  Cal 1 1 ,200 


Acres. 

San  Jose,  Cal 30,400 

Santa  Ana,  Cal 16,038 


Ventura,  Cal 4,290 


San  Gabriel,  Cal 23,650 

SAN    JOAQtMN    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  San  Joaquin  series  are  of  prevailingly  red  color, 
frequently  gravelly,  l>otli  gravel  and  soil  particles  consisting  largely  of 
well-worn  quartzose  material.  They  are  commonly  underlain  at  a 
depth  of  2  or  3  feet  by  red  or  reddish-brown  indurated  day  <  r  sandv 
layers  cemented  by  iron  salts  into  a  firm,  impervious, impenetrable  hard- 
pan,  which  may,  however,  more  deeply  underlie  the  soil  or  n:av  outcn  p 
ut  the  surface.  The  reddish  color  of  the  soils  and  subsoils  and  the  re- 
currence of  the  underlying  red  hanlpun  are  readily  (list  inguished  charac- 
teristics marking  this  series.  The  soils  are  generally  of  compact  struc- 
ture, sticky,  and  quite  readily  puddled  when  wet  and  frequently  sepa- 
rated from  the  underlying  hardpan  by  subsoils  of  true  adobe  structure. 


a  Mu|>|M'd  as  San  Joaquin  Hark  adolx-. 


248  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

They  consist  of  old  sediments  deposited  in  the  waters  and  about  the 
shores  of  ancient  lakes  or  hays  of  early  Pleistocene  age,  modified  by 
more  recent  reworking  or  by  alluvial  wash  from  adjacent  formations. 
They  occupy  valley  plains  extending  from  lower  rolling  foothills  down 
to  ,level  valley  floors  and  margins  of  present  stream  flood  plains.  The 
soils  are  usually  treeless,  except  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  stream 
channels.  The  soils  generally  occur  as  extensive  areas.  The  natural 
drainage  is  usually  restricted  by  topographic  position,  deficient  slope, 
and  the  presence  of  underlying  impermeable  hardpan,  except  in  case  of 
the  lighter  deeper  members  and  areas  occupying  higher  well-developed 
slopes.  The  soils  of  this  series  are  generally  devoted  to  dry  farming  to 
grains,  but  the  lighter,  deeper,  and  better  drained  members  are  some- 
times devoted  to  citrus  and  stone  fruits,  grapes,  small  fruits,  and  truck 
crops,  and  give  excellent  yields  under  proper  irrigation,  drainage,  and 
cultivation.  The  heavier  members  are  frequently  marked  by  an  adobe- 
like  structure.  Soils,  subsoils,  and  hardpan  are  usually  free  from 
alkali,  frequently  marked  by  the  presence  of  small  surface  ''hog  wal- 
low" mounds. 

San  Joaquin  sand. a — The  soil  is  a  reddish-brown  or  dark-brown  sand 
of  coarse  to  medium  texture,  slightly  sticky,  and  of  rather  compact 
structure,  but  loose  and  friable  under  cultivation.  It  is  generally  un- 
derlain at  from  18  inches  to  6  feet  or  more  by  compact,  sticky  sandy 
loam  or  sandy  adobe  of  red  color,  grading  into  red  sandy  or  clay  iron 
hardpan.  The  type  generally  occurs  along  treeless  ridges  and  summits 
of  lower  foothills  or  higher  undulations  of  the  valley  plain.  The  soil  is 
usually  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali,  and  in  certain  sections  is  well 
adapted  to  grapes  and  citrus  and  deciduous  fruits. 

12345  6          ? 

Soil  (7) 3        It)        23        2S        12          9          0 

Subsoil  (2) 5       33        12        14         0        12       20 

Acres. 

Fresno,  Cal 43,770 

Sacramento.  Cal 1,920 

San  Joaquin  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  light-red  to  dark-red 
sticky  sandy  loam  of  medium  texture  and  compact  structure.  It -is 
underlain  by  red  hardpan,  usually  at  a  depth  of  about  30  inches,  but  the 
hardpan  sometimes  lies  deeper  and  occasionally  outcrops.  The  hard- 


Mapped  as  Fresno  rod  sand. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coaxt.  249 

pan  is  frequently  separated  from  the  overlying  soil  by  a  thin  stratum  ot 
adobelike  structure.  The  type  covers  extensive  areas  of  high,  treeless 
valley  plains.  It  is  free  from  alkali.  The  higher  lying  and  deeper  soil 
bodies  are  generally  well  drained  and  adapted  to  grapes  and  other 
fruits,  and  grain.  The  drainage  of  the  lower  lying  areas  is  usually 

deficient. 

1284567 

Soil  (12) 4  9  11  18  22  23  11 

Subsoil  (3) 1  10  7  19  15  31  20 

Acres. 

Fresno,  Cal 74, 547 

Sacramento,  Cal 26.5, 210 

Stockton,  Cal 5.  S24 

San  Joaquin  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  yellowish-red  or  red  sandy 
loam  of  fine,  smooth,  and  somewhat  silty  texture  and  compact  struc- 
ture, and  is  sticky  when  wet.  The  soil  is  subject  to  considerable  varia- 
tion in  depth,  but  is  generally  underlain  at  about  36  inches  by  a  heavy 
red  loam  or  clay  grading  to  red  iron  hard  pan  of  a  cloy  or  sandy  clay  tex- 
ture. The  type  covers  extensive  areas  on  the  lower  treeless  valley 
slopes.  The  drainage  is  usually  somewhat  restricted.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally devoted  to  dry  ."arming  to  grains,  but  in  favorable  locations  where 
the  hardpan  d<x-s  not  too  closely  approach  the  surface  it  produces  valua- 
ble crops  of  table  and  wine  grapes  and  of  bramble  and  other  small  fruits. 

1        •_'        «        4        .">        0        7 

Soil  (2) 1          5          4        26        18        28        17 

Subsoil  (2) 1          6          5        23        16        29        19 

Acres. 
Sacramento,  Cal 30, 208 

San  Joaquin  loam.n — The  soil  is  a  red  plastic  loam  of  fine  silty  tex- 
ture and  compact  structure,  with  marked  puddling  tendencies,  extend- 
ing in  depth  from  only  a  few  inches  to  3  feet  or  more.  Bclov.-  the  first 
foot  a  heavy  adolx-likc  structure  usually  prevails  and  merges  into  the 
underlying  indurated  sandy  clay  iron  hardpan.  The  type  covers  exten- 
sive areas  of  the  lower  valley  plains  and  is  generally  treeless,  except  in 
the  vicinity  of  stream  channels  and  flood  plains.  The  drainage  is 
usually  |x>or.  Hardpan  frequently  approaches  the  surface  too  closely 
to  allow  of  profit  able  crop  production.  The  soil  is  generally  devoted 
to  gra/.ing  and  dry  farming  to  grains. 

«  -' ,-  .iN"  San  .)iiH(|ilin  Inn  san<ly  loam,  p.  -I'1,  and  San  .l<m<|iiin  saiuly  louin, 
p.  24H. 


250  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

123456          7 

Soil  (11) 1          7          6        17        15        36        19 

Subsoil  (11) 1         8         6        16        17       33        20 

Acres. 
Stockton,  Cal 5,440 

San  Joaquin  sandy  adobe. — The  soil  is  similar  in  color,  texture,  depth, 
topography,  drainage,  and  other  general  features  to  the  San  Joaquin 
fine  sandy  loam,  but  has  a  dense,  compact,  adobe  structure,  puddles 
readily,  and  checks  upon  exposure.  It  becomes  heavier  below  the  first 
foot,  and  is  underlain  by  the  red  hardpan  of  the  San  Joaquin  series. 
The  soil  is  generally  devoted  to  grain  under  a  system  of  dry  farming. 

1          234         567 

Soil  (3) 1          5        12        23        22        24        14 

Subsoil  (1) 0         4        11        19        17       26        19 

Acres. 
Fresno,  Cal a!2,691 

San  Joaquin  clay  loam  adobe.— The  soil  is  a  red  adobe  with  the  tex- 
ture of  a  heavy  loam  or  clay  loam  of  dense,  compact  structure,  puddling 
readily,  and  checking  upon  exposure.  It  is  generally  about  3  feet  in 
depth  and  is  underlain  by  the  dense  red  hardpan  of  the  San  Joaquin 
series.  The  soil  possesses  well-developed  moisture-retaining  properties. 
The  drainage  of  the  type  is  restricted.  The  soil  is  generally  devoted  to 
dry  farming  to  grains. 

1          234567 

Soil  (11) 1          3          1          5        10        45        35 

Subsoil  (1) 1         5         4        12         9       35       34 

Acres. 
Sacramento,  Cal <»3,776 

STOCKTON    SERIES. 

The  lighter  members  of  this  series  are  a  buff  to  reddish  or  chocolate- 
brown  color.  The  heavier  members  generally  exhibit  pronounced  adobe 
structure,  are  usually  free  from  gravel,  and  are  dark-brown  to  black  in 
color.  The  soils  are  underlain  by  heavy  loams  or  clay  loams  of  lighter 
color  and  are  frequently  separated  from  the  overlying  soil  by  a  thin 
crust  or  zone  of  white  calcareous  clay  hardpan  free  from  alkali.  They 
consist  in  part  of  alluvium  and  of  wash  from  more  elevated  adjacent 
soils  and  are  generally  of  older  origin  than  the  Hanford  series.  The 

a  Mapped  as  San  Joaquin  red  adobe. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  251 

heavier  members  have  probably  been  greatly  modified  by  weathering 
and  by  the  incorporation  and  decomposition  of  organic  matter  resulting 
from  swamp  or  marsh  conditions.  This  series  occupies  extensive  areas 
of  the  lower,  nearly  level  valley  plains  traversed  by  minor  foothill 
streams.  The  soils  are  treeless,  or  are  marked  by  occasional  groves 
of  valley  oaks.  The  drainage  is  usually  restricted.  The  heavier  mem- 
bers are  generally  tilled  with  difficulty,  owing  to  their  heavy  texture 
and  structure,  and  are  generally  devoted  to  grains  and  hay. 

Stockton  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  reddish-brown  mi- 
caceous fine  sandy  loam,  generally  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  of  friable 
and  porous  structure,  and  sometimes  gravelly.  The  type  is  derived  from 
rather  recent  alluvial  material  deposited  from  foothill  streams  and  oc- 
curs as  small  bodies  about  minor  stream  sinks  or  flood  plains  or  gently 
sloping  valley  plains.  Its  drainage  is  fairly  good.  It  is  an  excellent 
soil  for  fruits  and  general  crops. 

1         '234567 

Soil(6) 1          4        12        23        25        23        11 

Acres. 
Fresno,  Cal <»  12, 832 

Stockton  loam. — Typically  the  soil  is  a  light  chocolate-brown  to 
dark  colored  loam,  generally  free  from  gravel,  6  feet  or  more  in  depth, 
the  lower  portion  of  the  section  grading  somewhat  lighter  in  color  and 
texture.  The  soil  has  a  fine  silty  texture,  and  is  frequently  of  a  com- 
pact, adobelike  structure.  The  type  consists  of  a  mixture  of  recent 
and  older  alluvial  material  deposited  from  streams  in  flood,  and  occu- 
pies level  or  only  slightly  sloping  valley  plains.  The  arras  are  either 
treeless  or  else  support  an  occasional  grove  and  scattered  specimens  of 
valley  oaks.  The  drainage  is  fair  and  the  soil  is  productive  and  usually 
devoted  t«  grains,  hay,  and  general  farm  crops. 

1          23          4          ;>         6          7 

Soil  (1) 1          5          8         25        19        22        20 

Subsoil  (I)..' 0          7        13        31         17        19        13 

Acres. 
Stockton,  Tal 26, 176 

Stockton  silt  loam.  The  soil  is  a  light-brown  silt  loam  of  fine,  smooth, 
micaceous  texture,  generally  0  feet  or  more  in  depth.  The  structure  is 
frequently  rather  compact,  but  the  soil  is  friable  under  cultivation. 

"  M:I|I|M''|  as  KiincluT  siincty  Intun. 


252  Soil  Survey  Fidd  Book. 

The  type  is  derived  from  rather  recent  stream-borne  sediments.  It 
occupies  nearly  level  valley  plains  and  slopes,  frequently  in  the  vicinity 
of  minor  streams,  and  sometimes  supports  a  light  timber  growth. 
The  soil  is  generally  underlain  at  a  depth  greater  than  6  feet  by  light- 
colored  calcareous  clay  hardpan  and  heavy  sediments.  The  drainage 
is  fair,  except  in  a  few  snAll  lower  lying  areas.  This  is  an  excellent 
soil  for  fruits,  vines,  grains,  and  general  farming, 

1          2          «          4         5         G          1 

Soil  (1) 0          1          1          5         19        52        21 

Subsoil  (1) 0          1          1         5       20       53       21 

Acres. 
Stockton,  Cal... 16,512 

Stockton  loam  adobe. — The  soil  is  usually  black  in  color,  but  is  fre- 
quently marked  by  the  presence  of  small  grayish-colored  spots.  It  is 
generally  about  30  inches  in  depth,  and  not  infrequently  contains 
small  angular  rock  fragments  and  coarse  sand  of  light  color.  The  soil 
is  underlain  by  a  silty  clay  loam  of  light-yellow  or  buff  color.  The  soil 
is  of  a  very  dense,  refractory  structure,  puddling  readily  and  checking 
upon  exposure,  and  exceedingly  sticky  and  of  waxlike  consistency 
when  wet.  The  type  is  derived  from  old  stream  alluvium  modified  by 
the  incorporation  of  large  quantities  of  organic  matter  and  by  alluvial 
wash  from  adjoining  soil  areas.  It  occupies  the  lower,  level  valley 
plains,  and  is  sometimes  partially  timbered.  The  drainage  of  the  soil 
is  generally  deficient.  However,  it  produces  fair  yields  of  general 
farm  crops  under  careful  and  timely  cultivation. 

1284567 

Soil  (1) 0          3          3         15        22        31        26 

Subsoil  (1) 1         3         3        15       21        43        15 

Acres. 
.     Stockton,  Cal 2,560 

Stockton  clay  loam  adobe. — The  soil  is  a  black  heavy  clay  loam  of 
fine  silty  texture  and  of  exceedingly  stiff,  dense,  adobe  structure.  It  is 
usually  about  3  feet  in  depth,  and  is  underlain  by  a  light -brown  or 
yellowish  silty  clay  loam  frequently  separated  from  the  overlying  soil 
by  a  thin  layer  of  white  calcareous  clay  hardpan  free  from  alkali.  The 
soil  puddles  readily  and  bakes  and  checks  upon  exposure  when  not 
properly  cultivated.  It  is  exceedingly  sticky  and  of  a  stiff,  waxy  con- 
sistency when  wet.  The  soil  contains  a  large  quantity  of  organic  mat- 
ter and  under  proper  cultivation  is  capable  of  absorbing  and  retaining 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  253 

a  large  supply  of  moisture  throughout  long  periods  of  drought.  The 
type  is  composed  of  old  alluvium  sediments  modified  by  weathering  and 
the  addition  of  organic  matter.  It  occupies  extensive  areas  of  the 
lower  valley  plains,  and  is  either  treeleas  or  else  supports  occasional 
groves  of  valley  oak  and  light  timber.  The  surface  is  nearly  level  and 
is  generally  marked  by  arrested  drainage.  The  soil  is  moderately 
friable  and  produces  excellent  yields  of  grains,  hay,  and  general  farm 
crops  under  careful  and  proper  cultivation. 

1          2         .1         4         5         6          7 

Soil  (2) 1          2          4          8         16        42        18 

Subsoil  (1) 2          318  8        60        23 

Acres. 

Fresno,  Cal "5,664 

Hanford,  Cal a.5,470 

Stockton,  Cal 53, 312 

Stockton  clay  adobe. — The  soil  consists  of  a  chocolate-brown  or 
nearly  black  heavy  clay  loam  or  clay  adobe  similar  to  the  Stockton  clay 
loam  adobe  in  depth,  character  of  underlying  material,  structure, 
drainage,  and  general  physical  and  agricultural  features.  It  differs 
from  the  Stockton  clay  loam  adobe  in  its  somewhat  lighter  color  and 
lower  organic  matter  content,  and  is  also  frequently  less  friable  and 
productive  under  cultivation. 

1284         ">         «         7 

Soil  (1) 0          2          2          8         12        36        40 

Subsoil(2) 1          3          3         9         11        34        39 

Stockton,  Cal 40, 832 

FRESNO    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Fresno  series  are  characterized  by  prevailing  iight- 
gray  colors,  but  are  sometimes  light  brown  or  reddish  brown.  They 
an-  generally  underlain  by  subsoils  of  fine  ashy  texture,  light  color,  and 
compact,  close  structure,  usually  separated  from  the  overlying  soil 
by  an  alkali  cnrlxmnte  hardpan  of  white  or  light -gray  color.  The 
hardpan  softens  slowly  upon  the  application  of  irrigation  water,  bu'  is 
normally  impenetrable  to  the  roots  of  growing  plants.  The  series  is 
composed  of  old  delta  deposits  formed  by  shifting  streams  and  moun- 
tain torrents  and  occurring  as  broad,  low  alluvial  delta  cones  occupying 

"  Mappod  as  San  .loa<|iiin  Mark  adolnv 


254  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

gently  sloping  plains  or  slightly  rolling  valley  slopes,  generally  treeless, 
and  'lying  above  present  stream  flood  plains.  The  soil  material  of  this 
series  is  mainly  of  granitic  origin,  although  in  part  derived  from  vol- 
canic and  sedimentary  rocks.  The  lighter  members  occupying  higher 
positions  are  generally  well  drained.  The  lower  lying  areas  are  fre- 
quently poorly  drained,  subject  to  the  influence  of  seepage  water  from 
irrigation,  and  contain  alkali.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  alfalfa,  vines, 
and  fruits  under  proper  irrigation,  cultivation,  and  drainage. 

Fresno  sand,  a  —  The  soil  is  a  medium  to  coarse  micaceous  sand  of 
light-gray  or  light-brown  color  and  porous,  loose,  incoherent  structure. 
The  soil  is  usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  is  generally  underlain 
by  loams  or  sandy  loams  of  light  color.  The  type  is  composed  of  old 
alluvial  sediments,  usually  covering  extensive  areas.  It  occupies  the 
higher  treeless  valley  plains,  with  a  nearly  level  or  slightly  rolling  sur- 
face. The  soil  is  generally  well  drained,  free  from  alkali,  and  usually 
without  gravel.  It  is  adapted  to  alfalfa,  truck,  and  stone  fruits  under 

irrigation. 

1234          56          7 
SoU  (8)  ....................  2        19        21        24        19        12          3 

Subsoil  (3)  .................  4       28        17       24        13         9         3 

Acres. 
Fresno,  Cal  ....................  163,  200 

Hanford.  Cal  ..................    20,  790 

Stockton,  Cal  ..................      9.536 

Fresno  fine  sand,  b  —  The  soil  is  a  gray,  buff,  or  light-brown  micaceous 
fine  sand  of  smooth  texture,  slightly  sticky  when  wet,  and  generally  of 
loose  porous  structure.  The  soil  is  generally  6  feet  or  more  in  depth, 
but  is  sometimes  less,  and  is  underlain  by  light-gray  loams  or  sandy 
loams  of  fine  ashy  texture,  frequently  carrying  alkali  carbonate  concre- 
tions or  hardpan.  The  surface  is  smooth  or  slightly  broken  and  uneven. 
The  type  covers  broad,  extensive  areas  or  occurs  as  long,  narrow  bodies. 
Drainage  is  generally  good.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  alfalfa,  truck, 
and  fruits  under  irrigation. 


Soil  (1) 

1 
1 

2 

6 

3 

9 

4         5 

35        28 

6 

16 

7 

6 

Subsoil  (1)    

1 

6 

9 

35        29 

16 

Stockton,  Cal 

Acres. 
8,128 

a  See  also  Colorado  sand,  p.  209;  Hanford  sand,  p.  257:  Indio  sand,  p.  224;  Jordan 
sand,  p.  190;  Maricopa  sand,  p.  236. 

t>  See  also  Hanford  fine  sand,  p.  258;  Hanford  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  259;  Laurel  fine 
sand,  p.  219. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  255 

Fresno  sandy  loam.a — The  soil  consists  of  a  light-brown  or  gray 
sandy  loam  containing  considerable  coarse  sand.  The  soil  is  generally 
from  3  to  6  feet  deep,  but  the  depth  of  soil  is  subject  to  considerable 
variation.  It  is  of  rather  compact  structure,  is  sticky  when  wet,  and 
has  marked  puddling  tendencies,  but  is  friable  if  cultivated  when  in 
proper  condition.  The  soil  is  underlain  by  fine  sandy  or  silty  loam  of 
ashy  texture,  gray  color,  and  compact  structure,  grading  to  white 
alkali  carbonate  hardpan.  The  type  usually  occurs  in  extensive  areas 
with  nearly  level  or  slightly  sloping  surface,  and  is  locally  known  as 
"white  ash"  land.  The  lower  lying  bodies  are  frequently  poorly 
drained.  It  is  subject  to  influences  of  seepage  waters  from  over  irriga- 
tion and  is  strongly  impregnated  with  alkali.  It  is  an  excellent  soil  for 
alfalfa,  vines,  and  fruits  when  well  drained  and  irrigated. 

1         2          3         4         5,6         7 

Soil(l) :....  3        13          7        17        17        31        12 

Subsoil  (1) 3        12         6        16        16       33        14 

Acres. 
Stockton,  Cal 5.952 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam.& — This  is  a  light-gray  fine  sandy  loam  of 
ashy  texture  and  compact  structure,  sticky  when  wet  and  readily  pud- 
dled. The  soil  is  generally  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  with  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  soil  section  frequently  of  a  somewhat  lighter  texture.  It  is 
generally  marked  at  a  depth  of  from  2  to  4  feet  by  a  stratum  of  heavy, 
dense,  white  calcareous  hardpan  containing  alkali  carbonates  and  by 
concretions  of  the  same  material.  The  type  usually  occurs  as  irregular 
bodies  near  the  margin  of  valley  plains.  The  surface  is  nearly  level  and 
slightly  depressed.  The  soil  is  usually  poorly  drained  and  contains 
alkali.  When  well  drained  and  properly  irrigated  and  cultivated,  it  is 
adapted  to  fruits  and  alfalfa  where  the  underlying  hardpan  does  not  too 
closely  approach  the  surface. 

«  See  also  Fresno  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  25V  and  Indio  flno  sand,  p.  225. 

6  Sec  also  Hanford  flno  sandy  loam.  p.  250;  Hunford  silt  loam,  p.  250:  Indio  fine 
sandy  loam,  p.  225:  Marshall  silt  loam,  p.  144:  Oxnard  loam,  p.  24(1;  Weber  flno 
sandy  loam,  p.  195. 


256  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool'. 

128456          7 

Soil  (8) 0          2          7        27        28        26          8 

Subsoil  (8) 1          2          6        24        30        28          9 

Acres. 

Fresno,  Cal <*  69, 811 

Hanford,  Cal «  10, 860 

Stockton,  Cal 10, 304 

Fresno  loam. — -The  soil  is  a  gray  or  reddish-brown  compact,  sticky, 
heavy  loam  of  very  fine,  smooth  texture,  generally  about  3  or  3J  feet  in 
depth.  The  lower  portion  of  the  soil  section  is  marked  by  concretions 
and  dense,  impenetrable  hardpan  strata  of  calcareous,  alkali-carbonate 
nature,  underlain  by  loam  of  fine  ashy  texture  and  light-gray  color. 
The  type  occupies  lower  valley  plains  and  slight  depressions  of  smooth, 
level  surface.  It  is  frequently  strongly  charged  with  alkali  and  is 

poorlv  drainedv 

1284          5         fi          7 

Soil  (1) 0          3          3        10        23        35        26 

Subsoil  (1) 5         7         5        10        1.5        33       23 

Acres. 
Bakersfield,  Cal 65,824 

HANFORD    SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Hanford  series  consist  of  recent  alluvial  materials  de- 
rived from  a  great  variety  of  rocks  and  deposited  as  river  and  delta 
plains.  The  lighter  members  sometimes  consist  largely  of  mining  debris 
and  overlie  Pleistocene  sediments  and  hardpan.  They  are  generally  light- 
gray  to  buff  in  color,  but  become  dark  drab,  brown,  or  nearly  black  in  the 
case  of  some  of  the  heavier  members  occupying  low-lying  positions.  All 
the  members  of  the  series  are  subject  to  much  variation  in  depth,  color, 
and  character  of  underlying  material.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
slightly  sloping  or  sometimes  uneven,  and  is  frequently  marked  by  sloughs 
or  the  interlacing  channels  of  streams,  many  of  which  carry  water  only 
in  times  of  flood  and  disappear  in  sandy  washes.  The  heavier  members 
are  frequently  marked  by  an  adobe  structure  and  the  soils  are  generally 
free  from  gravel  or  bowlders.  The  soil  bodies  frequently  occur  as  small, 
irregular,  broad  and  extensive  or  long  narrow  areas  extending  in  the  direc- 
tion of  drainage,  and  are  frequently  elevated  above  or  depressed  below 
the  surface  of  adjacent  soil  types.  The  lighter  members  and  higher- 


"  Mapped  as  Fresno  sandy  loam.  &  Mapped  as  Maricopa  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  257 

lying  soil  bodies  are  usually  well  drained  and  are  not  subject  to  the 
influence  of  seepage  waters  caused  by  irrigation,  while  natural  drainage 
is  sometimes  deficient  in  the  case  of  lower  lying  areas  occupying  present 
stream  flood  or  overflowed  delta  plains,  where  protection  by  levees 
becomes  necessary.  While  similar  to  the  soils  of  the  Fresno  series  in 
origin  and  mode  of  formation,  they  generally  occupy  a  lower  topographic 
position,  are  of  more  recent  origin,  are  frequently  subject  to  overflow, 
and,  unlike  the  former,  often  support  a  growth  of  swamp  vegetation, 
brush  and  willow  thickets,  and  timber  in  the  river  bottoms  and  lower 
valley  plains.  The  heavier  members  are  also  usually  of  darker  color, 
while  the  underlying  white  hardpan  and  subsoils  of  ashy  texture  com- 
mon in  the  Fresno  series  are  wanting  here.  The  soils  are  usually  pro- 
ductive and  are  especially  adapted  to  fruits,  vines,  vegetables,  and 
truck  crops  when  well  drained,  free  from  alkali,  and  irrigated. 

Hanford  gravel. — This  type  consists  of  gravels,  cobbles,  and  small 
bowlders  mixed  with  river  sands,  underlain  by  river  sands  or  earlier 
Pleistocene  sediments  and  frequently  greatly  disturbed  and  modified  by 
mining  operations.  It  is  composed  of  recent  stream  wash,  is  subject  to 
overflow,  and  has  but  little  agricultural  value  except  for  the  scant  pas- 
ture it  affords. 

Acres. 
Sacramento,  Cal a  4, 544 

Hanford  sand,  b — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  or  brown,  micaceous,  loose, 
porous,  incoherent  sand  of  medium  fine  to  coarse  texture,  generally  G 
feet  or  more  in  depth,  underlain  by  stratified  alternating  stream  deposits. 
The  type  is  composed  of  recent  stream  sediments  and  generally  occurs 
as  irregular  or  elongated  bodies,  frequently  slightly  elevated  or  depressed, 
marking  former  stream  channels, or  as  broad, extensive  bodies  covering 
lower  stream  terraces  and  delta  plains.  The  surface  soil  is  sometimes 
more  or  less  drifted  by  winds.  It  is  generally  free  from  gravel  and  is 
usually  well  drained,  except  where  subject  to  overflow  from  adjacent 
streams.  It  is  a  fair  fruit  and  truck  soil  when  well  irrigated,  but  is  fre- 
quently of  a  leachy  character  and  deficient  in  organic  matter. 


n  Mapped  us  Fresno  jiravei. 
6  See  also  Fresno  sand,  p.  2r>4. 


:52075— <V5 


258  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Soil  (14) 

1 
4 

2345 

12        15        39        18 

6 

8 

7 
3 

Subsoil  (4) 

4 

16        19        29        12 

13 

7 

Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Acres, 
a  43,  264 

San  Bernardino,  Cal  . 

Acres. 

a  1.")  290 

Los  Angeles,  Cal  

..  "58,112 

San  Gabriel,  Cal  

a  15,  :9() 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal  .  . 

..  625,030 

Santa  Ana,  Cal.  .    . 

b  06,  380 

Sacramento  Cal... 

..    "1,408 

Hanford  fine  sand.  —  Soil  is  a  light-buff,  yellowish,  or  light-brown 
micaceous  fine  sand,  usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  but  sometimes  less. 
It  is  generally  underlain  by  sand,  fine  sandy  loam,  or  loam.  The  soil  is 
usually  free  from  gravel  or  other  coarse  material,  has  a  loose,  porous 
structure,  and  often  has  a  peculiar  smooth,  greasy  feel  imparted  by  the 
high  content  of  mica.  The  type  consists  of  recent  river  deposits  cover- 
ing low  delta  plains  or  occurring  as  irregular,  elongated,  and  sometimes 
slightly  elevated  ridges  near  former  or  present  stream  channels.  The 
low-lying  areas  are  sometimes  poorly  drained  and  marked  by  willow  and 
timber  growth  in  the  vicinity  of  streams.  The  higher  areas  are  usually 
well  drained  and  generally  require  irrigation.  It  is  a  valuable  soil  for 
alfalfa,  potatoes,  root  crops,  and  fruits  under  proper  irrigation,  cultiva- 
tion, and  drainage. 

1234507 

Soil  (9) 1          5          7        34        27        20          5 

Subsoil  (8) 1         6         6       32       24       23         7 

Acres.  Acres. 


Bakersfield,  Cal c  33, 920 

Hanford,  Cal...  ..  51,250 


Los  Angeles,  Cal c  if,,  128 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 17,040 


Hanford  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  grayish  micaceous  sandy  loam  of 
medium  to  rather  fine  texture,  usually  6  feet  or  more  in  depth.  It  pos- 
sesses slight  puddling  and  clodding  tendencies,  but  is  friable  and  easily 
cultivated  when  moist.  The  type  consists  of  a  mixture  of  the  coarser 
sandy  materials  of  the  Hanford  sand  with  finer  alluvium  and  occurs 
as  irregular  bodies  or  narrow  strips.  It  is  sometimes  slightly  impreg- 
nated with  alkali  and  injured  by  seepage  or  overirrigation,  but  is  in  gen- 
eral a  valuable  soil  for  the  production  of  grapes,  pears,  prunes,  etc. 


a  Mapped  as  Fresno  sand.  A  collu  vial  phase  should  have  been  mapped  as  Plu- 
centia  sand. 

*  Mapped  as  Fresno  sand,  but  includes  upland  terraces  and  foothill  collu  vial 
and  residual  phases,  which  should  have  been  mapped  as  separate  soil  types. 

c  Mapped  as  Fresno  fine  sand. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  259 

1234567 

•      Soil  (2) 2        12          8        22        23        20          9 

Subsoil  (3) 1        12        13       25       21        19         6 

Arces. 
Hanford  Cal ol9,8GO 

Hanford  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray,  light-brown,  or  buff 
to  dark  drab  micaceous  fine  sandy  loam,  3  to  6  feet  or  more  in  depth, 
with  a  porous  to  moderately  compact  structure,  but  friable  under  culti- 
vation. The  underlying  material  grades  from  loose  sands  to  heavy  loams. 
The  type  is  composed  of  recent  deposits  occurring  along  river  flood  and 
delta  plains.  The  surface  is  generally  low,  level,  and  frequently  tim- 
bered or  covered  with  willows  and  brush.  In  the  vicinity  of  lower  depres- 
sions and  flood  plains  of  larger  streams  it  is  sometimes  deficiently 
drained  or  subject  to  overflow  when  not  protected  by  levees.  The  soil 
is  generally  productive  under  cultivation  when  well  drained  and  free 
from  alkali.  When  favorably  situated,  it  is  adapted  to  alfalfa,  general 
farm  crops,  fruits,  English  walnuts,  small  fruits,  asparagus,  celery,  and 
truck  crops.  , 

1234667 

Soil  (15) 1          2          3        19        27        36        10 

Subsoil  (11) 1          3          4        19        20        36          9 

Acres.  Acres- 

Bakersfleld,  Cal * 23, 744  j  Sacrament >,  Cal c6,656 

Hanford,  Cal 30,010     San  Bernardino,  Cal 611,456 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal &  18, 330     San  Gabri  :1,  Cal &  10, 790 

Los  Angeles,  Cal >> 38, 656     Santa  Ana,  Cal 6  1 1 , 552 

Hanford  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown,  gray,  or  bufT  fine,  smooth  silt 
loam,  often  micaceous,  free  from  gravel,  and  underlain  by  dark-colored 
silty  clay  loam  or  by  light  river  sands.  It  is  sticky  when  wet  and  has  a 
compact  structure,  but  is  friable  and  easily  culthated  when  in  proper 
moisture  condition.  The  soil  is  sometimes  puddled  by  improper  culti- 
vation. The  type  consists  of  recent  or. present  sediments  occurring 
along  river  flood  and  delta  plains,  is  frequently  subject  to  overflow,  and 
is  sometimes  poorly  drained  and  filled  with  alkali.  It  frequently  sun- 
|M>rts  a  dense  growth  of  willows  or  small  timlxT.  It  is  an  excellent  soil 
for  fruits,  potatoes,  Ix'ans,  sugar  IxM'ts,  asparagus,  hops,  alfalfa,  and  gen- 
eral farm  crops  when  protected  from  overflow  and  drained. 

«  Mapped  us  Fiinchcr  windy  loam. 
'•  Mapped  as  Fresno  line  sandy  loam. 
e  Mnpjied  us  Fresno  fine  sund. 


200  Soil  Survey  Field  Bool: 


1284507 

Soil  (10) 0  1          1          7        15        50        18 

Subsoil  (8) 0  2          4         14         18        40         1(5 

Acres.  Acres. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal «39, 360     San  Jose,  Cal <-5, 184 

Sacramento,  Cal ''9,024     Santa  Ana,  Cal «14,;{49 

San  Gabriel.  Cal «5,220 

Hanford  clay  loam.  -This  is  a  clay  loam  of  very  fine,  smooth  texture 
and  moderately  porous  structure,  buff  or  gray  to  dark  brown  in  color, 
containing  considerable  micaceous  material  and  generally  2  to  6  feet  in 
depth.  It  is  underlain  usually  by  fine  sand  or  fine  sandy  loam  or  is 
streaked  with  micaceous  stream-deposited  sediments  of  fine  texture. 
The  soil  is  usually  friable,  but  is  very  sticky  when  wet  and  has  marked 
puddling  tendencies.  The  type  is  composed  of  recent  stream  sediments 
and  covers  low,  level  areas  over  stream  flood  and  delta  plains.  The  soil 
sometimes  contains  alkali  and  is  poorly  drained.  It  is  usually  free  from 
gravel  and  is  rich  in  organic  matter.  It  is  productive  under  proper  culti- 
vation, irrigation,  and  drainage. 

1         2         »         4         5         0  '       7 

Soil  (4) 0          1          1          9        16        47        24 

Subsoil  (4) 1          2          1        11        18        47        20 

Acres. 

Bakersfield,  Cal <*  1,664 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal "14, 120 

San  Bernardino,  Cal "2,112 

Hanford  clay  adobe. — The  soil  is  a  gray  to  black  clay  adobe,  usually 
without  gravel  or  coarse  material,  generally  about  3  feet  in  depth,  and 
underlain  by  heavy  loam  or  clay  loam  of  lighter  color.  It  sometimes 
occurs  as  a  thin  mantle  overlying  adjacent  soil  bodies.  Tin1  soil  has  a 
heavy,  refractory,  compact  structure,  puddling  readily  and  checking 
upon  exposure.  This  is  an  alluvial  type  modified  by  subsequent 
weathering,  and  occurs  along  river  flood  plains  and  minor  stream  sinks. 
The  surface  is  generally  level  and  is  frequently  slightly  depressed;  The 
type  is  treeless,  or  else  covered  with  an  occasional  growth  of  willows 
or  oaks.  The  soil  is  poorly  drained,  and  is  generally  subject  to  over- 
flow. It  is  generally  devoted  to  grain  production  and  grazing. 

a  Mapped  as  Santiago  silt  loam. 
b  Mapped  as  Sacramento  silt  loam. 
c  Mapped  as  Fresno  fine  sandy  loam, 
d  Mapped  as  Oxnard  silt  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  261 

1284667 

Soil  (2) 1          2          3          9          8        42        35 

Subsoil  (2) 0          3          2          7          8        35        45 

Acres. 
Sacramento,  Cal «  12,672 

SALEM    SERIES. 

/ ., 

The  Salem  series  occurs  upon  rolling  hills  as  residual  soils,  upon 
sloping  plains  as  alluvial  and  colluvial  soils,  and  upon  level  valley 
plains  and  stream  bottoms  as  recent  alluvial  deposits.  The  soils  of 
this  series  are  derived  from  sandstones,  crystalline  and  schistose  rocks, 
and  a  dense,  highly  ferruginous  basalt.  They  are  from  red  to  dark 
brown  or  black  in  color,  and  are  generally  devoted  to  grains,  fruits, 
truck  crops,  and  hops. 

Salem  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  or  black  loam  containing 
a  large  quantity  of  gravel,  varying  in  size  from  fine  gravel  to  pebbles 
2  or  3  inches  in  diameter.  The  soil  varies  in  depth  from  a  few  inches 
to  several  feet,  and  grades  imperceptibly  into  a  subsoil  of  the  same 
material,  but  containing  more  gravel,  the  whole  resting  on  a  bed  of 
waterworn  gravel.  It  is  a  bottom-land  soil  derived  as  a  stream  wash 
from  the  same  material  as  the  Salem  clay.  It  is  generally  well  drained, 
but  occasionally  the  drainage  is  poor.  The  soil  usually  supports  a 
growth  of  brush,  scrub  oaks,  etc.  Where  not  too  gravelly  it  is  fairly 
well  adapted  to  grain  and  fruit. 

Acres. 
Salem,  Greg 13,120 

Salem  fine  sandy  loam. — This  is  a  brown  sandy  loam  of  fine  texture 
alx)ut  12  inches  deep,  underlain  to  3  feet  by  a  coarse  sandy  loam  grad- 
ing into  sand  and  gravel.  The  soil  generally  contains  considerable 
organic;  matter.  It  is  a  bottom-land  soil  intersected  by  stream  chan- 
nels and  subject  to  frequent  overflow.  It  is  well  drained  when  not 
overflowed  by  streams  in  flood.  It  is  an  excellent  truck  soil  and  gives 
large  yields  of  hops,  but  the  hops  grown  on  this  soil  are  more  sub- 
ject to  disease  than  upon  higher  lying  types. 

"  Mupprd  us  Salinas  t_'fav  iidolx-,  Imt  includes  ii  rosiduiil  foothill  phase  which 
xhoiild  huvr  Ix-rii  miippod  us  it  distinct  type. 


262  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

1234567 

Soil  (1) 0         0         1        44       28        15        11 

Subsoil  (1) 0          1          4        47        19        16        13 

Acres. 
Salem,  Oreg «3,648 

Salem  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  brown  to  black  silt  loam  18  to  24 
inches  deep,  which  contains  considerable  organic  matter,  and  is  usually 
quite  silty.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellowish  or  red  clay  loam,  often  mottled 
with  gray  and  yellow,  becoming  heavier  with  depth.  The  type  occu- 
pies gently  rolling  or  level  valley  land  and  is  derived  from  transported 
sandstone  material,  with  the  addition  of  some  material  derived  from 
basaltic  and  schistose  rocks.  Drainage  is  generally  good,  except  in  a 
few  local  depressions.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  general  crops,  as 
well  as  to  hops  and  small  fruits.  Wheat  produces  from  25  to  30 
bushels,  oats  from  35  to  50  bushels,  and  hops  about  1,500  pounds 
per  acre. 

1          2         34-567 

Soil  (2) 0         1          1         2         9       62       25 

Subsoil  (2) 0         1          1          1         8       65        24 

Acres. 
Salem,  Oreg ^78,656 

Salem  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  a  heavy  red  clay  loam  or  clay  12 
to  15  inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  red  clay  which  is  underlain  by  partly 
decomposed  rocks.  The  type  is  derived  from  red  sandstone,  argilla- 
ceous and  schistose  rocks,  and  a  dense,  close-grained  ferrous  basalt, 
all  highly  ferruginous.  It  is  mainly  residual,  and  is  frequently  marked 
by  rock  outcrop.  It  occupies  rolling  and  dissected  hills,  is  generally 
well  drained,  and  in  its  virgin  condition  usually  supports  a  considerable 
growth  of  timber.  The  soil  is  productive  and  is  adapted  to  wheat, 
oats,  hops,  apples,  prunes,  and  peaches.  The  grain  is  of  fine  quality. 
Wheat  yields  from  25  to  30  bushels  and  oats  from  30  to  60  bushels  per 
acre.  Hops  yield  about  1,200  pounds  per  acre.  The  hops  are  less 
subject  to  mold  and  insect  pests  than  those  grown  on  the  bottom  soils. 


Soil  (1) 

1 
2 

» 

5 

3 

3 

4         5 

8        10 

6 

26 

45 

Subsoil  (1)  

9 

4 

3 

8          9 

24 

49 

Salem,  Oreg.  . 

Acres. 
..  86,400 

n  Mapped  as  Salem  sandy  loam. 
b  Mapped  as  Salem  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  263 

MISCELLAXEOUS  SOILS  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST. 

Sheridan  sandy  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  a  black  friable  sandy  loam 
of  medium  texture,  varying  considerably  in  depth,  the  average  depth 
being  about  3  feet,  and  underlain  by  granitoid  rocks.  The  type  usually 
occupies  the  lower  valley  slopes  along  foothills  and  extends  into  local 
drainage  depressions.  The  soil  is  of  residual  or  colluvial  origin,  result- 
ing from  the  weathering  of  dark-colored,  fine-textured  phases  of  gab- 
brodiorite  and  granodiorite  rock.  A  characteristic  feature  of  this  rock 
is  the  large  proportion  of  black  hornblende  and  biotite  mica  which  it 
bears,  the  plates  and  particles  of  which  give  rise  to  the  black  color  of  the 
soil.  In  the  low-lying  areas  the  material  washed  from  the  slopes  has 
been  subsequently  modified  by  alluvial  material.  When  adequately 
drained  this  soil  is  adapted  to  grains,  hay,  forage  crops,  and  fruit. 

1         '2         3          4         5         6          7 

Soil  (2) 3        11         9       30        19        17        11 

Subsoil  (1) 4        18        10       28        13        15        12 

Acres. 
Sacramento,  Cal 1 ,792 

Puget  fine  sandy  loam. — The  surface  soil  consists  of  12  inches  of  drab 
fine  sandy  to  silty  loam,  and  generally  rich  in  organic  matter.  This  rests 
upon  a  subsoil  of  gray  or  yellow  sand  extending  to  a  depth  of  36  inches 
or  more.  The  topography  is  low  and  flat,  as  the  type  occupies  depressed 
areas  along  streams.  The  drainage  is  poorly  established  and  must 
bo  improved  by  artificial  means  before  cultivation  is  practicable.  It  is 
an  intermediate  type  between  the  Puget  silt  loam  and  the  Snohomish 
sand.  The  type  is  mostly  devoted  to  pasturage,  though  on  well-drained 
areas  oats  and  grasses  yield  well.  Truck  crops  would  probably  do 
equally  well  upon  reclaimed  areas. 

4667 

13       11        t; 
Acres. 

.  4.92S 

Santiago  fine  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  fine*  sandy  loam  3  feet  deep, 
underlain  to  a  depth  of  oj  feet  by  sand,  which  is  in  turn  underlain  l>v 
sand  and  gravel.  In  the  more  elevated  areas  the  soil  is  underlain  by 
sandy  adol>o.  Over  a  considerable  area  the  gravel  comes  to  the  surface 
and  increases  in  size  and  quantity  in  the  lower  depths.  The  type  occu- 
pies lower  delta  plains  of  the  foothill  streams  and  foothill  slopes.  The 


Soil  (2)  

1 

0 

o 
3 

:$  ^ 

2  a 

Sutisoil  (2)  . 

2 

19 

10  ,1 

Kvi-n-tt.  Wash... 

Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

soil  is  dry-farmed  to  wheat  and  barley,  and  under  irrigation  is  adapted 
to  truck  crops  and  fruits. 

1234507 

Subsoil  (1) 2         5         5       20       27        27         7 

Acres. 
Santa  Ana,  Cal « 17, 100 

Santiago  loam. — The  soil  is  a  red  loam,  3  feet  deep,  underlain  to  a 
depth  of  4  feet  by  a  sandy  loam,  which  in  turn  is  underlain  by  a  gravelly 
sandy  loam.  It  is  a  harsh,  compact  soil  washed  from  foothills  by 
streams,  and  occurs  along  the  margins  of  the  coastal  plain  near  the  foot- 
hills in  southern  California.  The  soil  is  considered  unproductive  and  is 
at  present  little  used  for  agricultural  purposes. 

1          2         3         4         »         <!          7 

Soil  (1) 0          3          2          9        25        43        10 

Subsoil  (1) 0          3          1          G        24        42        21 

Acres. 
Santa  Ana,  Cal 1 ,830 

Puget  silt  loam  — The  soil  consists  of  a  drab-colored  very  fine  sandy 
to  light  silty  loam  about  15  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  consists  of  a  drab 
to  yellow  compact  fine  silty  sand.  The  type  is  of  alluvial  origin  and 
occurs  as  the  immediate  banks  or  as  narrow,  low-lying,  nearly  level  fir.-,t 
bottoms  along  the  courses  of  streams.  The  drainage  is  excellent  and 
the  type  is  fairly  well  adapted  to  general  farming,  and  especially  well 
suited  to  the  production  of  early  vegetables,  potatoes,  berries, and  hops. 
Oats  yield  from  75  to  100  bushels,  hay  from  1\  to  ?>\  tons,  potatoes  from 
300  to  400  bushels,  and  hops  from  1  to  \\  tons  per  acre. 

1          >2         3         4          5         G          7 

Soil  (2) 0          1          0          5        23        58        13 

Subsoil  (2) 0          0          2        36        30        20          0 

Acres. 
Everett,  Wash 8,448 

Sacramento  clay  loam. — This  is  a  dark-brown  or  nearly  black  heavy 
silty  clay  loam,  containing  much  well-decomposed  organic  matter.  The 
soil  is  generally  about  30  inches  in  depth,  and  is  underlain  by  light-buff 
fine  sandy  loam,  and  silt  loams.  It  is  free  from  gravel  and  has  a  dense, 
adobelike  structure,  but  is  generally  friable  under  cultivation.  The 
type  has  been  formed  by  an  intimate  mixture  of  fine  river  sediments 


"Mapped  as  Santiago  sandy  loam. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  265 

with  well-decomposed  peaty  and  other  organic  matter.  It  covers  exten- 
sive areas  of  level  swamp  and  overflow  lands  of  stream  deltas,  and  grades 
insensibly  into  adjacent  peat  and  adobe  lands.  It  supports  a  heavy 
growth  of  trees,  willows  or  tules,  or  other  swamp  vegetation.  The  soil 
is  very  productive  when  artificially  drained  and  protected  from  tidal  or 
flood  waters.  It  is  devoted  to  grains,  grain  hay,  timothy  or  other 
grasses,  potatoes,  onions,  beans,  etc. 

1          8         »         4          567 

Soil  (1) 0          1          1          2          0        40        50 

Subsoil  (1) 1          1         0         9       26       46        17 

Acres. 
Stockton,  Cal 41.Q88 

Puget  clay. — The  soil  of  the  Puget  clay  consists  of  15  inches  of  a 
drab  clay  containing  a  high  percentage  of  partially  decomposed  organic 
matter  which  gives  to  the  soil  a  loamy,  silty  feel.  The  subsoil  is  a 
bluish-gray  silty  clay  or  clay.  The  surface  is  very  flat  and  the  culti- 
vated areas  are  under  dike  to  keep  out  the  high  tides  and  storm  floods. 
The  soil  has  been  formed  by  the  deposition  of  fine  alluvial  sediments 
as  river  bottom  or  delta  tide  flats  with  addition  of  organic  matter  from 
the  growth  of  salt  grass,  etc.  The  type  is  planted  almost  exclusively 
to  oats,  and  remarkably  large  yields  are  secured.  Hay  and  potatoes 
also  do  well. 

1284         r>         (i         7 

Soil  (3) 0          1          1  2          4         4*        -14 

Subsoil  (.1) 0          1          1          1         5        54        38 

Acres. 

K verett.  Wash 25, 7(12 

Island  County,  Wash '     768 

Salinas  gray  adobe. « — The  soil  is  a  dark -gray,  dark-brown  or  nearly 
black  adobe, generally  of  fine  silty  clay  loam  texture, sometimes  carrying 
considerable  fine  gravel.  It  is  from  30  inches  toOfeet  or  more  in  depth, 
and  is  usually  underlain  by  a  fine  sandy  loam  or  fine  sand,  and  occa- 
sionally by  coarse  sand  and  gravel  or  disintegrating  rock.  The  type 
occurs  about  the  edge  of  foothills  and  extends  into  the  bottom  lands. 
It  seems  to  IH-  derived  largely  from  granitic  material. is  retentive  of  mois- 
ture, and  is  adapted  to  barley  and  other  grains  and  sugar  l>eets  Where 
favorably 'situated  it  is  adapted  togra|x>s,  fruits,  vegetables,  etc.  This 
is  an  excellent, loose, friable  soil, if  irrigated  and  properly  cultivated,  but 


-,  also.  Mutifonl  clay  adolx-.  p.  2HO. 


266  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

assumes  a  dense,  compact,  refractory  structure  if  allowed  to  bake.     It  is 
generally  free  from  alkali. 

1          284567 

Soil  (7) 1          3          3          9        11        36        33 

Subsoil  (5) 1         3        11        18        10       30       27 

Acres. 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 18,400 

San  Bernardino,  Cal 6,912 

San  Jose,  Cal 39,232 

HI  MIS  SOILS. 

Peat. — This  is  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  roots  and  fibers,  moss, 
etc.,  in  various  stages  of  decomposition,  occurring  as  turf  or  bog,  usually 
in  low  situations,  always  more  or  less  saturated  with  water,  and  repre- 
senting an  advanced  stage  of  swamp  with  drainage  partially  established. 

.  Acres.   '  Acres. 

Bigflats,  N.  Y 576     Santa  Ana,  Cal 787 

Island  County,  Wash 4,096     Stockton  Cal 107,. 584 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 1,088     Tangipahoa  Parish,  La 59,200 

Newton  County,  I  nd 10,368    Tazewell  County,  111 1,664 

San  Bernardino,  Cal 704  '.  Wooster,  Ohio 4, 480 

Muck. a — This  type  consists  of  black  more  or  less  thoroughly  decom- 
posed vegetable  mold  from  1  to  3  feet  or  more  in  depth  and  occupying 
low,  damp  places,  with  little  or  no  natural  drainage.  Muck  may  be  con- 
sidered an  advanced  stage  of  peat  brought  about  by  the  more  complete 
decomposition  of  the  vegetable  fiber  and  the  addition  of  mineral  matter 
through  deposition  from  water  or  from  seolian  sources,  resulting  in  a 
finer  texture  and  closer  structure.  When  drained,  muck  is  very  pro- 
ductive and  is  adapted  to  corn,  potatoes,  cabbage,  onions,  celery,  pep- 
permint, and  similar  crops. 


See  also  Meadow,  p.  270. 


Unclassified  Materials. 


267 


Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich 33, 770 

Alma,  Mich 10, 816 

Auburn,  N.  Y 512 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 128 

Carlton,  Minn 17, 408 

Cleveland,  Ohio 768 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa 12, 096 

Everett,  Wash 11, 968 

Gainesville,  Fla 128 

Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak 6,592 

Janesville,  Wis 10,368 

Lyons,  N.  Y 3, 840 

Madison  County,  Ind 1, 152 

Madison,  County,  Ky 320 


Acres. 

Marshall  County,  Ind 24, 768 

Munising,  Mich 20, 480 

New  Orleans,  La 21,056 

Owosso,  Mich 6, 400 

Oxford,  Mich 15, 424 

Pontiac,  Mich 3, 904 

Portage  County.  Wis 128, 640 

Raleigh  to  Newborn,  X.  C 623 

Saginaw.  Mich 30,784 

Superior,  Wis 47, 808 

Syracuse,  X.  Y 16, 960 

Tippecanoe  County,  Ind 1,664 

Vergennes,  V't.-X.  Y 384 

Winnebago  County,  111 2, 176 


UNCLASSIFIED  MATKKIALS. 

There  are  certain  condit  ions  of  soil,  or  in  many  areas  even  local  absences 
of  true  soil,  which  do  not  readily  fall  into  any  general  classification. 
They  may  be  due  to  excessive  erosion,  to  overflow,  to  insufficient  drain- 
age, or  to  wind  action,  or  the  soils  may  l>e  nonagricultural  on  account  of 
their  texture  or  their  present  topographic  position.  Areas  of  this  kind 
are  embraced  under  the  following  headings: 

Rock  outcrop. — This  term  is  used  to  designate  areas  consisting  of 
rock  ridges,  exposed  rock  outcrops,  or  accumulations  of  stone  entirely 
unfit  for  cultivation  and  incapable  of  Incoming  agricultural  land. 

Acres.  !  Acres. 

Allen  County,  Kans 870  Mount  Mitchell,  X.  C 5,184 

Asheviile,  N.  C l,R.->6  Parsons,  Kans 2,368 

Austin,  Tex 25, 40H  Pikeville.  Term 14,016 

Baker  City,  Oreg 192  Superior,  Wis 5,632 

Bedford,  Va 17,  HO  Verge-lines.  Vt.-X.  Y 43,008 

Campobello,  S.  C 1 , 997  '  Waco,  Tex 2, 880 

Carlton.  Minn 3.K40  York  County.  S.  C 128 

I  sland  County.  Wash 2.r>6 

Rough  stony  land.  Under  this  heading  have  been  classed  areas  so 
,  stony  and  broken  as  to  lx>  oonarable,  although  permitting  timber  growth 
n nd  use  for  pasturage.  These  areas  frequently  consist  of  steep  moun- 
tain ridges,  bluffs, or  narrow  strips  extending  through  definite  soil  types. 
These  areas  differ  from  nx-k  outcrop  by  supporting  vegetation  of  eco- 
nomic value  and  from  the  stony  loams  in  being  nonurahle. 


268 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 


Acres. 

Adams  County,  Pa 30,976 

Allen  County,  Kans. 12,211 

Austin,  Tex "8% 

Brown  County,  Kans 17,088 

Chester  County,  Pa 8, 320 

Carlton,  Minn 5, 440 

Dubuque,  Iowa *  60, 672 

Garden  City,  Kans 8,768 

Johnson  County,  111 16, 384 

Madison  County,  Ky 1, 728 

Montgomery  County,  Pa 6, 656 


Acres. 

Munising,  Mich 17, 344 

O'Fallon,  Mo 30, 208 

Sacramento,  Cal 19, 839 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz « 1, 804 

Superior,  Wis 6, 592 

Tompkins  County,  N.  Y 17,856 

Upshur  County,  \V.  Va 48, 512 

Warren  County,  Ky 2,176 

Webster  County,  Mo 3, 200 

Wichita,  Kans &  4, 352 

Yuma,  Ariz.-Cal 6,080 


Dunesand. — The  Dunesand  consists  of  loose,  incoherent  sand  forming 
hillocks,  rounded  hills,  or  ridges  of  various  heights.  The  dunes  are 
found  along  the  shores  of  lakes,  rivers,  or  oceans  and  in  desert  areas. 
They  are  usually  of  no  agricultural  value  on  account  of  their  irregular 
surface,  the  loose,  open  nature  of  the  material,  and  its  consequent  low 
water-holding  capacity.  The  dunes  are  frequently  unstable  and  drift 
from  place  to  place.  The  control  of  these  sands  by  the  use  of  wind-breaks 
and  binding  grasses  is  frequently  necessary  for  the  protection  of  adjoin- 
ing agricultural  lands.  In  certain  regions,  when  leveled  and  placed 
under  irrigation,  the  Dunesand  is  adapted  to  the  production  of  truck 
crops  and  small  fruits. 

1284667 

Soil  (7) 0          5        27        55        10          0          3 

Subsoil  (3) 0         1        10        72        14         0         3 

Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich 3, 130 

Garden  City,  Kans 83,200 

Imperial,  Cal 116, 288 

Indio,  Cal 8, 256 

Kearney  area,  Nebr 21, 312 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 3, 264 

Sandhill. — This  term  is  used  to  describe  ridged  and  uneven  areas  of 
sand  not  in  motion,  either  on  account  of  partial  consolidation  or  because 
of  the  sand  being  fixed  by  a  natural  growth  of  trees  or  grasses.  Such 
areas  sometimes  represent  old  shore  lines  of  the  oceans  or  large  lakes  and 
are  sometimes  formed  by  river  action  and  by  wind.  The  material  is 


Acres. 
Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo. .      3, 328 

Munising,  Mich 7, 424 

Rhode  Island 128 

Superior,  Wis 1, 536 

Ventura,  Cal 2, 020 


a  Mapped  as  Yakima  stony  clay. 
6  Mapped  as  Clarksville  stony  loam. 
c  Mapped  as  Salt  River  gravel. 


Unclassified  Materials.  269 

incoherent  and  is  generally' so  thoroughly  drained  as  to  be  of  little  agri- 
cultural value.  Included  valleys  and  low  areas,  where  organic  matter 
and  sufficient  moisture  are  present,  are  capable  of  producing  fair  crops  of 

vegetables. 

1234          r>         6          7 

Soil  (3) 4        25        25        34          8          3          2 

Subsoil  (1) 5        28        28        29          5         2          2 

Acres.  ;  Acres. 

Darlington,  S.  0 30, 656  '  Orangeburg,  S.  C 256 

Leon  County,  Fla 42, 752     Raleigh  to  N'ewbern.  N.  C 5, 320 

Riverwash. — Sand,  gravel,  and  bowlders,  generally  in  long,  narrow 
bodies,  but  occasionally  spread  out  in  fan-shaped  areas.  These  areas 
occupy  river  bottoms  or  flood  channels,  and  occur  where  the  streams  are 
intermittent  or  liable  to  torrential  overflow.  Of  no  agricultural  value. 

Acres.  Acres. 

Rakersfield,  Cal 6,464     Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz.      (No 

Blackfoot,  Idaho 1,792        measurement.) 

Fresno,  Cal 4«0     San  Bernardino.  Cal 27, 008 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 17,408  i  San  Gabriel,  Cal 16,2450 

Kearney,  Nebr 33,984     San  Jose,  Cal 128 

Laramie,  Wyo 1,792;  Sevier  Valley,  Utah 1,300 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 1, 664     Solomonsvillo,  Ariz 256 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley.  Colo  ..  12,800     Tippecanoe  County.  Ind 832 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 10,760     Ventura,  Cal 13,610 

Madison  County,  Ky 128     Webster  County,  Mo 1,856 

Sacramento.  Cal 778  !  Yakima,  Wash 3,580 

Gypsum. — The  surface  consists  of  a  light-brown  or  reddish-brown 
sandy  loam  or  loam  underlain  by  soft  saccharoidal  gypsum  at  a  depth 
of  from  a  few  inches  to  6  feet.  Gypsum  is  often 'present  at  the  surface. 
The  type  occupies  level  liench  land.  It  is  derived  from  disintegration 
of  gypsum  deposits  and  possesses  remarkable  power  of  transmitting 
seepage  waters  by  capillary  and  gravitational  flow.  Where  the  irriga- 
tion water  possesses  a  high  salt  content  this  is  not  a  desirable  land  for 
agricultural  purposes.  It  often  contains  large  quantities  of  alkali. 

1        •_'        :i        4        5        «         7 

Soil  (3) 0          0          2          «        30        2»        2.1 

Subsoil  (6) 0  1  '2          H         18         18         48 

Acres. 

Laramie,  Wyo 2, 304 

Pw-os  Valley,  N.  Mcx a  \\.KHI 


MH|>|M-<|  as  Perns  gypsmi 


270  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Madeland. — Areas  are  occasionally  encountered  where  filling  has 
taken  place  over  considerable  tracts.  The  arrangement  of  the  materials 
in  these  places  is  artificial  and  does  not  fit  into  any  soil  classification. 
In  many  instances  such  areas  are  extensive,  and  although  they  are 
usually  of  no  present  agricultural  value  they  should  lie  represented  by 
a  color  on  the  map. 

Acres. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y .r>76 

Meadow. — This  term  is  used  to  designate  low-lying,  flat,  usually 
poorly  drained  land,  such  as  may  occur  in  any  soil  type.  These  areas 
are  frequently  used  for  grass,  pasturage,  or  forestry,  and  can  be  changed 
to  arable  land  if  cleared  and  drained.  The  present  character  of 
Meadow  is  due  to  lack  of  drainage,  and  the  term  represents  a  condition 
rather  than  a  classification  according  to  texture.  Textural  variations 
frequently  occur  in  Meadow  areas  on  a  scale  too  small  to  permit  of  de- 
tailed mapping.  In  many  areas  the  term  "  Meadow  "  tjas  also  been  used 
to  represent  small  bodies  of  bottom  land  occasionally  or  frequently  sub- 
ject to  overflow,  which  are  normally  placed  under  cultivation  and  con- 
stitute land  of  high  value  for  the  production  of  various  general  farm 
crops.  Within  these  bottoms  the  soils  vary  frequently  in  texture,  even 
within  small  areas,  and  on  account  of  occasional  overflow  the  character 
of  the  soil  at  any  one  point  is  subject  to  change.  The  use  of  this  term 
should  be  avoided  wherever  it  is  possible  to  separate  such  areas  into  dis- 
tinct soil  types. 


Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C 6,3,36 

Adams  County,  Pa ! 3,648 

Alamance,  N.  C 4,960 

Albemarle,  Va 40, 640 

Allegan  County,  Mich 15, 510 

Alma,  Mich 6,592 

Anderson  County,  Tex 56, 640 

Appomattox  County,  Va 5,760 

Asheville,  N.  C 7, 808 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 12.160 

Auburn,  N.  Y 8,000 

Bainbridge,  Ga 14,336 

Baker  City,  Oreg oi2,352 

Bear  River,  Utah 448 


Acres. 

Bedford,  Va 3, 530 

Bigflats,  N.  Y 1,920 

Biloxi,  Miss 17,600 

Blount  County,  Ala 9, 216 

Calvert,  Md 15, 800 

Campobello,  S.  C 8, 691 

Carlton,  Minn 5,248 

Carrington,  N.  Dak 16,064 

Cary,  N.  C 3, 180 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa 3,456 

Cherokee  County,  S.  C 6, 208 

Chester  County,  Pa 20, 480 

Cleveland,  Ohio 704 

Cobb  County,  Ga 30, 280 


i  Mapped  as  muck. 


Unclassified  Materials. 


271 


Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,Conn.-Mass  a  74, 852 

Covington,  Ga 16, 410 

Crystalsprings,  Miss 3,328 

Dallas  County,  Ala 11,584 

De  Soto  Parish.  La 72,448 

Dodge  County,  Ga 19,584 

Dover,  Del 4, 096 


Acres. 

Mobile,  Ala 78, 528 

Montgomery  County,  Ala 10,944 

Montgomery  County,  Ohio 7, 200 

Montgomery  County,  Pa 3,328 

Mount  Mitchell.  N.  C 6,976 

Nacogdoches,  Tex 5, 056 

Ouachita  Parish,  La  ..             .  13,440 


Dubuque,  Iowa 4,160  Owosso,  Mich 2,688 

East  Baton  Rouge  Parish.  La.  17,408  Oxford,  Mich 4,992 

Fort  Valley,  Ga 4,800  !  Perry  County,  Ala 53,696 

Fresno,  Cal 5,478  !  Pontiac,  Mich 4,032 

Gadsden  County,  Fla 52, 224  Prince  Kdward.  Va 19, 830 

Grand  Island,  Nebr 28,544  |  Prince  George  County,  Md 30,870 

Greeneville,  Tenn 17,216  Pecos  Valley,  N.  M ex <>7,940 

Hanover  County,  Va 15, 552  !  Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C . . .  .  6, 330 


Harford  County,  Md 4, 440 

Hickory,  N.  C 23, 872 

Houston  County,  Tex 52, 864 

Huntsville,  Ala 42, 240 

Jackson,  Miss 60,736 


Rhode  Island 1,920 

Saginaw,  Mich 16,000 

St.  Mary  County,  Md 54, 200 

Salem,  N.  J 52,250 

Saline  County,  Mo 3,  .584 


Jacksonville,  Tex 2, 624  Salt  Lake,  Utah c6, 840 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 4,992  Sevier  Valley,  I' tah 10,200 

Janesville,  Wis 18,112  Shelby,  Mo 36,416 

Kearney,  Nebr 46,272  Smedes,  Miss 17,408 


Kent  County.  Md 49,  230 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 6,000 

Lancaster  County,  S.  C 11,392 

Lebanon,  Pa 4, 780 

XH>  County,  Tex 13,760 

,eesburg,  Va 18,048 

n  County,  Fla 25,216 

yockhavcn,  Pa 896 

,ong  Island,  N.  V 16, 768 


Spalding  County,  Ga  .....  9,  472 

Statesville,  N.  C  ...............  18,  850 

S*ory  County,  Iowa  ...........  18,  048 

Sumter  County,  Ala  ...........  21,952 


Tangipahoa  Parish,  La  ....... 

Tompkins  County,  N".  Y  ...... 

Trenton,  N.  J  ................. 

I'pshur  County,  \V.  Vu  ....... 

Vergenncs,  Vt.  and  N.  Y  ..... 


xmisa  County,  Va 11,520     Viroqua,  Wis. 

.ufkin,  Tex 4,288 

Lyons,  N.  Y 35,008 

Macon  County,  Ala 19,328 

McNeill,  Miss 6,976 

Madison  County,  Ind 10,816 

Marshall.  Minn 44s 

Marshall  County,  Ind ti.TM 

Mason  County,  Ky 


55,  936 
S.  128 
44,800 
11,008 
3,968 
7,  104 
Weber  County,  1'tnh  ..........      7,700 

WestfU-ld,  N.  Y  ...............       4,<«H) 

Willis,  Tex  ....................       ',510 

Winnebago  County,  III  ........     44,800 

Woodville.  T>\  ................       5,  5<W 

Yakiina.  Wash  ................     15,060 

YU/.OO,  Miss.  .  .  ...........       1,760 


8:12     York  County.  S.  C 14,720 

«  Mapped  as  Connecticut  meadows.  Should  probably  have  been  given  a  type 
name,  as  it  is  an  alluvial  soil  rather  than  Meadow  in  the  sense  in  which  this  term 
is  used. 

&  M;i|>|»"l  as  Hondo  meadows.     This  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 

•-  Mapped  as  Jordan  meadows.     This  name  will  lint  be  used  hereafter. 


272  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Swamp. — This  term  is  used  to  designate  areas  too  wet  for  any  crop 
and  covered  with  standing  water  for  much  or  all  of  the  time.  Varia- 
tions in  texture  and  in  organic  matter  content  may  occur.  Swamp 
frequently  occupies  areas  which  are  inaccessible,  so  that  detailed  map- 
ping is  impossible.  The  native  vegetable  growth  consists  of  water- 
loving  grasses,  shrubs,  and  trees.  Many  areas  of  swamp  are  capable  of 
drainage,  and  when  this  is  properly  accomplished  they  not  infrequently 
constitute  lands  of  high  agricultural  value.  Wherever  small  areas  of 
swamp  occur  within  a  definite  soil  type  and  the  texture  of  the  soil  is 
known  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  surrounding  type,  they  should  be 
mapped  with  the  type  and  the  swampy  condition  shown  by  symbol. 

Acres.  Acres. 

Acadia  Parish,  La 1,728  j  Miller  County,  Ark 2,240 


Billings,  Mont 3,008 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 1, 024 

Calvert  County,  Md 3,600 

Craven,  N.  C 188, 288 


Newton  County,  Ind 3,648 

Norfolk,  Va 12,928 

Orangehurg,  S.  C 40, 448 


Perquimans  and  Pasquotank 

Crystalsprings,  Miss 3,072  j      counties,  N.  C 57,530 

Connecticut  Valley,Conn.-Mass  039, 686     Pontiac,  Mich 704 


Dallas  County,  Ala 8, 192 

Darlington  County,  S.  C 14, 144 

De  Soto  Parish,  La 2, 048 


Raleigh  to  Newborn,  N.  C ft  77, 440 

Rhode  Island 27,008 

St.  Mary  County,  Md 2,200 


Duplin  County,  N.  C 109,824  \  Saginaw,  Mich 1,344 

Dover,  Del 3,712  !  Syracuse,  N.  Y 12,480 


Everett,  Wash 6, 080 

Hanover  County,  Va 6, 208 

Leon  County,  Fla 2,S16 


Vergennes,  Vt.  and  N.  Y 2,048 

Worcester  County,  Md 26, 048 

Yorktown,  Va 26,368 


Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo.  640  | 

Marsh. — This  term  is  used  to  designate  low,  wet,  treeless  areas, 
usually  covered  by  standing  water  and  supporting  a  growth  of  coarse 
grasses  and  rushes.  These  marsh  areas  occur  around  the  borders  of 
fresh-water  lakes  and  the  lower  courses  of  streams.  They  can  seldom 
be  drained  without  diking  and  pumping.  When  this  is  done  the  soil  is 
usually  productive. 

Acres. 

Munising,  Mich 704 

Tangipahoa  Parish,  La 3, 072 

a  Mapped  as  Connecticut  swamp. 

t>  Part  of  this  mapped  as  Pocoson  and  part  Savanna  in  the  original  report. 


Porto  Eican  Soils.  273 

PORTO  KICA.\  SOILS. 

Riverwash. — Coarse  sand,  gravel,  and  bowlders,  generally  in  long, 
narrow  areas,  but  occasionally  spread  out  in  fan-shaped  areas,  subject 
to  overflow  in  times  of  flood.  Of  little  or  no  agricultural  value. 

Acres. 
Areciho  to  Ponce,  P.  R 970 

Portugues  stony  loam. — Dark  loam  14  inches  in  depth,  derived 
from  igneous  and  volcanic,  rocks.  Contains  5  to  70  per  cent  of  angular 
stones,  and  is  underlain  by  cracked  and  broken  volcanic  and  igneous 
rock  partly  decomposed.  Occupies  steep  slopes  of  hills  and  mountains, 
covering  a  large  area  between  Ponce  and  Adjuntas.  Used  for  pasture 
during  the  rainy  season.  Some  coffee,  bananas,  and  plantains  are  pro- 
duced on  favored  areas. 

1  234          567 

Soil  (2) 15        15          7         12          9        24        18 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 15,  (iOO 

Tanama  stony  loam. — Soil  is  a  red  clay  loam,  6  to  10  inches  deep, 
derived  from  limestone.  Occupies  large  areas  of  broken  and  rugged 
country  between  Arecibo  and  Utuado,  characterized  by  local,  swampy 
sink  holes.  Subsoil  is  a  stiff  red  clay  containing  limestone  fragments. 
Bananas  and  plantains  are  the  principal  crops,  and  some  coffee,  oranges, 
and  a  little  tobacco  are  produced. 

1          2          «          4          .">         «          7 

Soil  (3) 0         3         3        11          7        31        44 

Subsoil  (2) 0          3          8        27          f>        10        40 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  U 41,  (WO 

Arecibo  sand. — A  loose,  incoherent  red  to  white  coral  and  quart/ 
sand,  12  to  36  inches  or  more  deep.  Occupies  slightly  rolling  land. 
Soil  is  probably  derived  from  wind-blown  l>each  sand.  Naturally 
p<xir  soil.  Similar  to  the  Florida  pineapple  land.  Produces  some 
pasturage  and  a  few  ccx-oanuts. 

1*284         .*>         (!         7 

Soil  (2) 0         13         41         3»i          (i          3  1 

Slltmoil  ( I ) 0          X        27         4!»          K  4  4 

Acres. 

Anvilm  t<>  I'oiuv.  I'.  U..  7..1SII 

.TJU75— <X> 18 


274  Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Coral  sand. — Drifted,  incoherent  beach  sand,  24  to  36  inches  deep, 
formed  from  coral  and  shells  by  wind  and  wave  action,  underlain  by  a 
slightly  loamy  sand.  Occupies  low-lying  lands  on  coast,  occasionally 
forming  slight  hills  15  to  20  feet  above  sea  level.  Adapted  to  cocoanut 
trees. 

1          2         «          4          5         «          7 

Soil  (3) 3        27        33        25          5          4          4 

Subsoil  (1) 4        20        22        26          9          9        10 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 2, 620 

Arecibo  sandy  loam. — Heavy  red  sandy  loam,  with  an  average 
depth  of  10  inches,  underlain  to  a  depth  of  36  inches  by  a  rather  tena- 
cious clay  loam.  Found  in  valleys  between  outlying  limestone  hills. 
Elevation  between  30  and  100  feet.  Naturally  well  drained.  Used 
for  truck  and  fruit.  Small  area  devoted  to  tobacco  and  sugar  cane. 

1284567 

Soil  (1) 0         5       18       51         6         (i        14 

Subsoil  (1) 0         4        14       42         0         9       25 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 2,690 

Fonce  sandy  loam. — Brown  sandy  loam  14  to  36  inches  or  more  in 
depth.  An  alluvial  soil  occupying  river  deltas  in  the  vicinity  of  Ponce. 
The  subsoil  is  a  sandy  loam  heavier  and  darker  than  soil.  Sugar  cane 
is  the  principal  crop.  Cocoanuts  and  Guinea  grass  also  grown.  There 
is  a  stony  phase  containing  rounded  stone  fragments,  sometimes  as 
large  as  2  or  3  feet  in  diameter.  This  phase  is  used  only  for  pasture  and 
at  present  has  little  value. 

1          2         3         4         a         C          7 

Soil  (6) 2          4          5        21        21        35        12 

Subsoil  (2) 0         0         0         7        16       57        20 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 6, 550 

TTtuado  sandy  loam. — Coarse  yellow  sandy  loam,  7  inches  deep, 
representing  soil  of  deforested  area  on  steep  slopes  of  the  lower  moun- 
tains around  Utuado.  Residual  soil  derived  from  igneous  rocks. 
Subsoil  is  a  shallow  yellow  sandy  loam,  grading  into  decomposed 
granite  and  other  igneous  rocks.  Little  natural  fertility,  and  but  little 
used,  as  a  great  part  of  the  areas  are  too  steep  for  cultivation. 


Porto  Rican  Soils.  275 

Should  be  reforested.     Produces  a  few  bananas,  some  plantains,  and 
coffee. 

i          234567 

Soil  (1) 20        20          9         15          9         19          8 

Subsoil  (1) 18        21          9        15        11        17          8 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 2.5. 100 

Vivi  sandy  loam. — Yellowish-brown  sandy  loam,  10  inches  deep, 
forming  tracts  of  alluvial  deposits  along  the  larger  streams  in  the 
mountains  near  Adjuntas.  Subsoil  is  a  yellow-brown  sandy  loam. 
Soil  is  mellow  and  rich  and  easy  to  cultivate.  Considered  the  best 
tobacco  soil  in  the  area.  Also  adapted  to  sweet  potatoes,  beans,  and 
other  minor  crops.  Used  to  a  small  extent  in  the  production  of  sugar. 

1234          5          6         7 

Soil  (2) 1          9        18        35        15        14          9 

Subsojl  (2) 0          5          8        26        18        25        18 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 1,060 

Arecibo  loam. — A  dark  waxy  loam,  6  to  12  inches  deep,  resting  on 
a  yellow  sticky  loam  containing  fragments  of  limestone.  The  soil  is 
shallow  as  a  rule,  but  fairly  productive.  Principally  used  for  pasture 
near  the  coast.  Inland  areas  devoted  to  bananas,  plantains,  and  to 
some  extent  to  coffee.  A  few  orange  trees  were  noticed,  and  appeared 
to  be  thrifty.  Hardly  10  per  cent  of  the  area  is  in  crops. 

1234          5         U          7 

Soil  (2) 5        11         10        21         10        25        19 

Subsoil  (2) 4          9          9        18          8        26        26 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 17, 700 

Pastille  loam. — White,  reddish,  or  brown  loam,  about  4  inches  in 
depth,  resting  on  porous  limestone,  fragments  of  which  occur  in  soil. 
Affords  scanty  pasturage.  Produces  small  amount  of  Guinea  grass  on 
areas  of  deeper  and  more  fertile  soil.  Occurs  west  of  Ponce,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  Porto  Kican  area.  Among  the  poorest  soils  of 
the  area. 

1          2         3          4          »          6          7 

Soil  (2) 5          5          3          8          9        45        25 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce.  P.  R 16.040 


Soil  Survey  Field  Book. 

Ponce  loam. — Is  composed  of  a  dark-brown  alluvial  loam,  3  feet  or 
more  in  depth.  Originally  swampy  in  part.  When  drained,  well 
adapted  to  sugar  cane  and  Guinea  grass,  also  to  bananas  and  plantains. 
Best  sugar  land  of  the  area.  All  under  cultivation. 

1284567 

Soil  (1) 0          1          1          5        15        57        20 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 2, 480 

TTtnado  loam. — Dark-brown  or  yellowish  loam,  7  inches  deep,  fri- 
able and  free  from  stones,  underlain  by  yellow  loam,  becoming  lighter 
in  texture  at  lower  depths.  Derived  from  igneous  and  volcanic  rocks. 
Occupies  hilly  country  in  vicinity  of  Utuado.  Some  areas  adapted  to 
coffee  and  fruit,  but  the  greater  part  used  for  pasture. 

1          '2         X         4          5         «          7 

Soil  (1) 2          5          5        16        11        28        34 

Subsoil  (1) 1         3         6        20        10       30       30 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 7,880 

Arecibo  silt  loam. — Dark-brown  silt '  loam,  12  to  36  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  dark  loam  or  silt  loam.  Alluvial  deposit  occupying  low, 
level  areas  along  or  near  the  coast.  In  the  vicinity  of  Arecibo  excel- 
lent cane  land,  producing  from  30  to  40  tons  per  acre.  Around  Ponce 
low  lying  and  too  alkaline  for  crops,  on  account  of  occasional  inunda- 
tion by  sea  water. 

1234567 

Soil  (4) 1          1          1          8        10        55        24 

Subsoil  (3) 1         1          1         6         8       52       31 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 8,960 

Alonso  clay. — Dark  purplish-red  clay  loam,  8  to  28  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  dark  to  purplish-red  tenacious  clay  36  inches  or  more 
in  depth.  Derived  from  igneous  and  volcanic  rocks.  Heavy,  stiff, 
and  hard  to  cultivate.  Rough,  mountainous  topography.  The  small 
area  southwest  of  Adjuntas  is  well  adapted  to  oranges  and  coffee. 
The  other  areas  are  lower  and  produce  chiefly  bananas  and  plantains, 

with  some  coffee. 

1          2          34          5         6          7 

Soil  (5) 3          4          4        10        11        31        37 

Subsoil  (2) 0          2          2          9          7        37        43 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 13, 690 


Porto  Rican  Soils.  277 

Adjuntas  clay.— A  red  or  dark-brown  clay,  3  to  15  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  red  clay  36  inches  or  more  in  depth.  Derived  from  vol- 
canic and  igneous  rocks.  Occupies  steep  slopes.  Difficult  or  impos- 
sible to  till,  requiring  great  care  to  prevent  washing.  The  principal 
and  most  important  coffee  soil  of  the  Arecibo  to  Ponce  area.  Also 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  bananas,  plantains,  and  oranges  where  there 
is  a  sufPcient  depth  of  soil. 

1          '2         3          4          56          7 

Soil  (3) 1          1          1          4          5        36        52 

Subsoil  (2) 0          1          1          5          6        44        43 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 29,890 

Penuelas  adobe. — Brown  loam,  with  marked  adobe  properties,  13 
to  15  inches  deep,  underlain  by  cracked  and  broken  volcanic  tufa. 
Derived  from  disintegrated  volcanic  tufa.  Occupies  hills  and  gentle 
slopes  around  Penuelas.  Too  dry  except  for  pasture.  Some  bananas 
grown  on  moist  spots. 

1234567 

Soil  (2) 4          6          4          9          9        27        41 

Subsoil  (1) 30        21          8        13          9          9         9 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 6,680 

Portugues  adobe. — Heavy,  dark-brown  or  black  loam  resembling 
adobe,  6  to  17  inches  deep,  formed  from  decomposed  limestone.  Occu- 
pies parting  valleys  and  gentle  slopes  around  limestone  hills  in  southern 
part  of  area.  Soil  is  underlain  by  heavy  light-brown  loam,  becoming 
lighter  in  color  with  increasing  depth.  Devoted  chiefly  to  pasture,  but 
produces  sugar  cane  and  bananas  where  irrigation  is  practicable.  A 
large  part  of  the  area  lies  too  high  for  irrigation. 

1884         5         6         7 

Soil  (2) 1  3          2          7         13         41         33 

Subsoil  (2) 1  3  1  4         10        43        38 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Poncv,  P.  K...  ..  4,010 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Acadia  silt  loam 79 

Afton  fine  sandy  loam.    (See  Miami  fine  sand,  p.  137.) 

Alamance  silt  loam.     (See  Cecil  silt  loam,  p.  103.) 

Allegan  black  clay.    (See  Clyde  loam,  p.  157.) 

Allegan  clay.     (See  Miami  clay  loam,  p.  140.) 

Allegan  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Miami  fine  sand,  p.  79.) 

Allegan  gravelly  loam.    (See  Miami  gravelly  sandy  loam,  p.  130;  Miami 

gravelly  sand,  p.  135.) 
Allegan  sand.    (See  Miami  sand,  p.  137.) 
Allegan  sandy  loam.     (See  Miami  sandy  loam,  p.  138.) 
Allegan  stony  loam.     (See  Miami  stony  loam,  p.  134.) 

Alloway  clay 82 

Almyra  silt  loam.     (See  Crowley  silt  loam,  p.  79.) 

Alton  stony  loam.     (See  Miami  stony  sandy  loam,  p.  134.) 

A  mite  loam 77 

Amite  sandy  loam 75 

Arkansas  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Wabash  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  85.) 
Arkansas  loam.     (See  Laurel  loam,  p.  220.) 
Arroyo  Seco  sandy  loam.     (See  Maricopa  gravelly  loam,  p.  236.) 
Austin  clay.     (See  Houston  clay,  p.  65.) 

Austin  fine  sandy  loam 93 

Ayden  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  51.) 

Barnmn  loam 172 

narnnm  ston v  loam 1117 

Benton  loam.     (See  Houston  clay,  p.  65.) 

Bernanlston  loam 172 

Billings  clay 215 

Billings  clay  loam 214 

Billings  fine  sandy  loam 213 

Billings  gravelly  loam 213 

Billings  loam 213 

Billings  sandy  loam.     (Sop  Rilling*  fmr  sandy  loam,  p.  213.) 

Billings  silt  loam 214 

Blnghuin  gravelly  loam IMii 

Itinirliti in  loam 1N7 

279 


280  Index. 

Page. 

Bingham  stony  loam 186 

Boise  loam 205 

Boise  sandy  loam.     (See  Raise  silt  loam,  p.  205.) 

Boise  silt  loam 205 

Ro/.eman  silt  loam 205 

Brandy  wine  loam 112 

Bridger  clay  loam 197 

Bridget-  gravelly  loam 19(i 

Bridger  loam 197 

Calcasieu  fine  sand 75 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam 76 

Calcasleu  loam 78 

Caldwell  loam.     (See  Oallatin  Ml  loam,  p.  203.) 

Caldwell  sandy  loam.     (See  Oallatin  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  202.) 

Cardiff  slate  loam Ill 

Carrington  clay  loam 96 

Cassadaga  sand 108 

Cecil  clay 104 

Cecil  clay  loam 103 

Cecil  fine  sandy  loam 102 

Cecil  gravelly  loam 100 

Cecil  loam 103 

Cecil  mica  loam.    (See  Chester  mica  loam,  p.  109.) 

Cecil  sand 101 

Cecil  sandy  loam 101 

Cecil  silt  loam 103 

Cecil  stony  clay 100 

Cecil  stony  loam 100 

Chattooga  loam 63 

Chester  fine  sandy  loam 109 

Chester  loam 109 

Chester  mica  loam 109 

Chester  stony  loam 108 

Chicopee  gravel  loam.     (See  Norfolk  gravelly  loam,  p.  47.) 
Clarksville  clay.    (See  Waverly  clay,  p.  90.) 

Clarksville  clay  loam 129 

Clarksville  fine  sandy  loam 128 

Clarksville  loam.     (See  Wabash  silt  loam,  p.  86.) 

Clarksville  silt  loam 128 

Clarksville  stony  loam 127 

Clyde  clay 158 

Clyde  fine  sand 156 

Clyde  fine  sandy  loam 157 

Clyde  gravelly  sand 155 

Clyde  gravelly  sandy  loam 155 

Clyde  loam 157 

Clyde  sand 156 

Clyde  sandy  loam 156 


Index.  281 

Page. 

Clyde  silt  loam 158 

Clyde  stony  sandy  loam 154 

Collington  sandy  loam 7<i 

Colorado  adobe.     (See  Colorado  loam  adobe,  p.  212;   Laurrl  loam  adobe, 
p.  221.) 

Colorado  clay  loam 211 

Colorado  fine  sandy  loam 210 

Colorado  gravelly  loam 209 

Colorado  loam 211 

Colorado  loam  adobe 212 

Colorado  sand 209 

Colorado  sandy  loam 210 

Colton  stony  clay.     (See  Crawford  xlony  clay,  p.  ISO.) 

Columbia  silt  loam 200 

Conestoga  clay 132 

Concstoga  loam 130 

Congaree  clay 97 

Congaree  loam 93 

Connecticut  meadows.     (See  M endow,  p.  270- ) 
Connecticut  swamp.     (See  Swamp,  p.  272.) 

Conowingo  barrens 110 

Conowingo  clay 114 

Crawford  clay 182 

Crawford  gravelly  loam 181 

Crawford  loam 181 

Crawford  silt  loam 181 

Crawford  stony  clay 180 

Crockett  clay  loam 81 

Crowley  silt  loam 79 

Cumberland  loam 130 

Dauphin  sandy  loam.     (See  Dekal'i  sandy  loam,  p.  119.) 

Davidson  loam.     (See  Hagerxtown  loam,  p.  120.) 

Davie  clay  loam.     (See  Cecil  loam,  p.  103;  Cecil  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  102.) 

Decatur  clay.    (Sec  Hager.itown  clay,  p.  127.) 

Deer  Flat  fine  sandy  loam 204 

Deer  Flat  sandy  loam.     (See  Deer  Flat  line  unruly  loam,  p.  204.) 

Dekalb  clay 121 

Dckalb  clay  loam.     (See  Lickdale  clay  loam,  p.  131  ) 

Dokalb  fine  sandy  loam 120 

Dekalb  gravelly  loiirn 119 

Dekalb  loam 120 

Dekalb  sandy  loam 119 

Dekalb  shale  loam 118 

Dakulb  silt  loam , 120 

Dekalh  stony  Ion  in 118 

Delavan  silt  loam.     (See  Sioux  sill  loam,  p.  Kil.) 

Derby  loam 1*4 

Donegal  gravelly  loam.     (See  Norfolk  r/rarrlly  loam,  p.  47.) 


282  Index. 


Duncsand 268 

Dunkirk  clay 154 

Dunkirk  clay  loam 153 

Dunkirk  fine  sandy  loam 152 

Dunkirk  gravel 150 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam 151 

Dunkirk  gravelly  sandy  loam 151 

Dunkirk  loam 152 

Dunkirk  sandy  loam.     (See  Dunkirk  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  152.) 

Dunkirk  shale  loam 150 

Dunkirk  silt  loam 153 

Dunkirk  stony  clay 150 

Durham  sandy  loam.     (See  Cecil  sand,  p.  101.) 
Edgemont  stony  loam.     (See  Dekalb  stony  loam,  p.  118.) 
Edgerton  silt  loam.    (See  Miami  silt  loam,  p.  139.) 
Elkhorn  silt  loam.     (See  W abash  silt  loam,  p.  80.) 
Elkton  clay.     (See  Portsmouth  silt  loam,  p.  57.) 
Elmira  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Wabash  loam,  p.  85.) 
Elmira  shale  loam.    (See  Dunkirk  shale  loam,  p.  150.) 
Elmira  silt  loam.     (See  Dunkirk  silt  loam,  p.  153.) 

Elmwood  loam 173 

Elsinboro  fine  sand.     (See  Norfolk  fine  sand,  p.  49.) 

Elsinore  fine  sandy  loam 195 

Elsinore  sand 194 

Elsinore  sandy  loam.     (See  Elsinore  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  195.) 
Enfield  sandy  loam.     (See  Norfolk  sandy  loam,  p.  50.) 
Fairview  sandy  loam.     (See  Marshall  sandy  loam,  p.  142.) 
Fancher  sandy  loam.     (See  Stockton  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  251 :  Hanfurd sandy 
loam,  p.  258.) 

Fargo  clay 177 

Fareo  gravelly  loam.     (See  Marshall  gravelly  loam,  p.  141.) 
Fargo  loam.     (See  Marshall  loam,  p.  143.) 

Finney  clay 223 

Finney  sandy  loam 222 

Fort  Collins  loam 222 

Fort  Payne  clay.    (See  Conestoga  clay,  p.  132.) 

Fort  Payne  clay  loam 131 

Fort  Payne  loam.     (See  Hagerstown  loam,  p.  120.) 

Fort  Payne  sandy  loam 129 

Fort  Payne  stony  loam.     (See  Clarksville  stony  loam  p.  127.) 

Fresno  fine  sand 254 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam 255 

Fresno  gravel.     (See  Hanford  gravel,  p.  257.) 
Fresno  gravelly  sand.     (See  Maricopa  sand,  p.  230.) 

Fresno  loam 250 

Fresno  red  sand.     (See  San  Joaquin  sand,  p.  248.) 

Fresno  sand 254 

Fresno  sandy  loam 255 


Index.  283 

Page. 
Fullerton  sandy  adobe.     (See  Placentia  loam  adobe,  p.  243;  Placentia  sandy 

adobe,  p.  242.) 

Fruita  fine  sandy  loam 215 

Fruita  loam 216 

Gadsden  loam 70 

Gadsden  sand 69 

Gadsden  sandy  loam 70 

Gainesville  sand 74 

Gallatin  clay  loam 204 

Gallatin  fine  sandy  loam 202 

Gallatin  gravelly  loam 201 

Gallatin  loam 203 

Gallatin  silt  loam 203 

Galveston  clay 62 

Galveslon  coarse  sand 61 

Galveston  fine  sand (12 

Galveston  sand 61 

Galveston  sandy  loam 62 

Garner  stony  loam.     (See  Susquehanna  gravelly  loam,  p.  71.) 

Gasconade  silt  loam 130 

Gilaclay 228 

Gila  clay  loam 228 

Gila  fine  sand 226 

Gila  fine  sandy  loam 226 

Gila  loam 227 

Gila  silt  loam 227 

< ; lfii'1:! If •  clay  loam 231 

Glendale  loess      (See  OUndale  clay  loam,  p.  231.) 
Glenwood  loam.     (See  Bingham  loam,  p.  187.) 

Gloucester  stony  loam 167 

Goldsboro  compact  sandy  loam.     (See  Portsmouth  nantly  loam,  p.  55.) 

Oriflen  clay 97 

Guthrie  clay 132 

Gypsum 20!l 

Hagerstown  clay 127 

Hagprstown  clay  loam 12(5 

I  lagersto wn  loam 126 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam 12.r> 

Hagerstown  shale  loam.     (See  Drkallt  ulitilf  loam,  \>.  1  IS;   Vulitxia  xilt  loam, 

p.  148.) 
Hagerstown  silt  loam.     (See  Clarkxvillr  xilt  loam,  p.  128.) 

Hagerstown  stony  clay 12.1 

Hagerstown  stony  loam 124 

Hammond  silt  loam 80 

I  lanfnrd  clay  adot>o 200 

Hanford  clay  loam 2<iO 

Hanford  fine  sand 2.18 

Hunfnrd  fine  sandy  loam 2.VI 


284  Index. 

Page. 

Hanford  gravel : 257 

Hanford  sand 257 

Hanford  sandy  loam 258 

Hanford  silt  loam 259 

Hanover  sand.     (See  Miami  sandy  loam,  p.  138.) 
Hartford  sandy  loam.    (See  Norfolk  sand,  p.  48.) 
Hempfield  stony  loam.     (See  Cecil  stony  loam,  p.  100.) 
Hempstead  gravelly  loam.     (See  Hempstead  loam,  p.  78.) 

Hempstead  loam 78 

Herndon  stony  loam.     (See  Porters  stony  loam,  p.  115.) 

Hobart  clay 178 

Holyoke  stony  loam 168 

Hondo  meadows.     (See  Meadow,  p.  270.) 

Houston  black  clay 65 

Houston  black  clay  loam 64 

Houston  clay 65 

Houston  gravelly  clay • 63 

Houston  loam 64 

Houston  silt  loam.     (See  Houston  loam,  p.  64.) 

Imperial  clay 229 

Imperial  clay  loam 229 

Imperial  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Oila  loam,  p.  227.) 

Imperial  gravelly  loam.     (See  India  gravelly  loam,  p.  224.) 

Imperial  loam.     (See  Imperial  clay  loam,  p.  229;  Oila  clay  loam,  p.  228.) 

Imperial  sand :      229 

Imperial  sandy  loam 229 

Imperial  silt  loam.    (See  Oila  silt  loam,  p.  227.) 

Indio  fine  sand 225 

Indio  fine  sandy  loam . . .  .• 225 

Indio  gravelly  loam 224 

Indio  sand 224 

Iredell  clay  loam 113 

Jackson  loam 94 

Janesville  loam.    (See  Sioux  silt  loam,  p.  161.) 
Janesville  silt  loam.    (See  Marshall  silt  loam,  p.  144.) 

Jordan  clay 192 

Jordan  clay  loam 192 

Jordan  fine  sand 191 

Jordan  fine  sandy  loam 191 

Jordan  loam 192 

Jordan  meadow.     (See  Meadow,  p.  270.) 

Jordan  sand 190 

Jordan  sandy  loam.    (See  Jordan  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  191;  Jordan  loam, 

p.  192.) 

Kalamazoo  gravelly  loam.     (See  Clyde  gravelly  sand,  p.  155.) 
Kaskaskia  loam.    (See  Wabash  silt  loam,  p.  86.) 

Lacasine  clay  loam 81 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy  loam 77 

Lake  Charles  loam 78 


Index.  285 

Page. 

Landry  silt  loam 80 

Lansdale  silt  loam 113 

Laramie  gravelly  loam 207 

Laramie  sandy  loam 208 

Laurel  clay  loam 221 

Laurel  fine  sand 219 

Laurel  fine  sandy  loam 220 

Laurel  loam 220 

Laurel  loam  adobe 221 

Laurel  sandy  loam 220 

Leon  fine  sand 75 

Leon  sand 74 

Leonardtown  gravelly  loam.    (See  Leonardtown  loam,  p.  79.) 

Leonardtown  loam 79 

Lexington  silt  loam 174 

Lickdale  clay  loam 131 

Lincoln  sandy  loam.    (See  Laurel  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  220.) 

Lintonia  loam 94 

Los  Angeles  sandy  loam.    (See  Placentia  loam,  p.  241.) 

Loudoun  sandy  loam Ill 

Lufkin  clay 68 

Lufkin  clay  loam.    (See  Lufkin  clay,  p.  68.) 

Lufkin  fine  sand 67 

Lufkin  fine  sandy  loam 68 

Lufkin  gravelly  loam 66 

Lufkin  loam 68 

Lufkin  sand 06 

Lufkin  sandy  loam t>7 

Mackinaw  gravel.     (See  Miami  gravel,  p.  135.) 

Madeland 270 

Madison  loam 173 

Malade  fine  sand 189 

Maladc  fine  sandy  loam 189 

Malade  loam 190 

Maladc  sandy  loam 189 

Manchester  sandy  loam 170 

Manor  loam 112 

Manor  stony  loam 110 

Maricopa  play  loam 239 

Maricopa  fine  sandy  loam 238 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam 23C> 

Maricopa  gravelly  sand 235 

Maricopa  loam 2H8 

Maricopa  sand : 23»> 

Maricopa  sandy  adobe.     (So*>  Colorado  loiim  atlolir,  p.  212;  Plticrntiu  xandy 

adobe,  p.  242.) 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 237 


286  Index. 

Page. 

Maricopa  silt  loam 239 

Maricopa  stony  loam.     (See  Bingham  stony  loam,  p.  180.) 

Marion  silt  loam 174 

Marsh 272 

Marshall  clay 146 

Marshall  clay  loam 145 

Marshall  fine  sand 142 

Marshall  fine  sandy  loam 143 

Marshall  gravel , 141 

Marshall  gravelly  loam 141 

Marshall  loam 143 

Marshall  sand 141 

Marshall  sandy  loam 1 42 

Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Marshall  stony  loam 140 

McLean  silt  loam.     (See  Marshall  loam,  p.  143.) 

Meadow '. 270 

Memphis  silt  loam 175 

Mesa  clay 217 

Mesa  clay  loam 217 

Mesa  fine  sandy  loam 210 

Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Miami  clay  loam 140 

Miami  fine  sand 137 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam 138 

M iami  gravel ". .  135 

Miami  gravelly  loam 13(i 

Miami  gravelly  sand 135 

Miami  gravelly  sandy  loam 130 

Miami  loam 139 

Miami  sand 137 

Miami  sandy  loam 138 

Miami  silt  loam 139 

Miami  stony  loam , 134 

Miami  stony  sand 134 

Miami  stony  sandy  loam 134 

Miller  clay 92 

Miller  fine  sand 90 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam 91 

Miller  heavy  clay.     (See  Miller  clay,  p.  92.) 

Miller  silt  loam 91 

Mobile  clay 83 

Monroe  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Miller  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  91.) 

Monroe  silt  loam 81 

Morse  clay 83 

Muck . .  206 


Index.  287 

Page. 

Murrill  clay  loam 131 

Murrill  sandy  loam.     (See  Hagerslown  sandy  loam,  p.  125.) 
Murrill  stony  loam.     (See  Hagerslown  stony  loam,  p.  124.) 

Myatt  fine  sandy  loam 77 

Neosho  silt  loam 95 

Neuse  clay 98 

Newton  fine  sand 170 

Norfolk  clay 53 

Norfolk  clay  loam 53 

Norfolk  coarse  sand 47 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam 48 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  gravel 4(> 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam 47 

Norfolk  loam 52 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 50 

Norfolk  sandy  soil.     (See  Norfolk  sandy  loam,  p.  50.) 

Norfolk  silt  loam 52 

Oakland  sandy  loam.     (See  Miami  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  138.) 

Ocklocknee  clay 98 

Orangeburg  clay W) 

Orangeburg  fine  sand 58 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam 59 

Orangeburg  loam.     (See  Orangeburg  sandy  loam,  p.  59;  Orangeburg  fine 
sandy  loam,  p.  59.) 

Orangeburg  sand 58 

<  )rangeburg  sandy  loam 59 

Orangeburg  silt  loam.     (See  Miller  silt  loam,  p.  91.) 

( )swego  fine  sandy  loam 1 79 

Oswego  loam.     (See  Oswego  silt  loam,  p.  179.) 

Oswego  silt  loam 179 

Oxnard  clay  loam 24<> 

Oxnard  clay  loam  adobe 247 

Oxnard  fine  sandy  loam 24.5 

Oxnard  gravelly  loam 244 

Oxntml  loam 24i> 

Oxnard  sand 244 

Oxnard  sandy  loam 245 

Oxnard  silt  loam 24« 

Peat 2fiti 

Peoos  conglomerate 2.'*) 

Peoos  gypsum.     (Sec  (iyjmum,  p.  2li9.) 

Pec-os  sand.     (See  Oila  tinr  sanity  lixim.  p.  22T>:  (Jiln  fine  sand,  p.  22<i.) 

I'won  sandy  loam 2:tl 

Penn  clay 107 

Penn  gravelly  loum KMi 


288  Index. 

Page. 

Pcnn  loam l()(i 

Pcnn  sandy  loam 10(1 

Penn  shale  loam 105 

Perm  silt  loam 107 

Penn  stony  loam 105 

Placentia  clay  loam 242 

Placentia  clay  loam  adobe 243 

Placentia  coarse  sandy  loam.    (See  Placentia  sandy  loam,  p.  240.) 

Placentia  fine  sandy  loam 240 

Placentia  loam 241 

Placentia  loam  adobe 243 

Placentia  sandy  adobe 2*42 

Placentia  sandy  loam 240 

Plainwell  stony  loam.     (See  Miami  stony  sand,  p.  134.) 

Pocoson.     (See  Swamp,  p.  272.) 

Podunk  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Norfolk  fine  sand,  p.  49.) 

Portage,  sandy  loam 171 

Portage  silt  loam 175 

Portage  stony  sandy  loam 1(17 

Porters  black  loam 116 

Porters  clay 117 

Porters  loam 117 

Porters  red  clay.    (See  Porters  clay,  p.  117.) 

Porters  sand 115 

Porters  sandy  loam 1 1  (i 

Porters  stony  loam 115 

Portsmouth  clay.    (See  Portsmouth  loam,  p.  56.) 

Portsmouth  clay  loam 57 

Portsmouth  fine  sand 54 

Portsmouth  fine  sandy  loam 55 

Portsmouth  loam 56 

Portsmouth  sand 54 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam 55 

Portsmouth  silt  loam 57 

Puget  fine  sandy  loam 263 

Puget  silt  loam 264 

Puget  clay 265 

Quinton  sandy  loam.    (See  Norfolk  sandy  loam,  p.  50.) 

Redfleld  clay  loam 188 

Redfield  fine  sandy  loam 187 

Redfleld  loam 188 

Redfield  sandy  loam.    (See  Redfield  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  187.) 

Rio  Grande  loam.     (See  Laurel  clay  loam,  p.  221.) 

Rio  Grande  sandy  loam.    (See  Laurel  sandy  loam,  p.  220.) 

Riverwash 269 

Rock  outcrop ' 267 

Roswell  fine  sandy  loam 231 


Index.  289 


Roswell  loam 231 

Roswell  sandy  loam.    (See  Roswell  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  231.) 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Sacramento  clay  loam 264 

Sacramento  silt  loam.     (See  Hanford  silt  loam,  p.  259.) 

Safford  silt  loam 176 

Saginaw  sandy  loam 171 

Salem  clay 262 

Salem  fine  sandy  loam 261 

Salem  gravelly  loam 261 

Salem  loam.    (See  Salem  silt  loam,  p.  262.) 

Salem  sandy  loam.    (See  Salem  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  261.) 

Salem  silt  loam 262 

Salinas  gray  adobe 265 

Salinas  shale  loam.     (See  Oxnard  gravelly  loam,  p.  244.) 

Salt  Lake  clay  loam 194 

Salt  Lake  loam 194 

Salt  Lake  sand 193 

Salt  Lake  sandy  loam 193 

Salt  River  adobe.    (See  Gila  clay,  p.  228.) 

Salt  River  gravel.    (See  Rough  stony  land,  p.  267.) 

San  Antonio  clay  loam 82 

San  Gabriel  gravelly  loam.    (See  Maricopa  gravelly  loam,  p.  236.) 

San  Gabriel  gravelly  sand.    (See  Maricopa  gravelly  sand,  p.  235.) 

San  Gabriel  sandy  loam.    (See  Maricopa  sandy  loam,  p.  237.) 

San  Jacinto  clay.     (See  Houston  black  clay,  p.  65.) 

San  Joaquin  black  adobe.     (See  Oxnard  clay  loam  adobe,  p.  247;  Billings 

clay,  p.  215;  Stockton  clay  loam  adobe,  p.  252.) 

San  Joaquin  clay  loam  adobe 250 

San  Joaquin  fine  sandy  loam 249 

San  Joaquin  loam 249 

San  Joaquin  red  adobe.     (See  San  Joaquin  clay  loam  adolie,  p.  2."X);  San 

Joaquin  sandy  adobe,  p.  250.) 

San  Joaquin  sand 248 

San  Joaquin  sandy  adobe " .  '  250 

San  Joaquin  sandy  loam 248 

San  Luis  loam 219 

San  Luis  sand 218 

San  Luis  sandy  loam 218 

Sanders  loam 94 

Sandhill 268 

Santiago  fine  sandy  loam 263 

Santiago  loam 364 

Santiago  sandy  loam.     (See  Santiago  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  263.) 

Santiago  silt  loam.     (See  Hanford  clay  loam,  p.  2tKt;  Gila  silt  loam,  p.  227; 

Hanford  silt  loom,  p.  259;  Laurel  loam,  p.  220.) 

32075— Ot) 19 


290  Index. 

Page. 

Sarpy  clay  loam 96 

Sassafras  gravelly  loam.    (See  Norfolk  silt  loam,  p.  52.) 
Sassafras  loam.     (See  Norfolk  silt  loam,  p.  52.) 
Sassafras  sandy  loam.    (See  Norfolk  loam,  p.  52.) 

Saugatuck  sand 169 

Savanna.     (See  Swamp,  p.  272.) 

Scottsburg  silt  loam 176 

Sedgwick  black  clay  loam 185 

Sedgwick  clay  loam.    (See  Marshall  silt  loam,  p.  144;  Crawford  silt  loam, 

p.  181.) 

Sedgwick  gravelly  loam.    (See  Crawford  gravelly  loam,  p.  181.) 
Sedgwick  loam.    (See  Colorado  loam,  p.  211.) 
Sedgwick  sandy  loam.    (See  Colorado  sandy  loam,  p.  210.) 
Selma  clay.    (See  Norfolk  clay,  p.  53.) 
Selma  heavy  slit  loam.      (See  Portsmouth  sandy  loam,  p.  55;  Portsmouth 

fine  sandy  loam,  p.  55.) 
Selma  silt  loam.    (See  Norfolk  sandy  loam,  p.  50.) 

Sharkey  clay 98 

Shelby  clay.    (See  Shelby  loam,  p.  173.) 

Shelby  loam 173 

Shelby  sand 169 

Shelby  silt  loam 177 

Sheridan  sandy  loam 263 

Sierra  adobe.    (See  Sierra  sandy  adobe,  p.  234;  Placentia  clay  loam  adobe, 

p.  243.) 

Sierra  clay  loam 233 

Sierra  loam.    (See  Sierra  loam  adobe,  p.  234.) 

Sierra  loam  adobe 234 

Sierra  sandy  adobe 234 

Sierra  sandy  loam 233 

Sierra  stony  loam 232 

Sioux  clay 161 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam 160 

Sioux  loam 161 

Sioux  sand 159 

Sioux  sandy  loam 160 

Sioux  silt  loam 161 

Snake  River  sand.    (See  Yakima  fine  sand,  p.  198.) 

Snohomish  fine  sandy  loam 172 

Snohomish  sand 169 

Snohomish  silt  loam 177 

Soledad  gravelly  sand.    (See  Maricopa  gravelly  sand,  p.  235.) 

Stockton  clay  adobe 253 

Stockton  clay  loam  adobe 252 

Stockton  fine  sandy  loam 231 

Stockton  loam 251 

Stockton  loam  adobe 252 


Index.  291 

Page. 

Stockton  silt  loam 251 

Sturgis  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  51.) 

Suffieldclay 83 

Superior  clay 163 

Superior  sandy  loam 162 

Superior  silt  loam 162 

Sunnyside  sand.    (See  Yakima  fine  sand,  p.  198.) 

Susquehanna  clay 72 

Susquehanna  clay  loam 71 

Susquehanna  fine  sandy  loam 71 

Susquehanna  gravel.    (See  Norfolk  gravel,  p.  46.) 

Susquehanna  gravelly  loam 71 

Swamp 272 

Tazewell  silt  loam.     (See  Miami  silt  loam,  p.  139.) 

Travis  gravelly  loam 73 

Triassic  stony  loam.     (See  Penn  stony  loam,  p.  105.) 

Upshur  clay 123 

Upshur  loam 122 

Upshur  sandy  loam 122 

Vergennes  black  clay 166 

Vergennes  clay 166 

Vergennes  fine  sand 164 

Vergennes  gravelly  loam 164 

Vergennes  loam 165 

Vergennes  sandy  loam 165 

Vergennes  stony  loam 164 

Vernon  clay 184 

Vemon  fine  sand.    (See  Miller  fine  sand,  p.  90.) 

Vernon  fine  sandy  loam 183 

Vernon  loam.    (See  Vernon  silt  loam,  p.  184.) 

Vernon  sand 183 

Vernon  sandy  loam 183 

Vernon  silt  loam 184 

Volusia  clay  loam 148 

Volusia  gravelly  loam 147 

Volusia  loam 147 

Volusia  sandy  loam.     (See  Volusia  loam,  p.  147.) 

Vojusia  silt  loam 148 

Volusia  stony  loam M6 

Wabaah  clay 87 

Wabash  fine  sandy  loam 85 

Wabash  heavy  clay S7 

Wahush  loam 85 

Wabash  sandy  loam 84 

Wabash  silt  loam *6 

Waldo  loam.     (S«-o  U'almsh  silt  loam.  p.  86.1 

Walla  Walla  loam.     (Soo  Valla  tt'alla  silt  loam,  p.  206.) 

Walla  Walla  silt  loam...                                                                               206 


292  Index. 

Page. 

Warners  loam 174 

Warsaw  sandy  loam 76 

Warwick  sandy  loam.     (See  Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam,  p.  48.) 

Waverly  clay 90 

Waverly  clay  loam 89 

Waverly  fine  sandy  loam 88 

Waverly  loam 88 

Waverly  silt  loam 89 

Weber  fine  sandy  loam 195 

Westphalia  sand.    (See  Norfolk  fine  sand,  p.  49.) 

Wheatland  sand 170 

Wheatland  sandy  loam 171 

Wickham  clay  loam 73 

Wickham  sand 72 

Wickham  sandy  loam 72 

Willis  sand.    (See  Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  51.) 
Windsor  sand.    (See  Norfolk  coarse  sand,  p.  47.) 
Winnebago  sandy  loam.    (See  Marshall  sandy  loam,  p.  142.) 

Worsham  sandy  loam 112 

Yakima  fine  sand 198 

Yakima  fine  sandy  loam 199 

Yakima  gravelly  loam.    (See  Gallatin  gravelly  loam,  p.  201.) 

Yakima  loam 199 

Yakima  sand 198 

Yakima  sandy  loam.     (See  Yakima  silt  loam,  p.  200;  Yakima  loam,  p.  199; 
Yakima  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  199.) 

Yakima  silt  loam 200 

Yakima  stony  clay.    (See  Rough  stony  land,  p.  267.) 

Yakima  stony  loam 198 

Yazoo  clay.    (See  Waverly  clay,  p.  90;  Crawford  clay,  p.  182;    Wabash  clay 

p.  87.) 
Yazoo  heavy  clay.    (See  Wabash  heavy  clay,  p.  87.) 

Yazoo  loam 95 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 92 

Yazoo  silt  loam.    (See  Wabash  silt  loam,  p.  87.) 

Yuma  sand 230 

PORTO  RICAN  SOILS. 

Adjuntas  clay 277 

Alonso  clay 276 

Arecibp  loam 275 

Arecibo  sand 273 

Arecibo  sandy  loam 274 

Arecibo  silt  loam 276 

Coral  sand 274 

Pastillo  loam 275 

Penuelas  adobe...                                    277 


Index.  293 


Ponce  loam 276 

Ponce  sandy  loam 274 

Portugues  adobe 277 

Portugues  stony  loam 273 

Riverwash 273 

Tanama  stony  loam 273 

Utuado  loam 276 

Utuado  sandy  loam 274 

Vivi  sandy  loam 275 

SOILS  ARRANGED  BY  GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 

Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains 44 

Norfolk  series 46 

Norfolk  gravel 46 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam 47 

Norfolk  coarse  sand 47 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam 48 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 50 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  loam 52 

Norfolk  silt  loam 52 

Norfolk  clay  loam 53 

Norfolk  clay 53 

Portsmouth  series 54 

Portsmouth  sand 54 

Portsmouth  fine  sand.  : 54 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam 55 

Portsmouth  fine  sandy  loam 55 

Portsmouth  loam 56 

Portsmouth  silt  loam 57 

Portsmouth  clay  loam 57 

Orangeburg  scries 5S 

Orangeburg  sand 58 

Orangeburg  fine  sand 58 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam 59 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam 59 

Orangeburg  clay fio 

Galveston  series '0 

Ga!veston  coarse  sand til 

Galveston  sand f'l 

Galveston  fine  sand t.2 

Galveston  sandy  loam 62 

Galveston  clay 62 

Houston  series 63 

Houston  gravelly  clay 63 

Houston  loiim. ..  64 


294  Index. 

Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains— Continued.  Page. 

Houston  series — Continued. 

Houston  black  clay  loam 64 

Houston  black  clay 65 

Houston  clay 65 

Lufkin  series 66 

Luf kin  gravelly  loam 66 

Lufkin  sand 66 

Lufkin  fine  sand 67 

Lufkin  sandy  loam 67 

Lufkin  fine  sandy  loam 68 

Lufkin  loam 68 

Lufkin  clay 68 

Gadsden  series 69 

Gadsden  sand 69 

Gadsden  sandy  loam 70 

Gadsden  loam 70 

Susquehanna  series 70 

Susquehanna  gravelly  loam 71 

Susquehanna  fine  sandy  loam 71 

Susquehanna  clay  loam 71 

Susquehanna  clay 72 

Wickham  series 72 

Wickham  sand 72 

Wickham  sandy  loam 72 

Wickham  clay  loam 73 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains 73 

Travis  gravelly  loam 73 

Gainesville  sand 74 

Leon  sand 74 

Calcasieu  fine  sand 75 

Leon  fine  sand 75 

Amite  sandy  loam , 75 

Collington  sandy  loam 76 

Warsaw  sandy  loam 76 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam 76 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy  loam 77 

Myatt  fine  sandy  loam 77 

Amite  loam 77 

Calcasieu  loam 78 

Hempstead  loam 78 

Lake  Charles  loam 78 

Leonardtown  loam 79 

Acadia  silt  loam 79 

Crowley  silt  loam 79 

Hammond  silt  loam 80 

Landry  silt  loam 80 

Monroe  silt  loam 81 

Crockett  clay  loam 81 


Index.  295 

Soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains— Continued.  Page. 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains— Cont'd. 

Lacasine  clay  loam 

San  Antonio  clay  loam 

Alloway  clay 

Mobile  clay 

Morse  clay 

Suffield  clay 

Soils  of  the  flood  plains  of  the  Mississippi  and  other  rivers 

Wabash  series 

Wabash  sandy  loam 

Wabash  fine  sandy  loam 

Wabash  loam 

Wabash  silt  loam 86 

Wabash  clay 87 

Wabash  heavy  clay 87 

Waverly  series 88 

Waverly  fine  sandy  loam 88 

Waverly  loam 88 

Waverly  silt  loam 89 

Waverly  clay  loam 89 

Waverly  clay 90 

Miller  series 90 

Miller  fine  sand 90 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam .- 91 

Miller  silt  loam 91 

Miller  clay 92 

•  Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  flood  plains  of  the  Mississippi  and  other 

rivers 92 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 92 

Austin  fine  sandy  loam 93 

Chattooga  loam 93 

Congaree  loam 93 

Jackson  loam 94 

Lintonia  loam 94 

Sanders  loam 94 

Yazoo  loam 9,r> 

Neosho  silt  loam 95 

Carrington  clay  loam 9f> 

Sarpy  clay  loam 9f> 

Congaree  clay 97 

(JrinYn  clay 97 

Neuse  clay 9S 

Ockloekneo  clay 98 

Sharkey  clay 98 

Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau 99 

Cecil  series 99 

Cecil  stony  loam UX) 

Cecil  stony  clay 100 


206  Index. 

Soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau— Continued.  Page. 

Cecil  series— Continued. 

Cecil  gravelly  loam 100 

Cecil  sand 101 

Cecil  sandy  loam 101 

Cecil  fine  sandy  loam 102 

Cecil  loam 103 

Cecil  silt  loam 103 

Cecil  clay  loam ...  103 

Cecil  clay 104 

—       Penn  series 105 

Penn  stony  loam 105 

Penn  shale  loam 105 

Penn  gravelly  loam 1C6 

Penn  sandy  loam 106 

Penn  loam 106 

Penn  silt  loam 107 

Penn  clay 107 

Chester  series 108 

Chester  stony  loam : 108 

Chester  fine  sandy  loam 109 

Chester  mica  loam 109 

Chester  loam 109 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau 1 10 

Manor  stony  loam 110 

Conowingo  barrens 110 

Cardiff  slate  loam Ill 

Loudoun  sandy  loam Ill 

Worsham  sandy  loam 112 

Brandywine  loam 112 

Manor  loam 112 

tansdale  silt  loam 113 

Iredell  clay  loam 1 13 

Conowingo  clay 114 

Soils  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  Allegheny  Plateaus 114 

Porters  series 115 

Porters  stony  loam 115 

Porters  sand 115 

Porters  sandy  loam 116 

Porters  black  loam 116 

Porters  loam 117* 

Porters  clay 117 

Dekalb  series 117 

Dekalb  stony  loam 118 

Dekalb  shale  loam 118 

Dekalb  gravelly  loam 119 

•    Dekalb  sandy  loam 119 

Dekalb  fine  Sandy  loam 120 


Index.  297 


Soils  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  Allegheny  Plateaus— Con.  Page. 

Dekalb  series— Continued. 

Dekalb  loam 120 

Dekalb  silt  loam 120 

Dekalb  clay / 121 

Upshur  series 122 

.Upshur  sandy  loam 122 

Upshur  loam 122 

Upshur  clay 123 

Soils  of  the  Limestone  Valleys  and  Uplands 123 

Ilagerstown  series 124 

Hagerstown  stony  loam 124 

Hagerstown  stony  clay 125 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam 125 

Hagerstown  loam 126 

Hagerstown  clay  loam 126 

Hagerstown  clay 127 

Clarksville  series 127 

Clarksville  stony  loam 127 

Clarksville  fine  sandy  loam 128 

Clarksville  silt  loam 128 

Clarksville  clay  loam 129 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  limestone  valleys  and  uplands 129 

Fort  Payne  sandy  loam 129 

Cumberland  loam 130 

Conestoga  loam 130 

Gasconade  silt  loam 130 

Fort  Payne  clay  loam 131 

Lickdale  clay  loam 131 

Murrill  clay  loam 131 

Conestoga  clay 132 

Guthrie  clay 132 

Soils  of  the  glacial  and  loessial  regions 133 


Miami  ser 
Miam 
Miam 
Miam 
Miam 


es 133 

stony  sand 134 

stony  sandy  loam 134 

stony  loam 134 


gravel 135 

Miami  gravelly  sand 135 

Miami  gravelly  sandy  loam 136 

Miami  gravelly  loam 13ti 

Miami  sand 137 

Miami  fine  sand: 137 

Miami  sandy  loam 138 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam 138 

Miami  loam 139 

Miami  silt  loam 139 

Miami  clay  loam 140 


298  Index. 

Soils  of  the  glacial  and  loessial  regions— Continued.  Page. 

Marshall  series , .  140 

Marshall  stony  loam 140 

Marshall  gravel 141 

Marshall  gravelly  loam 141 

Marshall  sand 141 

Marshall  fine  sand 142 

Marshall  sandy  loam 142 

Marshall  fine  sandy  loam 143 

Marshall  loam 143 

Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Marshall  clay  loam 145 

Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Marshall  clay 146 

Volusia  series 146 

Volusia  stony  loam ; 146 

Volusia  gravelly  loam 147 

Volusia  loam 147 

Volusia  silt  loam 148 

Volusia  clay  loam 148 

Soils  of  the  glacial  lakes  and  terraces 149 

Dunkirk  series 149 

Dunkirk  stony  clay 150 

Dunkirk  shale  loam 150 

Dunkirk  gravel 150 

Dunkirk  gravelly  sandy  loam 151 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam 151 

Dunkirk  fine  sandy  loam 152 

Dunkirk  loam 152 

Dunkirk  silt  loam 153 

Dunkirk  clay  loam 153 

Dunkirk  clay 154 

Clyde  series 154 

Clyde  stony  sandy  loam 154 

Clyde  gravelly  sand 155 

Clyde  gravelly  sandy  loam , 155 

Clyde  sand 156 

Clyde  fine  sand 156 

Clyde  sandy  loam 156 

Clyde  fine  sandy  loam 157 

Clyde  loam 157 

Clyde  silt  loam 158 

Clyde  clay 158 

Sioux  series 159 

Sioux  sand 159 

Sioux  sandy  loam 160 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam 160 

Sioux  loam 161 

Sioux  silt  loam 161 

Sioux  clay 161 


Index.  299 

Soils  of  the  glacial  lakes  and  terraces— Continued.  Page. 

Superior  series 162 

Superior  sandy  loam 162 

Superior  silt  loam 162 

Superior  clay 163 

Vergennes  series 163 

Vergennes  stony  loam 164 

Vergennes  gravelly  loam 164 

Vergennes  fine  sand 164 

Vergennes  sandy  loam 165 

Vergennes  loam 165 

Vergennes  black  clay 166 

Vergennes  clay 166 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  glacial  and  loessial  regions 167 

Portage  stony  sandy  loam 167 

Barnum  stony  loam 167 

Gloucester  stony  loam 167 

llolyoke  stony  loam . .' 168 

Cassadaga  sand 168 

Saugatuck  sand 169 

Shelby  sand 169 

Snohomish  sand 169 

Wheatland  sand 170 

Newton  fine  sand 170 

Manchester  sandy  loam 170 

Portage  sandy  loam 171 

Saginaw  sandy  loam 171 

Wheatland  sandy  loam 171 

Snohomish  fine  sandy  loam 172 

Itanium  loam 172 

Bernardston  loam 172 

Elm  wood  loam 173 

Madison  loam 173 

Shelby  loam 173 

Warners  loam 174 

Lexington  silt  loam 174 

Marion  silt  loam 174 

Memphis  silt  loam 175 

Portage  silt  loam 175 

SatTord  silt  loam 176 

Scottsburg  silt  loam 176 

Shelby  silt  loam 177 

Snohomish  silt  loam 177 

Fargo  clay 177 

I lolin n  clay 178 

Ki'sidiml  soils  of  the  western  |>rulric  region 178 

Oswego  series 17!> 

Oswego  fine  Handy  loam 179 

Oswego  silt  loam 179 


300  Index.    . 

Page. 
Residual  soils  of  the  western  prairie  region— Continued. 

Crawford  series 180 

Crawford  stony  clay 180 

Crawford  gravelly  loam 181 

Crawford  loam 181 

Crawford  silt  loam 181 

Crawford  clay 182 

Vernon  series 182 

Vernon  sand 183 

Vernon  sandy  loam 183 

Vernon  fine  sandy  loam 183 

Vernon  silt  loam 184 

Vernon  clay 184 

Miscellaneous  residual  soils  of  the  western  prairie  region 184 

Derby  loam 184 

Sedgwick  black  clay  loam 185 

Soils  of  the  Great  Basin 185 

Bingham  series 185 

Bingham  stony  loam 186 

Bingham  gravelly  loam 186 

Bingham  loam 187 

Redfield  series 187 

Redfield  fine  sandy  loam 187 

Redfield  loam 188 

Redfield  clay  loam 188 

Malade  series 188 

Malade  fine  sand 189 

Malade  sandy  loam 189 

Malade  fine  sandy  loam 189 

Malade  loam 190 

Jordan  series 190 

Jordan  sand 190 

Jordan  fine  sand 191 

Jordan  fine  sandy  loam 191 

Jordan  loam 192 

Jordan  clay  loam 192 

Jordan  clay 192 

Salt  Lake  series 193 

Salt  Lake  sand 193 

Salt  Lake  sandy  loam 193 

Salt  Lake  loam 194 

Salt  Lake  clay  loam 194 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Great  Basin 194 

Elsinore  sand 194 

Elsinore  fine  sandy  loam 195 

Weber  fine  sandy  loam 195 


Index.  301 

Page. 

Soils  of  the  northwestern  intermountain  region 195 

Bridger  series 196 

Bridger  gravelly  loam . . ., 196 

Bridger  loam 197 

Bridger  clay  loam 197 

Yakima  series 197 

Yakima  stony  loa  m 198 

Yakima  sand 198 

Yakima  fine  sand 198 

Yakima  fine  sandy  loam 199 

Yakima  loam 199 

Yakima  silt  loam 200 

Gallatin  series 201 

Gallatin  gravelly  loam 201 

Gallatin  fine  sandy  loam 202 

Gallatin  loam 203 

Gallatin  silt  loam 203 

Gallatin  clay  loam 204 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  northwestern  intermountain  region 204 

Deer  Flat  fine  sandy  loam 204 

Boise  loam 205 

Boise  silt  loam 205 

Bozeinan  silt  loam 205 

Columbia  silt  loam 206 

Walla  Walla  silt  loam 206 

Soils  of  the  Kocky  Mountain  valleys,  plateaus,  and  plains 207 

La  ramie  series 207 

Laramie  gravelly  loam 207 

Laramic  sandy  loam 208 

Colorado  series 208 

Colorado  gravelly  loam 209 

Colorado  sand 209 

Colorado  sandy  loam 210 

Colorado  fine  sandy  loam 210 

Colorado  loam 211 

Colorado  clay  loam 211 

Colorado  loam  adobe •>}•> 

Billings  series 212 

Hillings  gravelly  loam 2IH 

Hillings  fine  sandy  loam 213 

Hillings  loam 213 

Billings  silt  loam 214 

Billings  clay  loam 214 

BHIiiiKHclay 215 

Fniita  series 215 

Fniita  fine  sandy  loam 215 

Fniita  limm.  .  .  JH, 


302  Index. 

Page. 
Soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  valleys,  plateaus,  and  plains — Continued. 

Mesa  series '. 216 

Mesa  fine  sandy  loam 216 

Mesa  clay  loam 217 

Mesa  clay 217 

San  Luis  series 217 

San  Luis  sand 218 

San  Luis  sandy  loam 218 

San  Luis  loam 219 

Lau  rel  series 219 

Laurel  fine  sand 219 

Laurel  sandy  loam 220 

Laurel  fine  sandy  loam 220 

Laurel  loam 220 

Laurel  clay  loam 221 

Laurel  loam  adobe 221 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  valleys,  plateaus,  and  plains  222 

Finney  sandy  loam 222 

Fort  Collins  loam 222 

Finney  clay 223 

Soils  of  the  arid  Southwest 223 

Indio  series 223 

Indio  gravelly  loam 224 

Indio  sand 224 

Indio  fine  sand 225 

Indio  fine  sandy  loam 225 

Gila  series 225 

Gila  fine  sand 226 

Gila  fine  sandy  loam 226 

Gila  loam 227 

G  ila  silt  loam 227 

Gila  clay  loam 228 

Gila  clay , 228 

Imperial  series 228 

Imperial  sand 229 

Imperial  sandy  loam 229 

Imperial  clay  loam 229 

Imperial  clay 22C 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  arid  Southwest 230 

Pecos  c&nglomerate 230 

Yuma  sand 230 

Pecos  sandy  loam 231 

Roswell  fine  sandy  loam 231 

Roswell  loam 231 

Glendale  clay  loam 231 


Index.  303 

Page. 

Soils  of  the  Pacific  coast 232 

Sierra  series 232 

Sierra  stony  loam 232 

Sierra  sandy  loam 233 

Sierra  clay  loam 233 

Sierra  sandy  adobe : 234 

Sierra  loam  adobe 234 

Maricopa  series 235 

Maricopa  gravelly  sand 235 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam 236 

Maricopa  sand 236 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 237 

Maricopa  fine  sandy  loam 238 

Maricopa  loam 238 

Maricopa  silt  loam 239 

Maricopa  clay  loam 239 

Placentia  series 239 

Placentia  sandy  loam 240 

Placentia  fine  sandy  loam 240 

Placentia  loam 241 

Placentia  clay  loam 242 

Placentia  sandy  adobe 242 

Placentia  loam  adobe 243 

Placentia  clay  loam  adobe 243 

Oxnard  series 244 

Oxnard  gravelly  loam 244 

Oxnard  sand 244 

Oxnard  sandy  loam '. . .  245 

Oxnard  fine  sandy  loam 245 

Oxnard  loam 246 

Oxnard  silt  loam 246 

Oxnard  clay  loam 246 

Oxnard  clay  loam  adobe 247 

San  Joaquin  series 247 

San  Joaquin  sand 248 

San  Joaquin  sandy  louin 24K 

San  Joaquin  fine  sandy  loam 249 

San  Joaquin  loam 219 

San  Joaquin  sandy  adobe 230 

San  Joaquin  clay  loam  adobe 250 

Stockton  series 250 

Stockton  fine  sandy  loam 251 

Stockton  loam 251 

Stockton  silt  loam £•>! 

Stockton  loam  adobe 252 

Stockton  clay  loutn  ndolw 252 

Stockton  clay  aclnlip 253 


304  Index. 


Soils  ol  the  Pacific  coast— Continued.  Page. 

Fresno  series 253 

Fresno  sand 234 

Fresno  fine  sand 254 

Fresno  sandy  loam 255 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam 255 

Fresno  loam 256 

Hanford  series 256 

Hanford  gravel 257 

Hanford  sand 257 

Hanford  fine  sand 258 

Hanford  sandy  loam .- 258 

Hanford  fine  sandy  loam 259 

Hanford  silt  loam 259 

Hanford  clay  loam 260 

Hanford  clay  adobe 260 

Salem  series 261 

Salem  gravelly  loam 261 

Salem  fine  sandy  loam 261 

Salem  silt  loam 262 

Salem  clay 262 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Pacific  coast 263 

Sheridan  sandy  loam 263 

Puget  fine  sandy  loam 263 

Santiago  fine  sandy  loam 263 

Santiago  loam 264 

Puget  silt  loam 264 

Sacramento  clay  loam 264 

Puget  clay 265 

Salinas  gray  adobe 265 

Humus  soils 266 

Peat 266 

Muck 266 

Unclassified  material 267 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Dunesand 268 

Sandhill 268 

Riverwash 269 

Gypsum 269 

Madeland 270 

Meadow 270 

Swamp 272 

Marsh...  272 


Index. 


305 


SOILS  ARRANGED  BY  STATES. 


Alabama:  Page. 

Chattooga  loam 93 

Clarksville  fine  san  Jy  k  am . .  128 

Clarksville  silt  loam 128 

Clarksville  stony  loam 127 

Congaree  loam 93 

Dekalbclay 121 

Dekalb  fine  sandy  loam 120 

Dekalb  sandy  loam 119 

Dekalb  stony  loam 118 

Guthrie  clay 132 

Hagerstown  clay 127 

Hagerstown  loam 120 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam 125 

Hagerstown  stony  clay 125 

Hagerstown  stony  loam  ....  124 

Houston  black  clay 65 

Houston  clay 65 

Lufkin  clay 68 

Meadow 270 

Mobileclay 83 

Norfolk  clay 53 

Norfolk  coarse  sand 47 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam 47 

Norfolkloam 52 

Norfolk  sand 4S 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 50 

Orangeburg  clay CO 

Orangeburg  fine  sand .r,8 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam  5'' 

Orangeburg  sand .is 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam 5i» 

Susquehannu  clay 72 

Susquehanna  gravelly  loam  .  71 

Swamp 272 

Upshur  loam 122 

Upshur  sandy  loam 122 

Wabash  clay 87 

Wabash  silt  loam 86 

Warsaw  sandy  loam 7<i 

Waverly  clay 90 

Waverly  loam 88 

laaka.     (No  survey.) 


Arizona:  Page. 

Gila  clay  loam 228 

Gila  fine  sand 226 

Gila  fine  sandy  loam 226 

Gila  loam 227 

Gila  silt  loam 227 

Glendale  clay  loam 231 

Maricopa  clay  loam 239 

Maricopa  fine  sandy  i:;am  . . .  238 

Maricopa  gravelly  i,  a:n 236 

Ma  ricopa  loam 238 

Maricopa  sand 236 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 237 

Maricopa  silt,  loam 239 

Riverwash 269 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Yuma  sand 230 

Arkansas: 

Crowley  silt  loam 79 

Guthrie  clay 132 

Miller  ciay 92 

Miller  fine  sand 90 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam 91 

Orangeburp  fine  sandy  loam.  59 

Swamp 272 

California: 

Dunesand 2K8 

Fresno  fine  sand 254 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam 255 

Fresno  loam 256 

Fresno  sand 254 

Fresno  sandy  lna~n 255 

Galveston  clay 62 

Gila  clay 228 

Gila  clay  loam 228 

Gila  fine  sand 226 

Gila  loam 227 

Gila  silt  loam 227 

Hanford  cluy  adolx- 2fiO 

Hanford  clay  lonni 2H) 

Hanford  fine  sund 258 

llanford  fine  sandy  loam 259 

llanford  gravel 2.r>7 

Hanford  sand 2.">7 

I lanfonl  sandy  loam 258 


306 


Index. 


California— Continued.  Page. 

Hanford  silt  loam 259 

Imperial  clay 229 

Imperial  clay  loam 229 

Imperial  sand 229  \ 

Imperial  sandy  loam 229 

Indio  fine  sand 225  ! 

Indio  fine  sandy  loam 225  ; 

Indio  gravelly  loam 224  • 

Indio  sand 224  j 

Maricopa  fine  sandy  loam  . . .  238 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam 236 

Maricopa  gravelly  sand 235 

Maricopa  sand 236 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 237 

Meadow 270 

Oxnard  clay  loam 246 

Oxnard  clay  loam  adobe 247 

Oxnard  fine  sandy  loam 245 

Oxnard  gravelly  loam 244 

Oxnard  loam 246 

Oxnard  sand 244 

Oxnard  sandy  loam 245 

Oxnard  silt  loam 246 

Peat 266 

Placentia  clay  loam 242 

Placentia  clay  loam  adobe. . .  243 

Placentia  fine  sandy  loam  . . .  240 

Placentia  loam 241 

Placentia  loam  adobe 243 

Placentia  sandy  adobe  . . 242 

Placentia  sandy  loam 240 

Riverwash 269 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Sacramento  clay  loam 264 

Salinas  gray  adobe 265 

San  Joaquin  clay  loam  adobe.  250 

San  Joaquin  fine  sandy  loam .  249 

San  Joaquin  loam 249 

San  Joaquin  sand 248 

San  Joaquin  sandy  adobe  . . .  250 

San  Joaquin  sandy  loam 248 

Santiago  fine  sandy  loam  . . .  263 

Santiago  loam 264 

Sheridan  sandy  loam 263 

Sierra  clay  loam 233 

Sierra  loam  adobe 234 

Sierra  sandy  adobe 234 


California— Continued.  Page. 

Sierra  sandy  loam 233 

Sierra  stony  loam 232 

Stockton  clay  adobe 253 

Stockton  clay  loam  adobe. . .  252 

Stockton  fine  sandy  loam 251 

Stockton  loam 251 

Stockton  loam  adobe 252 

Stockton  silt  loam 251 

Colorado: 

Billings  clay 215 

Billings  clay  loam 214 

Billings  fine  sandy  loam 213 

Billings  loam 213 

Billings  silt  loam 214 

Colorado  clay  loam 211 

Colorado  fine  sandy  loam 210 

Colorado  gravelly  loam 209 

Colorado  loam 211 

Colorado  loam  adobe 212 

Colorado  sand 209 

Colorado  sandy  loam 210 

Dunesand 268 

Fort  Collins  loam 222 

Fruita  fine  san:ly  loam 215 

Fruita  loam 216 

La,urel  clay  loam 221 

Laurel  fine  sand 219 

Laurel  loam 220 

Laurel  sandy  loam 220 

Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Mesa  clay 217 

Mesa  clay  loam 217 

Mesa  fine  sandy  loam 216 

Riverwash 269 

San  Luis  loam 219 

San  Luis  sand 218 

San  Luis  sandy  loam 218 

Swamp 272 

Connecticut: 

Chicopee  gravel  loam   (Nor- 
folk gravelly  loam) 47 

Elmwood  loam 173 

Enfield  sandy  loam  (Norfolk 

sandy  loam) 50 

Hartford  sandy  loam  (Nor- 
folk sand) 48 

Holyoke  stony  loam 168 


Index.-  • 


307 


Connecticut— Continued.              Page.      Georgia— Continued.  Page. 

Manchester  sandy  loam 170  Meadow 270 

Meadow 270  Norfolk  coarse  sand 47 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam . .        48  Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49  Norfolk  sand 48 

Suffield  clay 83  Norfolk  sandy  loam 50 

Swamp 272  Orangeburg  clay 60 

Triassic   stony   loam    (Penn  Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam.  59 

stony  loam) 105  Orangeburg  sand 58 

Windsor       sand       (Norfolk  Porters  stony  loam 1 15 

coarse  sand) 47  Portsmouth  sand 54 

Delaware:  Idaho: 

Galveston  clay 62  Boise  loam 205 

Galveston  sand 61  '          Boise  silt  loam 205 

Meadow 270  Deer  Flat  fine  sandy  loam. ..  204 

Norfolk  loam £2  j          G'allatin  fine  sandy  loam 202 

Norfolk  sand 48  Gallatin  loam 203 

Norfolk  silt  loam 52  Gallatin  silt  loam 203 

Portsmouth  sand 54  Riverwash 269 

Portsmouth  sandy  foam 55  Yakima  fine  sand 198 

Portsmouth  silt  loam 57  Yakima  loam 199 

Swamp 272  Yakima  sand 198 

District  of  Columbia  (no  survey).  Yakima  silt  loam 200 

Florida:  Illinois: 

Gadsden  sand 69  Lintonia  loam 94 

Gadsden  sandy  loam 70  Marion  silt  loam 174 

Gainesville  sand 74  Marshall  loam 143 

Leon  fine  sand 75  j          Marshall  sandy  loam 142 

Leon  sand 74  Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Meadow 270  Meadow 270 

Muck 266  Memphis  silt  loam 175 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49  Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51  Miami  finr  sand 137 

Norfolk  sand 48  Miami  fine  sandy  loam 138 

Norfolk  sandy  loam .50  Mian  i  irravel 135 

Ocklocknee  clay 98  Mian  i  loam 139 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam.        59  Mian  i  silt  loam 139 

Orangeburg  sand 58  Muck 2fifi 

Portsmouth  fine  sand .14  Peat 2fi6 

Portsmouth  sand 54  Rough  stony  land 2r,7 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam .15  Sioux  loam Kil 

Sandhill 2t>8  Sioux  sandy  loam itiO 

Swamp 272  Sioux  silt  loam Ifil 

Georgia:  Wabash  clay N7 

Cecil  clay 104  \Vnl.ushloam 8.1 

Cecil  sand 101  \Vabashsiltloani K6 

Cecil  sandy  loam 10'  \Vnverly  clay  loam 89 

Gadsden  sand . . .  i«9  \Vaverly  fine  sandy  loam 88 


308 


Index. 


Illinois  —  Continued. 
Waverly  silt  loam  

Page. 

89 

Iowa—  Continued. 
Marshall  loam  .  . 

Page. 

143 

Yazoo  loam 

95 

Marshall  sand 

141 

Yazoo  sandy  loam  

92 

Meadow. 

270 

Indiana: 

Miami  black  clay  loam  

145 

Clyde  fine  sand  

156 

Miami  clay  loam 

140 

Clyde  loam 

157 

Miami  fine  sand 

137 

Dekalb  silt  loam 

120 

138 

Griffin  clay 

97 

139 

Lintonia  loam  

94 

Muck 

266 

Madison  loam 

173 

Rough  stony  land 

267 

Marshall  fine  sand  

.       142 

Sioux  sandy  loam 

160 

Marshall  fine  sandy  loam.  .  . 

143 

Wabash  silt  loam 

86 

Marshall  loam 

143 

Kansas: 

Marshall  sand 

141 

Colorado  loam 

211 

Marshall  sandy  loam  

.       142 

Colorado  sand  . 

209 

Marshall  silt  loam  

144 

Colorado  sandy  loam 

210 

Meadow 

270 

Crawford  clay 

182 

Miami  black  clay  loam 

145 

Crawford  gravelly  loam 

181 

Miami  clay  loam 

140 

Crawford  silt  loam 

181 

Miami  fine  sand  

.       137 

Derby  loam   . 

184 

Miami  gravelly  sandy  loam 

.       136 

Dunesand  

268 

Miami  loam  

.       139 

Finney  clay  

223 

Miami  sand  

137 

Houston  clay 

65 

Miami  sandy  loam 

138 

Laurel  fine  sandy  loam 

220 

Miami  silt  loam  

.       139 

Laurel  loam  

220 

Muck  

.      266 

Laurel  loam  adobe 

221 

Newton  fine  sand  

170 

Laurel  sandy  loam 

220 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam  

51 

Marshall  gravelly  loam 

141 

Peat 

266 

Marshall  sandy  loam 

142 

Riverwash  

269 

Marshall  silt  loam  . 

144 

Scottsburg  silt  loam  

176 

Miami  fine  sand 

137 

Sioux  loam 

161 

Miami  sand 

137 

Sioux  sandy  loam 

160 

179 

Sioux  silt  loam  

161 

Oswego  silt  loam 

179 

Swamp       .             .  . 

272 

Rock  outcrop 

267 

Volusia  silt  loam 

148 

Rough  stonv  land 

267 

Wabash  fine  sandy  loam  .  .  . 
Wabash  sandy  loam  .  .   . 

85 
84 

Sedgwick  black  clay  loam  
Sharkey  clay  . 

185 
98 

Wabash  silt  loam   . 

86 

Wabash  clay 

87 

Waverly  clay 

90 

Wabash  silt  loam 

86 

Waverly  clay  loam  

89 

Yazoo  loam  

95 

Waverly  fine  sandy  loam 

88 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 

92 

Waverly  loam 

88 

Kentucky: 

Waverly  silt  loam 

89 

Clarksville  clay  loam 

129 

Yazoo  sandy  loam  

92 

Clarksville  silt  loam.  .. 

128 

Iowa: 

Cumberland  loam 

130 

Marshall  clay  loam  . 

145 

Dekalb  fine  sandy  loam 

120 

Marshall  fine  sand.  .  . 

142 

Dekalb  loam  .  .  . 

120 

Index, 


309 


Kentucky — Continued.  Page. 

Dekalb  shale  loam 118 

Dekalb  silt  loam 120 

Guthrieclay 132 

Hagerstown  clay 127 

Hagerstown  loam 126 

Hagerstown  stony  clay 125 

Leonardtown  loam "9 

Lin  tonia  loam 94 

Meadow 270 

Memphis  silt  loam 175 

Miami  silt  loam 139 

Muck 206 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  loam 52 

Portsmouth  silt  loam 57 

Riverwash 269 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Sharkeyclay 98 

Wabash  silt  loam 86 

Waverly  clay 90 

Waverly  fine  sandy  loam 88 

Waverly  silt  loam 89 

Louisiana: 

Acadia  silt  loam 79 

Amite  loam 77 

Amite  sandy  loam 75 

Calcasieu  fine  sand 75 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam  ...  76 

Calcasieu  loam 78 

Crowley  silt  loam '  79 

Galveston  clay 62 

Hammond  silt  loam 80 

Lacasine  clay  loam 81 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy  loam  77 

Lake  Charles  loam 78 

Landry  silt  loam 80 

Lufkin  clay 68 

Marsh 272 

Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Memphis  silt  loam 175 

Miller  clay 92 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam 91 

Miller  silt  loam 91 

Monroe  silt  loam 81 

Morse  clay 83 

Muck..  2i» 


Louisiana— Continued.  Page. 

Myatt  fine  sandy  loam 77 

•Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  line  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loani.  59 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam 59 

Peat.. 266 

Sharkeyclay 98 

Susquehanna  clay  loam 71 

Susquehanna      fine      sandy 

loam 71 

Swamp 272 

Wabash  clay 87 

Yazoo  loam 95 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 92 

Maine  (no  survey). 
Maryland : 

Cardiff  slate  loam Ill 

Cecil  clay 104 

Chester  loam 109 

Chester  mica  loam 109 

Collington  sandy  loam 76 

Conowingo  barrens 110 

Conowingo  clay 114 

Galveston  clay 62 

Galveston  sand 61 

Leonardtown  loam 79 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Norfolk  silt  loam 52 

Portsmouth  sand ">4 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam 55 

Portsmouth  silt  loam ">7 

Sassafras  loam  (Norfolk  silt 

loam) 52 

Sassafras  sandy  loam  (Nor- 
folk loam ) 52 

Stisquehanna  cl« y 72 

Susquehanna  clay  loam 71 

Susqtiehanna    gravel     (Nor- 
folk gravel) 46 

Swamp 272 

Westphalia    sand     (Norfolk 

fine  sand) 49 

Windsor       sand       (Norfolk 

coarse  sand) 47 


310 


Index. 


Massachusetts:  Page. 

Bernardston  loam 172 

Chicopee  gravel  loam  (Nor- 
folk gravelly  loam) 47 

Elmwood  loam 173 

Enfleld  sandy  loam  (Norfolk 

sandy  loam) 50 

Hartford  sandy  loam  (Nor- 
folk sand) 48 

Holyoke  stony  loam 168 

Manchester  sandy  loam 170 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam . .  48 

Norfolk  fine  sand .*.  49 

Suffleldclay 83 

Swamp 272 

Triassic   stony  loam    (Penn 

stony  loam) 105 

Windsor       sand       (Norfolk 

coarse  sand) 47 

Michigan: 

Clyde  clay 158 

Clyde  fine  sandy  loam 157 

Clyde  gravelly  sand 155 

Clyde  loam 157 

Clyde  sand 156 

Clyde  sandy  loam 156 

Clyde  silt  loam 158 

Clyde  stony  sandy  loam 154 

Dunesand 268 

Elmwood  loam 173 

Fort  Payne  sandy  loam 129 

Marsh 272 

Meadow 270 

Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Miami  clay  loam 140 

Miami  fine  sand 137 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam 138 

Miami  gravel 135 

Miami  gravelly  loam 136 

Miami  gravelly  sand 135 

Miami  gravelly  sandy  loam. .  136 

Miami  sand 137 

Miami  sandy  loam 138 

Miami  stony  loam 134 

Miami  stony  sand 134 

Muck 266 

Rough  stony  land 267 


Michigan— Continued.  Page. 

Saginaw  sandy  loam 171 

Saugatuck  sand 169 

Superior  clay 163 

Swamp 272 

Wabash  loam 85 

Minnesota: 

Barnum  loam 172 

Barnum  stony  loam 167 

Dunesand 268 

Marshall  gravel 141 

Marshall  gravelly  loam 141 

Marshall  loam 143 

Marshall  sandy  loam 142 

Meadow 270 

Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Miami  fine  sand 137 

Miami  gravelly  sandy  loam. .  136 

Miami  sand 137 

Miami  sandy  loam 138 

Miami  stony  loam 134 

Muck 266 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Superior  clay 163 

Superior  silt  loam 162 

Wabash  loam 85 

Mississippi: 

Gadsden  loam 70 

Lintonia  loam 94 

Lufkinclay 68 

Meadow 270 

Memphis  silt  loam 175 

Neuse  clay 98 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam 47 

Norfolkloam 52 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam.  59 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam 59 

Portsmouth  loam 56 

Sharkeyclay 98 

Swamp 272 

Wabashclay 87 

Waverly  fine  sandy  loam —  88 

Waverly  silt  loam 89 

Yazoo  loam 95 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 92 


Index. 


311 


Missouri:  Page. 

Clarksville  silt  loam 128 

Clarksville  stony  loam 127 

Gasconade  silt  loam 130 

Jackson  loam 94 

Marion  silt  loam 174 

Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Memphis  silt  loam 175 

Miami  fine  sand 137 

Miami  silt  loam 139 

Riverwash 269 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Shelbyloam 173 

Shelby  sand 169 

Shelby  silt  loam 177 

Sioux  sandy  loam 160 

Wabashclay 87 

Wabash  silt  loam 86 

Waverly  clay  loam 89 

Waverly  silt  loam 89 

Yazod  loam 95 

Montana: 

Billings  clay 215 

Billings  clay  loam 214 

Billings  fine  sandy  loam 213 

Billings  gravelly  loam 213 

Bozeman  silt  loam 205 

Bridger  clay  loam 197 

Bridger  gravelly  loam 196 

Gallatin  clay  loam 204 

Gallatin  fine  sandy  loam 202 

Gallatin  gravelly  loam 201 

Gallatin  silt  loam 203 

Laurel  sandy  loam 220 

Swamp 272 

Yakima  silt  loam 200 

Nebraska: 

Dunesand 268 

I.iuirrl  line  xni'l 219 

Laurel  fine  sandy  loam 220 

Marshall  fine  sand 142 

Marshall  fine  sandy  loam 143 

Marshallloam 143 

Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Miami  fine  sand 137 

Miami  sand...  137 


Nebraska— Continued.  Page. 

Miami  silt  loam 139 

Riverwash 269 

Sarpy  clay  loam 96 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam 160 

Sioux  sandy  loam 160 

Wabash  clay 87 

Wabash  fine  sandy  loam 85 

Wabash  silt  loam 86 

Nevada.     (No  survey.) 

New  Hampshire.     (No  survey.) 

New  Jersey: 

Alloway  clay 82 

Cecil  stony  loam 100 

Collington  sandy  loam 76 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Penn  loam 106 

Penn  sandy  loam 106 

Penn  stony  loam 105 

Portsmouth  silt  loam 57 

Quinton  sandy  loam  (Norfolk 

sandy  loam) 50 

Sassafras  gravelly  loam(Nor- 

f oik  silt  loam) 52 

Sassafras  loam  (Norfolk  silt 

loam) 52 

Susquehanna  gravel  (Norfolk 

gravel ) 46 

Westphalia  ?and(Norfolk  fine 

sand) 49 

Windsor  sand(  Norfolk  coarse 

sand) 47 

New  Mexico: 

Gila  fine  sand 226 

Gypsum 269 

Meadow 270 

Pecos  conglomerate 230 

Pecos  sandy  loam 231 

Knswell  fine  Handy  loam  ....  231 

Roswell  loam 231 

New  York: 

Cassadnga  sand 168 

Dekalbclay 121 

Dunkirk  clay 154 

Dunkirk  clay  loam 153 

Dunkirk  fine  sandy  loam 152 


312 


Index. 


New  York— Continued.  Page. 

Dunkirk  gravel 150 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam 151 

Dunkirk  gravelly  sandy  loam  1">1 

Dunkirk  loam 152 

Dunkirk  shale  loam 150 

Dunidrn  silt  loam '...  153 

Dunkirk  stony  clay 150 

Galveston  clay 62 

Galveston  sand 61 

Galveston  sandy  loam 62 

Hem  pstead  loam 78 

Madeland 270 

Meadow 270 

Miami  fine  sand 137 

Miami  stony  loam 134 

Miami  stony  sand 134 

Miami  stony  sandy  loam ....  134 

Muck 266 

Norfolk  coarse  sand 47 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam . .  48 

Norfolk  gravel 46 

Norfolk  loam 52 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Peat 266 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Sassafras  gravelly  loam  (Nor- 
folk silt  loam) 52 

Sassafras  sandy  loam  (Nor- 
folk loam) 52 

Swamp 272 

Upshurclay .- 123 

Vergennes  clay 166 

Vergennes  fine  sand 164 

Vergennes  gravelly  loam 164 

Vcrgennes  loam 165 

Vergennes  sandy  loam 165 

Vergennes  stony  loam 164 

Volusia  clay  loam 148 

Volusia  gravelly  loam 147 

Volusia  loam 147 

Volusia  silt  loam 148 

Volusia  stony  ••loam 146 

Wabash  loam 85 

Warners  loam ...  174 


North  Carolina:  Page. 

Cecilclay 104 

Cecil  loam 103 

Cecil  sand 101 

Cecil  sandy  loam 101 

Cecil  silt  loam 103 

Conowingo  clay 114 

Dekalb  stony  loam 118 

Iredellclay  loam 113 

Meadow 270 

Muck 266 

Neuse  clay 98 

Norfolk  clay 53 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam. 51 

Norfc. Ik  gravel 46 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 50 

Norfolk  silt  loam 52 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam.  179 

Porters  black  loam 116 

Porters  clay 117 

Porters  loam .( 117 

Porters  sfind   115 

Porters  sandy  loam 116 

Porters  stony  loam 115 

Portsmouth  fine  sandy  loam.  55 

Portsmouth  loam 56 

Portsmouth  sand 54 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam 55 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Sandhill 268 

Susquehanna  gravelly  loam.  71 

Swamp 272 

North  Dakota: 

Clyde  clay 158 

Clyde  fine  sandy  loam 157 

Clyde  loam 157 

Fargo  clay 177 

Hobartclay 178 

Marshall  clay 146 

Marshall  fine  sand 142 

Marshall  fine  sandy  loam 143 

Marshall  gravel 141 

Marshall  gravelly  loam 141 

Marshall  loam...  143 


Index. 


313 


North  Dakota — Continued.          Page. 

Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Marshall  stony  loam 140 

Meadow 270 

Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Muck 266 

Riverwash 269 

Sioux  clay 161 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam 160 

W  abash  clay 87 

Wabash  loam 85 

Wheatland  sand 170 

Wheatland  sandy  loam 171 

Ohio: 

Clydeclay 158 

Dekalbclay 121 

Denalb  silt  loam 120 

Dunkirk  clay 154 

Dunkirk  fine  sandy  loam 152 

Dunkirk  gravel 150 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam 151 

Dunkirk  gravelly  sandy  loam  151 

Dunkirk  loam 152 

Meadow 270 

Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Miami  clay  loam 140 

Miami  gravelly  loam 136 

Miamisand 137 

Miami  stony  loam 134 

Muck 266 

Peat 266 

Volusia  loam 147 

Volusia  silt  loam 148 

Wabash  clay 87 

Wabash  fine  sandy  loam 85 

Wabash  loam 85 

Wahash  sandy  loam 84 

Waverly  clay 90 

Oklahoma.   (No  survey.) 

Oregon: 

Bridger  gravelly  loam 196  | 

Bridgcr  loam 197 

(iallatin  loam 203 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 237 

Meadow 270 

Muck 200 

Kock  outcrop 2ti7 

Siilriii  clay 21.2 


Oregon— Continued.  Page. 

Salem  fine  sandy  loam 261 

Salem  gravelly  loam 261 

Salem  silt  loam 262 

Yakima  loam 199 

Pennsylvania : 

Brandywine  loam 112 

Cardiff  slate  loam Ill 

Cecil  clay 104 

Cecil  clay  loam 103 

Cecil  stony  loam 103 

Chester  fine  sandy  loam 109 

Chester  loam 109 

Chester  mica  loam 109 

Chester  stony  loam 108 

Conestoga  loam 130 

Conowingo  barrens 110 

Conowingo  clay 114 

Dekalb  fine  sandy  loam 120 

Dekalb  gravelly  loam 119 

Dekalb  loam 120 

Dekalb  sandy  loam 119 

Dekalb  shale  loam 118 

Dekalb  stony  loam 118 

Hagerstown  clay 127 

Hagcrstown  clay  loam 126 

Hagerstown  loam '. ..  126 

Hagerstown  stony  loam 124 

Lansdale  silt  loam 113 

Lickdale  clay  loam 131 

Manor  loam 112 

Manor  stony  loam 1 10 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam 47 

Norfolk  loam 52 

Norfolk  silt  loam 52 

Penn  loam 106 

Penn  sandy  loam 106 

Penn  shale  loam 105 

Penn  silt  loam 107 

Penn  stony  loam 105 

Porters  clay 117 

Porters  stony  loam 115 

Portsmouth  silt  la  m 57 

Hough  stony  land 2«>7 

Porto  Klco: 

Adjuntas  clay 277 

AlonRo  clay 276 


314 


Index. 


Porto  Rico— Continued.  Page. 

Arecibo  loam 275 

Arecibo  sand 273 

Arecibo  sandy  loam 274 

Arecibo  silt  loam 276 

Coral  sand 1 274 

Pastillo  loam 275 

Penuelas  adobe 277 

Ponce  loam 270 

Ponce  sandy  loam 274 

Portugues  adobe 277 

Portugues  stony  loam 273 

Riverwash 273 

Tanama  stony  loam 273 

Utuadoloam 270 

Utua  do  sandy  loam 274 

Vivi  sandy  loam 275 

Rhode  Island: 

Dunesand 268 

Galveston  fine  sand 62 

Galveston  sandy  loam 62 

Gloucester  stony  loam 107 

Meadow 270 

Miami  silt  loam 139 

Miami  stony  loam 134 

Miami  stony  sandy  loam 134 

Norfolk  coarse  sand 47 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam . .  48 

Swamp 272 

South  Carolina: 

Cecil  clay.-.- 104 

Cecil  fine  sandy  loam 102 

Cecil  gravelly  loam 100 

Cecil  sand 101 

Cecil  sandy  loam 101 

Cecil  silt  loam 103 

Cecil  stony  clay 100 

Cecil  stony  loam 100 

Galveston  clay 02 

Galveston  fine  sand 62 

Iredell  clay  loam... 113 

Meadow.. ... 270 

Norfolk  fine  sand 40 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 51 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Norfolk  sandy  loam..'.......  50 

Norfolk  silt  loam 52 

Orangeburg  sand 58 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam  . 59 

Portersclay 117 

Porters  sand...  115  I 


South  Carolina— Continued.         Page. 

Porters  sandy  loam 116 

Portsmouth  fine  sandy  loam  55 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam 55 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Sandhill 268 

Swamp 272 

South  Dakota: 

Marshall  loam: 143 

Marshall  sandy  loam 142 

Marshall  stony  loam 140 

Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Sioux  sandy  loam 160 

Tennessee: 

Clarksville  clay  loam 129 

Clarksville  silt  loam 128 

Clarksville  stony  loam 127 

Conestoga  clay 132 

Cumberland  loam 130 

Dekalb  sandy  loam 1 19 

Dekalb  shale  loam 118 

Dekalb  silt  loam 120 

Dekalb  stony  loam 118 

Fort  Payne  clay  loam 131 

Guthrieclay 132 

Hagerstown  loam 126 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam 125 

Hagerstown  stony  loam  ....  124 

Lexington  silt  loam 174 

Lickdale  clay  loam 131 

Meadow 270 

Millerclay 92 

Miller  fine  sand 90 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam 91 

Miller  silt  loam 91 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 50 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Saflord  silt  loam 176 

Wabash  silt  loam 86 

Waverly  loam 88 

Texas: 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam  ...  76 

Crawford  clay 182 

Crawford  loam 181 

Crawford  stony  clay 180 

Galveston  clay 62 

Galveston  fine  sand 62 

Houston  black  clay 65 

Houston  black  clay  loam 64 

Houston  clay 65 

Houston  gravelly  clay 63 


Index. 


315 


Tetas— Continued.  Page. 

Houston  loam 64 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy  loam        77 


68 
87 
68 
66 
68 
B6 
67 

Meadow 270 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam  ....       51 


Lufkin  clay 

Luf  kin  fine  sand 

Lufkin  fine  sandy  loam 

Lufkin  gravelly  loam 

Lufkin  loam 

Lufkin  sand 

Lufkin  sandy  loam . 


Norfolk  sand 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 

Norfolk  silt  loam 

Orangeburg  clay 

Orangeburg  fine  sand 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam . 
Orangeburg  sandy  loam .... 
Portsmouth  sandy  loam 


48 

:,n 
52 
60 
58 
58 
SO 
55 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Hough  stony  land 267 

San  Antonio  clay  loam 82 

Sanders  loam 94 

Sharkey  clay 98 

Susquehanna  clay :        72 

Susquehanna  fine  sandy  loam        71 

Travis  gravelly  loam 73 

Vernon  clay 184 

Vernon  fine  sandy  loam 183 

Vernon  sand 183 

Vernon  sandy  loam 183 

Vernon  silt  loam 184 

Wabash  clay 87 

\Viibiisii  heavy  clay 87 

Yazoo  loam 95 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 92 

Utah: 

Kingham  gravelly  loam 186 

Uingham  loam 187 

Bingham  stony  loam 186 

Klsinore  fine  sandy  loam 195 

Klsinore  sand 194 

Jordan  clay 192 

Jordan  clay  loam 192 


Jordan  fine  sand 

Jordan  fine  nandy  loam 

Jordan  loam 

Jordan  sand 

Miilaili-  fine  minil. . . 


101 
191 

192  | 

190 

|gg 


Utah— Continued.  Page. 

Malade  fine  sandy  loam 189 

Malade  loam 190 

Malade  sandy  loam 189 

Meadow 270 

Redfield  clay  loam 188 

Redfield  fine  sandy  loam 187 

Redfield  loam 188 

Riverwash 269 

Salt  Lake  clay  loam 194 

Salt  Lake  loam 194 

Salt  Lake  sand 193 

Salt  Lake  sandy  loam 193 

Weber  fine  sandy  loam 195 

Vermont: 

Meadow 270 

Miami  stony  sandy  loam 134 

Muck 266 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Swamp 272 

Vergennes  black  clay 166 

Vergennes  clay 166 

Vergennes  fine  sand -164 

Vergennes  gravelly  loam 164 

Vergennes  loam 165 

Vergennes  sandy  loam 165 

Vergennes  stony  loam : . .  lt>4 

Virginia: 

Cecil  clay 104 

Cecil  fine  sandy  loam 102 

Cecil  loam 103 

Cecil  sand 101 

Cecil  sandy  loam 101 

Cecil  silt  loam 103 

Chester  loam 109 

Chester  mica  loam 109 

Conestoga  clay 132 

Conowingo  barrens 110 

Conowingo  clay 114 

Dekalb  shale  loam 1  IS 

Dckalb  stony  loam 118 

Galveston  clay ivi 

(lalveston  sand (il 

Hagcrstown  clay 127 

Hagorstown  loam 12(1 

Hugorstown  sandy  loam  ....  125 

Hagorstown  stony  loam  ....  I'J4 

Iredoll  clay  loam I  l.'i 

Leonardtown  loam "'.< 

Loudoiin  sunily  lotiin Ill 

Meadow '-'711 


316 


Index. 


Virginia— Continued.  Page. 

Murrill  clay  loam 131 

Norfolk  clay  loam 53 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam..  48 

Norfolk  fine  sand 49 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam  ....  51 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam 47 

Norfolk  loam 52 

Norfolk  sand 48 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 50 

Penn  clay 107 

Penn  gravelly  loam 106 

Penn  loam 106 

Penn  sandy  loam 106 

Penn  stony  loam 105 

Porters  black  loam 116 

Porters  clay 117 

Porters  sand 115 

Porters  sandy  loam 116 

Portsmouth  clay  loam 57 

Portsmouth  fine  sandy  loam .  55 

Portsmouth  srnd 54 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam 55 

Portsmouth  silt  loam 57 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Swamp 272 

Wickham  clay  loam 73 

Wickham  sand 72 

Wickham  sandy  loam 72 

Worsham  sandy  loam 112 

Washington: 

Clyde  gravelly  sandy  loam  . .  155 

Clyde  loam 157 

Clyde  sandy  loam 156 

Columbia  silt  loam 206 

Gallatin  gravelly  loam 201 

Gallatin  loam L03 

Galveston  clay 62 

Galveston  coarse  sand 61 

Meadow 270 

Miami  clay  loam .- 140 

Miami  gravelly  sand 135 

Miami  gravelly  sandy  loam  .  136 

Miami  sandy  loam 138 

Miami  stony  loam 134 

Miami  stony  sand 134 

Muck 266 

Peat 266 

Pnget  fine  sandy  loam 263 


Washington— Continued.  Page. 

Puget  silt  loam 264 

Puget  clay 265 

Riverwash 269 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Swamp 272 

Walla  Walla  silt  loam 206 

Yakima  fine  sandy  loam  ....  199 

Yakima  sand 198 

Yakima  silt  loam 200 

Yakima  stony  loam 198 

West  Virginia: 

Dekalb  clay 121 

Dekalb  loam 120 

Dekalb  stony  loam 118 

Meadow 270 

Rough  stony  land 267 

Upshur  clay 123 

Wisconsin: 

Dunesand 268 

Marshall  gravelly  loam 141 

Marshall  sand 141 

Marshall  silt  loam 144 

Meadow 270 

Miami  black  clay  loam 145 

Miami  fine  sand 137 

Miami  gravel 135 

Miami  loam 139 

Miami  sand 137 

Miami  sandy  loam ; . .  138 

Miami  silt  loam 139 

Miami  stony  sand 134 

Muck 266 

Portage  sandy  loam 171 

Portage  silt  loam 1 75 

Portage  stony  sandy  loam  . .  167 

Rock  outcrop 267 

Sioux  sand 159 

Sioux  sandy  loam 160 

Sioux  silt  loam 161 

Superior  clay 163 

Superior  sandy  loam 162 

Wabash  loam 85 

Wyoming: 

Billings  clay 215 

Gypsum 269 

Laramie  gravelly  loam 207 

Laramie  sandy  loam 208 

Laurel  sandy  loam 220 

Redfield  fine  sandy  loam 187 

Riverwash . . .  269 


REFERENCES  TO  SOIL  SURVEY  REPORTS. 


Following  the  description  of  the  type  is  a  list  of  locations  in  which  the  soil 
has  been  mapped.  For  convenience  in  referring  to  the  original  description  of 
the  soil,  an  alphabetical  list  of  all  areas  surveyed  by  the  Bureau  is  here  given, 
with  a  reference  showing  the  number  of  the  volume  and  the  page  where  the 
description  occurs.  The  volume  reference  is  to  the  different  reports:  1  (Report 
64),  Field  Operations,  Bureau  of  Soils,  1899;  2,  1900;  3,  1901;  4,  1902;  5,  1903;  6, 
1904;  7,  1905. 


Abbeville,  S.  C.,  4,  p.  273. 
Acadia,  La.,  6,  p.  461. 
Adams  County,  Pa.,  6,  p.  119. 
Alamance  County,  N.  C.,  3,  p.  297. 
Albemarle  Va.,  4,  p.  187. 
Allegan  County,  Mich..  3,  p.  93. 
Allen  County,  Kans.,  6,  p.  875. 
Alma,  Mich.,  6,  p.  639. 
Anderson  County.  Tex.,  6,  p.  397. 
Appomattox  County,  Va.,  6,  p.  151. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R.,  4,  p.  793. 
Asheville,  N.  C.,  5,  p.  279. 
Ashtabula,  Ohio,  5,  p.  647. 
Auburn,  N.  Y.,  6,  p.  95. 
Austin,  Tex.,  6,  p.  421. 
Bainbridge,  Ga.,  6,  p.  247. 
Baker  City,  Oreg.,  5,  p.  1155. 
Bakersfleld,  Cal.,  6,  p.  10S9. 
Bear  River,  Utah,  0,  p.  995. 
Bedford,  Va.,  3,  p.  239. 
Bigflats,  N.  Y.,  4,  p.  125. 
Billings,  Mont.,  4,  p.  665. 
Biloxi.  Miss.,  6,  p.  353. 
Binghamton,  N.  Y.,  7,  p.  — . 
Hiackfoot,  Idaho,  5,  p.  1027. 
Blount  County,  Ala.,  7,  p.  — . 
Boise,  Idaho.  3,  p.  421. 
Boonville,  Ind.,  6,  p.  727. 
Brazoria,  Tex.,  4,  p.  349. 
Brooking*,  S.  Dak.,  o,  p.  963. 
Brown  County,  K;m-  .  7,  p.  -  -. 
Calvert  County,  Md.,  *,  p.  147. 


Campobello,  S.  C.,  5,  p.  299. 
Cando,  N.  Dak.,  6,  p.  925. 
Carlton,  Minn.-Wis.,  7,  p.  — . 
Carrington,  N.  Dak.,  7,  p.  — 
Cary,  N.C.,8,  p.  311. 
Cecil  County,  Md.,  2,  p.  103. 
Cerro  flordo  County.  Iowa,  o,  p.  853. 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  6,  p.  207. 
Cherokee  County,  S.  C.,  7,  p.  — . 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  7,  p.  — . 
Clay  County,  111.,  4,  p.  507. 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  7,  p.  — . 
Clinton  County,  111.,  4,  p.  491. 
Cobb  County,  Ga.,  8,  p.  317. 
Columbus,  Ohio,  4,  p.  403. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Conn. -Mass.,  ft,  p. 

39 

Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  6,  p.  565. 
Covington,  Ga.,  3,  p.  329. 
Craven,  N.  C.,  6,  p.  253. 
Crawford  County.  Mo.,  7,  p.  — . 
Crystal  Springs,  Miss.,  7,  p.  — . 
Dallas  County,  Ala.,  7,  p.  — . 
Darlington,  -S.  C.,  4,  p.  291. 
Davidson  County,  Tcnn.,  .">.  p.  605. 
De  So  to  Parish,  Lu.,  6,  p.  375. 
Dodge  County,  da.,  6,  p.  231. 
Dover,  Del.,  ft,  p.  143. 
Dubuijiie.  Iowa,  4,  p.  571. 
Duplin  County,  N.  C.,  7,  p.  — . 
Kast   Hilton   Kongo  Parish,  I.H..  7,   K 


318 


Soil  Survey  Reports. 


Everett,  Wash.,  7,  p.  — . 
Fargo,  N.  Dak.,  5,  p.  979. 
Fort  Payne,  Ala.,  5,  p.  355. 
Fort  Valley,  Ga.,  5,  p.  317. 
Fresno,  Cal.,  2,  p.  333. 
Gadsden  County,  Fla.,  5,  p.  331. 
Gainesville,  Fla.,  6,  p.  269. 
Gallatin  Valley,  Mont.,  7,  p.  — . 
Garden  City,  Kans.,  6,  p.  895. 
Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak.,  4,  p.  643. 
Grand  Island,  Nebr.,  6,  p.  927. 
Grand  Junction,  Colo.,  7,  p  — . 
Greeiey,  Colo.,  6,  p.  951. 
Greeneville,  Tenn.,  6,  p.  493. 
Hanford,  Cal.,  8,  p.  447. 
Hanover  County,  Va.,  7,  p.  — . 
Harford  County,  Md.,  3,  p.  211.     . 
Henderson  County,  Tenn.,  7,  p.  — . 
Hickory,  N.  C.,  4,  p.  239. 
Howell  County,  Mo.,  4,  p.  593. 
Houston  County,  Tex.,  7,  p.  — . 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  5,  p.  373. 
Imperial,  Cal.,  5,  p.  1219. 
Indio,  Cal.,  5,  p.  1240. 
Island  County  Wash.,  7,  p  — . 
Jacksonville,  Tex  ,  o,  p.  521. 
Jackson,  Miss.,  6,  p.  343. 
Jamestown,  N.  Dak.,  5,  p.  1005. 
Janesville,  Wis.,  4,  p.  549. 
Johnson  County,  111.,  5,  p.  721. 
Kearney,  Nebr.,  6,  p.  859. 
Kent  County,  Md.,  2,  p.  173. 
Knox  County,  111.,  5,  p.  737. 
Lake  Charles,  La!,  3,  p.  621. 
Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  2,  p.  61. 
Lancaster  County,  S.  C.,  tt,  p.  169. 
Laramie,  Wyo.,  6,  p.  1071. 
Lauderdale  County,  Ala.,  7,  p.  — -. 
Lavaca  County,  Tex.,  7,  p.  — . 
Lawrence  County,  Tenn.,  6,  p.  475, 
Lebanon,  Pa.,  8,  p.  149. 
Leesburg,  Va.,  6,  p.  191. 
Lee  County,  Tex.,  7,  p.  — . 
Leon  County,  Fla.,  7,  p.  — . 
Lewiston,  Idaho,  4,  p.  689. 
Lockhaven,  Pa.,  6,  p.  129. 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  6,  p.  91. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  5,  p.  1263. 


Louisa  County,  Va.,  7,  p.  - — •. 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo.,  4,  p. 

729. 

Lufkin,  Tex.,  6,  p.  501. 
Lyons,  N.  Y.,  4,  p.  143. 

McCracken  County,  Ky.,  7,  p. , 

McLean  County,  111.,  o,  p.  777. 
McNeill,  Miss.,  5,  p.  405. 
Macon  County,  Ala.,  6,  p.  291. 
Madison  County,  Ind.,  o,  p.  687. 
Madison  County,  Ky.,  7,  p.  — . 
Marshall,  Minn.,  o,  p.  815. 
Marshall  County,  Ind.,  6,  p.  689. 
Mason  County,  Ky.,  o,  p.  631. 
Miller  County,  Ark.,  5,  p.  563. 
Mobile,  Ala.,  6,  p.  393. 
Mount  Mitchell.  N.  C.,  4,  p.  259. 
Montgomery  County,  Ohio.  2,  p.  85. 
Montgomery  County,  Tenn.,  3,  p.  34k 
Montgomery  County,  Pa.,  7,  p.  — . 
Montgomery  County,  Ala.,  7,  p.  — . 
Munising,  Mich..  6,  p.  581. 
Nacogdoches,  Tex.,  o,  p.  487. 
New  Orleans,  La.,  5,  p.  439. 
Newton  County,  Ind.,  7.  p.  - — . 
Norfolk,  Va.,  5,  p.  233. 
O'Fallon,  Mo.-Ill.,  6,  p.  815. 
Orangeburg,  S.  C.,  6,  p.  185. 
Ouachita  Parish,  La.,  5,  p.  419. 
Owosso,  Mich.,  6,  p.  665 
Oxford,  Mich.,  7,  p.  — . 
Paris,  Tex.,  5,  p.  533. 
Parsons,  Kans.,  5,  p.  891. 
Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex.,  1,  p.  36. 
Perquimans  and  Pasquotank  counties, 

N.  C.,  7,  p. — . 
Perry  County,  Ala.,  4,  p.  309. 
Pikeville,  Tenn.,  5,  p.  577. 
Pontiac,  Mich.,  5,  p.  659. 
Portage  County,  Wis.,  7  p.  — . 
Posey  County,  Ind.,  4,  p.  441. 
Prince  Edward,  Va.,  3,  p.  259. 
Prince  George  County,  Md.,  3,  p.  173. 
Provo,  Utah,  5,  p.  1121. 
Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C.,  2,  p.  187. 
Rhode  Island,  6,  p.  47. 
Russeli,  Kans.,  5,.  p.  911. 
St.  Clair  County,  111.,  4,  p.  507. 


Soil  Survey  Reports. 


319 


St.  Mary  County,  Md.,  2,  p.  125. 
Sacramento,  Cal.,  6,  p.  1049. 
Saginaw,'  Mich.,  6,  p.  603. 
Salem'  N.  J.,  3,  p.  125. 
Salem,  Oreg.,  5,  p.  1171. 
Salinas  Valley,  Cal.,  3,  p.  481. 
Saline  County,  Mo.,  6,  p.  791. 
Salt  Lake  Valley,  Utah,  1,  p.  77. 
Salt  River  Valley,  Ari/,.,  2,  p.  287. 
San  Antonio,  Tex.,  6,  p.  447. 
San  Bernardino,  Cal.,  6,  p.  1115. 
Sangamon  County,  III..  5,  p.  703. 
San  Gabriel,  Cal.,  3,  p.  55!>. 
San  Jose,  Cal.,  5,  p.  1183. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo.,  5,  p.  1099. 
Santa  Ana,  Cal.,  2,  p.  38T>. 
Sarpy  County,  Nebr.,  7,  p.  — . 
Scotland  County,  Mo.,  7,  p.  — . 
Scott  County,  Ky.,  5,  p.  619. 
Scott  County,  Ind.,  6,  p.  707. 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah,  2,  p.  243. 
Shelby  County,  Mo.,  5,  p.  875. 
Smedes,  Miss.,  4,  p.  325. 
Solomonsville,  Ariz.,  o,  p.  1045. 
Spalding  County,  Ga.,  J,  p.  — . 
Stanton,  Nebr.,  5,  i>.  947. 
Statesville,  N.  C.,  3,  p.  273. 
Stockton,  Cal.,  7,  p.  — . 
Story  County,  Iowa,  •>,  p.  833. 
Stuttgart,  Ark.,  4,  p.  611. 
Sumter  County,  Ala.,  6,  p.  317. 
Superior,  Wis.-Minn.,  6,  p.  751. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  5,  p.  63. 


Tama  County,  Iowa,  6,  p.  769. 
Tangipahoa  Parish,  La.,  7,  p.  — . 
Tazewell  County,  III.,  4,  p.  465. 
Tippecanoe  County,  Ind.,  7,  p.  — . 
Toledo,  Ohio,  4,  p.  383. 
Tompkins  County,  N.  Y.,  7,  p.  — . 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  4,  p.  163. 
Union  County,  Ky.,  4,  p.  425. 
Upshur  County,  W.  Va.,  7,  p.  — 
Ventura,  Cal.,  3,  p.  521. 
Vergennes,  Vt.-N.  Y.,  6,  p.  73. 
Vernon,  Tex.,  4,  p.  365. 
Viroqua,  Wis.,  5,  p.  799. 
Waco,  Tex.,  7,  p.  — . 
Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  4,  p.  711. 
Warren  County,  Ky.,  6,  p.  527. 
Weber  County,  Utah,  2,  p.  207. 
Webster  County,  Mo.,  6,  p.  845. 
Westerville,  Ohio,  7,  p.  — . 
Westfield,  N.  Y.,  3,  p.  75. 
Wichita,  Kans.,  4,  p.  623. 
Willis,  Tex.,  3,  p.  607. 
Winnebago  County,  III.,  5,  p.  573. 
Woodville,  Tex..  5,  p  511. 
Wooster,  Ohio,  0,  p.  543. 
Worcester  County,  Md.,  a,  p.  165. 
Yazoo,  Miss.,  3,  p.  359. 
Yakima.  Wash..  3,  p.  389. 
York  County,  S.  C.,  7,  p.  — . 
Yorktown,  Va.,  7,  p.  — . 
Yuma,  Ariz.,  4,  p.  777. 
i  Yuma,  Ariz.-Cal.,  6,  p.  1025. 


